PSYCH 273 Exam 4 (Ch 12-15)
The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice reaction time test (i.e., the time it takes from the initial visual signal until the subject pushes the choice button) is approximately _______ ms.
250
The study by Soon et al. showed that brain activity associated with making a decision appeared in fMRI scans up to _______ seconds before subjects were consciously aware of making the decision.
5-10
Which scenario provides an example of instrumental (or operant) conditioning?
A cat learns that raising a paw to beg results in a dish of milk
A clinician is debating whether to prescribe SSRI drugs or cognitive behavioral therapy as treatment for an individual with significant depressive symptoms. In order to potentially reach the best outcome in this case, which option would the clinician would likely prescribe?
A combination of CBT and SSRIs for the greatest effect
Which intervention has been shown to reduce the symptoms of ADHD and improve task performance in affected children?
Allowing children to fidget and engage in more intense physical activity
Which statement about schizophrenia and ventricular changes is false?
Almost all patients with both schizophrenia and enlarged ventricles have denser tissue in other brain regions
Which drug, when used repetitively, can produce a psychotic state akin to schizophrenia?
Amphetamine
Which symptom is an example of an obsession?
An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment
_______ LTP refers to the induction of LTP through training of an animal in a memory task.
Behavioral
A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.
Broca's
Patients with _______ are likely to have right-sided weakness or partial paralysis; those with _______ are likely to experience right-sided numbness.
Broca's aphasia; Wernicke's aphasia
Because apes seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?
Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.
_______ neural processing operations cannot be experienced through introspection and are therefore unconscious.
Cognitively impenetrable
In the shadowing experiment, subjects are presented simultaneously with different stimuli to each ear and asked to focus their attention only on one ear. The result is that subjects are unable to report much about the content in the unattended ear. Which form of attentional processing accounts for this difficulty?
Early selection
What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses?
Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition
Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition?
Fusiform gyrus
The antianxiety effects of benzodiazepines are related to effects on receptors for which transmitter?
GABA
Which response is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Which structure is not required for the conditioned eye-blink response in the rabbit?
Hippocampus
Under which circumstance would a doctor request that a patient undergo a Wada test?
If a patient may need to undergo neurosurgery
A proposed treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder involves using beta-adrenergic antagonists drugs either just before or after the traumatic event. What is the effect of this treatment?
It blocks the effects of epinephrine in the amygdala
Which statement about synapses is true?
Just like muscles, synapses respond to training; they can form or die back depending on use
Which statement about childhood aphasia true?
Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.
Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate?
Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization.
Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers?
Micropolygyria
_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction.
Micropolygyria
Auditory attention produces an enhancement of the _______ ERP component, whereas visual attention produces enhancement of the _______ component.
N1; P1
PCP and ketamine affect which type of postsynaptic receptor?
NMDA
Phencyclidine can produce a state resembling schizophrenia through its interactions with _______ receptors, suggesting that the neurotransmitter _______ may be involved in schizophrenia.
NMDA; glutamate
You are talking to a friend while waiting for a bus, and while you converse you are also aware of passing vehicles so you are sure not to miss your bus. Which structure is responsible for filtering out distracting stimuli while you talk to your friend and wait for the bus?
Pulvinar
Which behavior would allow you to strengthen a memory (for example, while studying for exam)?
Repeated retrieval of the information
As related to memory, which term does not belong with the others?
Semantic
Which response is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Social withdrawal
You have a distinct memory (memory trace) of falling off a slide when you were a child. You find this memory is getting more distant, and less vivid in your mind. What is most likely responsible for this change?
The memory is weakening due to interference from events that took place before and/or after the formation of your memory of falling off the slide
OCD and _______ are believed to be part of a spectrum of related disorders.
Tourette's syndrome
Which of the following is not a basic process in learning?
Transduction
A patient speaks in a fluent manner, although her speech contains many paraphasias that make it unintelligible. She also demonstrates poor comprehension of verbal material. This patient is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.
Wernicke's
The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that
a mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause
The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that
a single gene has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body.
Henry Molaison's (patient H.M.) surgery involved removal of the most of the hippocampus, surrounding cortex from the temporal lobes, and the
amygdala
Compared with controls, during emotional processing depressed people show increased activation in the _______, and during cognitively demanding tasks they show increased activity in the _______.
amygdala; frontal lobes
Apraxia is
an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements.
The most striking impairment suffered by Henry Molaison (patient H.M.) was
anterograde amnesia
Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.
arcuate fasciculus; conduction
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings
are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia.
The _______ bottleneck refers to a filter that results from the limits of our attentional capacity.
attentional
Imaging studies indicate that the learning of sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills are all affected by damage specifically to the
basal ganglia
People with damage to the _______ have trouble with tasks involving skill learning, such as the Tower of Hanoi problem.
basal ganglia
It has been proposed that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be reduced or eliminated by the administration of drugs that
block the effects of emotional stress on memory
Male frogs seeking mates vocalize among birds, insects, and the chorus of other species of frogs. That females are able to locate male frogs of their species among all the ambient noise provides an example of the _______ effect.
cocktail party
The enlarged ventricles in the brains of some patients with schizophrenia
comes at the expense of volume of adjacent neural tissue
People with posttraumatic stress disorder exhibit a long-term reduction in
cortisol
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been promoted as a treatment for
depression
Bipolar disorder is characterized by repeated fluctuations of episodes of _______ and _______.
depression; mania
The phenomenon of "pop out" refers to the
distinguishing feature of a sought-after item that makes it sufficiently different from all distracters
Many first-generation neuroleptic drugs have a high affinity for postsynaptic _______ receptors, which they _______.
dopamine D2; block
An exciting, but controversial future treatment for brain injury may be the use of _______ to replace the damaged neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
embryonic stem cells
The method of measuring averaged brain activity, called _______, tracks regional changes in brain activity faster than other brain-imaging techniques.
event-related potential (ERP)
The primary symptom of hemispatial neglect is
failure to pay any attention to anything to the left of the midline of the body
Patients like patient H.M. can learn to read mirror-reversed text even though they don't remember practicing it, which demonstrates that their problem is not in learning verbal material, but instead is in
forming new declarative memories
The _______ is (are) critically important for establishing gaze in accordance with _______ processes and cognitive goals.
frontal eye fields; top-down
LTP in the hippocampal formation depends on the excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate
Entorhinal neurons that fire selectively when an animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract map of the local environment are called _______ cells.
grid
The P3 component of auditory processing is associated with
higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli
Bird species that cache food in many locations have a relatively large _______, which facilitates _______ learning, and allows the birds to find the food at a later time.
hippocampus; spatial
The "easy problem of consciousness" refers to understanding
how particular patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experiences
In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that
humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.
Tricyclic antidepressants
inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine
Martin has been treated with lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is because
it robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase
Anthony is an accomplished gamer, playing all the popular video games. There is some evidence to support the claim that upon analysis of his brain there would be
longer-latency ERP components compared to nongamers
The mirror-tracing task is classified as a _______ skill, whereas learning to read mirror-reversed text is an example of a _______ skill.
motor; verbal
Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called
neologisms
The study of brain mechanisms at work during economic decision making is called
neuroeconomics
The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.
phonemes; grammar
A prominent structural asymmetry in the brains of typical humans is apparent in the _______, which is located on the superior surface of the _______ lobe.
planum temporale; temporal
A principal effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the
postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors
A change in the processing of a stimulus on the basis of prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli is referred to as
priming
You see a scary movie and are frightened several times as the movie plot unfolds. Later that night, at home, you find you are scared by sounds that normally do not bother you. This is an example of
priming
In humans, the _______ occupies the posterior quarter of the _______ and is involved in the orienting and shifting of attention.
pulvinar; thalamus
You and your friend are both looking at the cover of a green book. You both agree that the book is green but your personal experience of the green color may be different than your friend's. The purely subjective experiences of seeing the color is/are called
qualia
The delay, measured in milliseconds, between presentation of a stimulus and an individual's response to it is called _______ time.
reaction
PET brain studies of schizophrenia have shown
reduced metabolic activity in the frontal lobes relative to other brain regions.
People with conduction aphasia are unable to
repeat words or sentences.
In LTP formation, nitric oxide may serve as a(n)
retrograde transmitter
The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody.
right; right
Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is
she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word.
An example of the evolutionary significance of the attentional spotlight is the ability to
shifting our attention around the environment, highlighting important stimuli for enhanced processing
A friend gives you a phone number but you don't have your phone with you with so you concentrate on committing it to memory. As soon as you have called the number you forget it. The memory of the number would be classified as a _______ memory.
short-term
A patient is shown a hammer and a wrench but can only attend to and identify one of these objects at a time. This condition is called _______ and is associated with _______.
simultagnosia; Balint's syndrome
The observation that NMDA receptor blockade interferes with performance in the Morris water maze provides an example of a _______ supporting the connection between LTP and memory.
somatic intervention experiment
People with depression show different sleep patterns, a major one being a striking reduction of time spent in _______ sleep.
stage 3
In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), when a traumatic memory is reactivated it returns to a labile state; it becomes even stronger when reconsolidated in the presence of
stress hormones
In the _______ task, a single stimulus or stimulus location is held in an attentional spotlight.
sustained-attention
A common movement disorder caused by traditional neuroleptics is
tardive dyskinesia
Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.
the corpus callosum; epilepsy
The historical account of the effects of Phineas Gage's brain injury provided early information about the functional role of
the frontal lobes
Williams syndrome provides evidence for
the heritability of language.
A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from
the interaction of stress and genetic factors
The "hard problem of consciousness" refers to understanding
the neural processes that result in a person's unique subjective experience
Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use _______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do.
the same
