Psych 3

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and an increase in the amount of time spent with peers? a. Maya, a white female b. Rosalia, a Hispanic-American female c. Hillary, a black female d. Joe, a white male

a. Maya, a white female

Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents? a. Lee, an 8-year-old b. Robert, a 13-year-old c. Ant, a 17-year-old d. Ed, a 19-year-old

b. Robert, a 13-year-old

The factor that seems to be most important to how well children adjust to divorce over time is the ____________________. a. the educational level of the parent b. the degree of conflict between parents c. the age of the parents d. the sex of the custodial parent

b. the degree of conflict between parents

True or false: Brain development "drives" (e.g., is the force behind) cognitive improvement and not vice versa.

Bi-directional process

True or false: Children are born with all of the neurons they will ever have.

False not born with all brain cells you will ever have

True or false: The formation of fatty deposit over the axons of neurons is unhealthy.

False: Myelin coating improves efficiency/speed neural transmissions

True or false: Synaptic trimming = more efficient processing.

True: fewer but stronger better than more but weaker connections

Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with them and even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Indulgent d. Indifferent

a. Authoritative

Which memory strategy leads to better long-term retention of information and improved understanding of content? a. Elaboration b. Rehearsal c. Organization d. Formal operational

a. Elaboration

Scientists have discovered that there is a "reminiscence bump" associated with adolescence. Which of the following describes that "bump." a. Even in later life, people tend to remember events from their adolescence more intensely and more accurately than from their other periods of life. b. During adolescence, people experience the peak of their memory abilities. c. During adolescence, people spend more time talking about themselves. d. Young people experience a slump in their memory abilities at the start of puberty and then an increase once they have completed puberty.

a. Even in later life, people tend to remember events from their adolescence more intensely and more accurately than from their other periods of life.

You are going to study the classroom climate at local schools. Which of the following best describes what you should measure to assess classroom climate? a. How teachers interact with students and how students behave, how class time is used, and the standards and expectations teachers hold for students. b. How comfortable and inviting the physical environment of the classroom is, including the temperature setting and desk arrangement. c. How warm and inviting the teacher is toward students and their friends and families. d. The gender and racial makeup of each classroom compared to the overall mix at the school and in the community.

a. How teachers interact with students and how students behave, how class time is used, and the standards and expectations teachers hold for students.

Which of the following research findings best relates to the phenomenon known as generational dissonance? a. Recent studies of Mexian-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in these families when the adolescents are more acculturated than their immigrant parents. b. One recent study of Black families found that teenagers rated their mother's behavior far more negatively than did either the mother or the researcher. c. Several researchers have demonstrated that family relationships change during puberty, with bickering between adolescents and their parents increasing and closeness between adolescents and their parents diminishing. d. Research suggests that the distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early and middle adolescence is temporary.

a. Recent studies of Mexian-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in these families when the adolescents are more acculturated than their immigrant parents.

Most problems we see in adolescents are ___________. a. Transisitory and do not result in long-term dangerous behaviors in adulthood b. Criminal offenses and usually lead to jail time and becoming career criminals c. Enduring and tend to become more serious during adulthood d. Major ones that lead to long-term addiction

a. Transisitory and do not result in long-term dangerous behaviors in adulthood

Christi suffers from depression. She also gets in fights at school to express her anger and sadness. Christi's problems fall into which category? a. comorbid disorders b. internalizing disorders c. externalizing disorders d. substance abuse

a. comorbid disorders

The information processing view of cognitive development sees the human mind as like a: a. computer or symbol-manipulating machine b. hydraulic machine and responding to the buildup of pressure c. tree being pruned by the environment d. new country developing its government system and infrastructure

a. computer or symbol-manipulating machine

Metacognition refers to the ability to _____________. a. evaluate about one's own knowledge and thinking b. mentally work out problems of logic c. use inductive reasoning to solve problems d. take the perspective of others

a. evaluate about one's own knowledge and thinking

According to research, ______________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgement and empathy. a. family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained b. giving adolescents free rein c. helping adolescents better enforce rules for their younger siblings d. restricting their activities so they avoid any mistakes

a. family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained

To Vygotsky, the ultimate goal of teaching and learning is: a. for the learner to become self-regulating b. the transfer of knowledge from the intramental plane to the intermental plane c. the transfer of knowledge from one culture to another d. all of the above

a. for the learner to become self-regulating

By the end of high school, crowds _______________. a. have become less important to adolescents b. are the single most important influence in the adolescent's life c. have become more important to adolescents d. are just beginning to form

a. have become less important to adolescents

Even though it was clear that Raul accidentally bumped into Noah, Noah insisted that Raul did it on purpose. Which of the following is used by psychologists to describe Noah's reaction? a. hostile attributional bias b. relational aggression c. iatrogenic effects d. instrumental aggression

a. hostile attributional bias

Of the following which is more important to student learning and achievement? a. school and classroom climate b. number of students in the school and classes c. grouping practices at the school d. racial makeup of the school

a. school and classroom climate

Meg, age 15, is able to watch TV and tune out her parents' conversation whereas her younger brother is less able to do this. Meg is benefiting from the adolescent's improved cognitive ability in ________________. a. selective attention b. working memory c. organizational skills d. social cognition

a. selective attention

Piaget was a constructivist who argued that a. the prior knowledge of individuals influence their learning b. children are like recorders or sponges and absorb knowledge directly from their environment c. cognitive development is a smooth process involving the accumulation of knowledge and skills d. all of the above

a. the prior knowledge of individuals influence their learning

Our textbook emphasizes that __________ is the most critical influence on adolescents' psychological well-being. a. the quality of the parent-child relationships b. the quality of relationships with peers c. attending a good school d. mass media

a. the quality of the parent-child relationships

Who is likely to begin the adolescent growth spurt first? a. A boy b. A girl c. Boys and girls tend to begin it at about the same age

b. A girl

When levels of _________ and ________ fall below the set points, the __________ stops inhibiting the pituitary gland, thus permitting it to stimulate the release of sex hormones by the gonads. a. Leptin; thyroid hormones; hypothalamus b. Androgens; estrogens; hypothalamus c. Leptin ; thyroid hormones ; adrenal gland d. Androgens ; estrogens ; adrenal gland

b. Androgens; estrogens; hypothalamus

The style of parenting that is most effective for rearing children turns out to also be the style of teaching that is generally, most effective. What is that style? a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Indulgent d. Traditional

b. Authoritative

Which way of dealing with bullying tends to lead to the best outcome for the person bullied? a. Fighting back b. Doing nothing and walking away c. Getting help from an adult d. Using one a different one of these strategies for each incident

b. Doing nothing and walking away

In class, Dr. Giles described research on adolescents' lying to their parents. Which of the following statements about that research is correct? a. Only about 25% of adolescents report that they lie to their parents b. Most parents believe that their teens can talk with them about anything c. Young adolescents are the least likely to lie to their parents d. Permissive parents get lied to the least

b. Most parents believe that their teens can talk with them about anything

Information processing research shows that during adolescence thinking becomes quicker. Which of the following likely plays a role in this change in cognitive ability? a. Androgens b. Myelination c. Serotonin d. Melatonin

b. Myelination

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about serious problem behaviors in adolescents? a. The main cause is what scientists refer to as the adolescent identity crisis b. Serious problems are likely a sign that something is wrong and the adolescent needs help c. If the problems began during childhood, they are less likely to be a concern and more likely to go away before adulthood d. Such problems are a manifestation of an inherent need to rebel against authority that is common during adolescence.

b. Serious problems are likely a sign that something is wrong and the adolescent needs help

Which of the following typically determine sociometric popularity? a. Athletic ability b. Social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor c. School achievement d. Cannot say as the determinants vary from school to school

b. Social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor

Into what three categories do our textbook author and other psychologists divide the problems of adolescence? a. Drug abuse, depression, and discipline problems (The Three Ds) b. Substance abuse, internalizing, and externalizing problems c. Substance abuse, truancy, and depression d. Drinking, smoking, and risky behavior

b. Substance abuse, internalizing, and externalizing problems

Which of the following is TRUE regarding an overall conclusion drawn from recent research on the brain development of adolescents? a. Synaptic pruning has an adverse effect on the speed and efficiency of thinking. b. The research helps us to understand that there may be some biological basis to certain behaviors often associated with the adolescent phase of life, such as increased risk-taking and difficulty with mood regulation. c. The brain has completed development by about age 12, d. All of the above are true.

b. The research helps us to understand that there may be some biological basis to certain behaviors often associated with the adolescent phase of life, such as increased risk-taking and difficulty with mood regulation.

According to well-designed research on the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents __________. a. the quality of the parent-child relationships in those homes is more contentious than in straight families b. children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents c. children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents differ substantially from those with straight parents in the domains of gender identity and sexual orientation d. children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents suffer from more emotional turmoil than children and adolescents with straight parents

b. children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have ___________. a. been coerced by their peers to join b. had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood c. been involved in drugs and alcohol d. reported high levels of sensation-seeking behavior

b. had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood

According to research, conformity to peer pressure _____________. a. peaks during adolescence and remains high into adulthood b. is higher during adolescence than childhood or adulthood c. is no higher during adolescence than during childhood or adulthood d. decreases from childhood to adolescence and adulthood

b. is higher during adolescence than childhood or adulthood

Of the following, the biggest threat to adolescents' health is _______________. a. infectious disease b. risky behavior c. chronic illness d. cardiovascular disease

b. risky behavior

The term given in the textbook that describes siblings who are deliberately trying to be different from each other is _________________. a. differential treatment b. sibling deidentification c. sibling rivalry d. sibling discrepancy

b. sibling deidentification

Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory defines intelligence as ________________. a. the balance of crystallized and fluid intelligence b. the ability to meet the requirements of one's personal goals and cultural community c. the combination of one's "school smarts" and "street smarts" d. the accumulation of knowledge and problem-solving skills

b. the ability to meet the requirements of one's personal goals and cultural community

The fact that books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on problems instead of normal development is a concern because _____________. a. the stereotypes are usually based on facts b. the more parents believe in the negative stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers tend to become c. most parents have no idea what to expect when their children reach adolescence d. the more parents believe they are going to have a difficult time with their adolescent, the less likely they will create a self-fulfilling prophecy

b. the more parents believe in the negative stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers tend to become

Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence suggests that a. "book smarts" is a fair way to measure intelligence b. there are at least seven different types of intelligences c. verbal and mathematical intelligences are most important d. there is just one type of intelligence and that type is consistent across cultures

b. there are at least seven different types of intelligences

Who is more greatly affected by teachers' expectations for their performance and behaviors? a. Students who tend to be higher achievers b.Students who tend to be lower achievers c. Students who speak English as a second language

b.Students who tend to be lower achievers

Which of the following plays a role in the reduction of brain plasticity? a. Synaptogenesis b. Lateralization c. Concrete operations d. Response inhabitation

c. Concrete operations

Which of the following, statements about parent-adolescent relationships and conflict is false? a. Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be the subject of disagreements between parents and their adolescents. b. Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents. c. Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents over issues such as clothing, curfews, and music. d. A generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality. e. Disagreements often relate to parents trying to enforce what they see as socially or culturally acceptable behaviors while adolescents define the same conflict as being about matters of personal taste.

c. Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents over issues such as clothing, curfews, and music.

Which group might be in special need of prevention programs because of a higher risk for long-term psychological problems? a. Girls who mature later then their peers b. Boys who mature later then their peers c. Girls who mature earlier than their peers and had a stressful life d. Boys who mature earlier than their peers and are viewed as athletic

c. Girls who mature earlier than their peers and had a stressful life

Marcus feels like his parents do not care about him because they allow him to set his own rules and they seldom provide much guidance. Sometimes, he even wishes they would punish him because that would at least indicate that they are paying attention to him. Which of Diane Baumrind's parent styles best describes Marcus' parents? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Indulgent d. Indifferent

c. Indulgent

Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is false? a. Adjusting to the transition into adolescence may take more of a toll on parents than on the mental health of adolescents. b. Fathers typically feel the greatest sense of loss when their teenagers leave home. c. Mothers' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest stage." d. Parents' mental health tends to be worse when their teenage children are living at home.

c. Mothers' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest stage."

All of the following are reasons that males have greater gains in strength than females during early adolescence EXCEPT: a. Strong societal pressures on girls during adolescence to decrease their physical activity b. Inadequate nutrition among adolescent girls c. Sex differences in body fat d. Increased production of androgens among females

c. Sex differences in body fat

According to our textbook, what three features of adolescent development distinguish this period of life change from other developmental periods? a. An identity crisis, family problems, an increase in physical activity b. Rapid body growth, rapid brain development, and an increase in physical activity c. The onset of puberty, emergence of more advanced cognitive abilities, the transition to new roles in society d. An increase in sleep, a decrease in physical activity, and the onset of puberty

c. The onset of puberty, emergence of more advanced cognitive abilities, the transition to new roles in society

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a __________ and develop her sense of identity in a ___________. a. crowd; crowd b. crowd; clique c. clique; crowd d. clique; clique

c. clique; crowd

According to our textbook, __________ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas ___________ are based on reputation rather than on actual social interaction. a. crowds; reference groups b. reference groups; cliques c. cliques; crowds d. crowds; cliques

c. cliques; crowds

When levels of androgens and estrogens fall below the set points, the ____________ stops inhibiting the pituitary gland, thus permitting it to stimulate the release of sex hormones by the gonads. a. thyroid b. limbic system c. hypothalamus d. adrenal gland

c. hypothalamus

John is a junior in high school. Although he is sociable, he feels very self-conscious. He feels as if everyone is evaluating him. What characteristic is he exhibiting? a. self-reflection b. personal fable c. imaginary audience d. impression formation

c. imaginary audience

The two main dimensions of Diane Baumrind's parenting styles framework focus on the level to which parenting is _______________. a. emotionally warm and cold b. controlling and lenient c. responsive and demanding d. close and distant

c. responsive and demanding

One study of more than 160,000 adolescents from 35 countries found that ____________. a. the prevalence of bullying is higher schools where students come from economically equal backgrounds b. teachers are more likely to experience hostile aggression from students in schools where students are of more equal economic status to each other c. the prevalence of bullying is higher in schools characterized by greater economic inequality among students d. adolescents from more affluent families are more likely to be bullied

c. the prevalence of bullying is higher in schools characterized by greater economic inequality among students

Using Bronfenbrenner's theory, we would expect the outcome for an adolescent's development to be more positive if _________________. a. the different parts of his microsystem are well separated b. his macrosystem and exosystem are well separated c.he had a rich mesosystem d. he has experienced little or no transition in his chronosystem

c.he had a rich mesosystem

Which of the following lists of terms all apply more to adolescent thought than to childhood thought? a. Logical, real-life bound, conservation b. One-dimensional, reflective, symbolic c. Preoperational, egocentric, sensorimotor d. Abstract, hypothetical, relativism

d. Abstract, hypothetical, relativism

Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to their parents is false? a. Adolescents tend to be closer to their mother. b. Fathers are more likely than mothers to be perceived as distant authority figures. c. Adolescents fight more often with their mothers than their fathers. d. Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

d. Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

Which of the following statements is true of findings from research about parenting styles? a. The benefits associated with authoritative parenting do NOT tend to hold true across all cultures and ethnic groups b. Authoritarian parenting is most prevalent among White middle-class families c. Authoritarian parenting styles are associated with an even greater number of adverse effects for ethnic minority adolescents, relative to their White adolescent counterparts d. Because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may be more important for the child's well-being

d. Because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may be more important for the child's well-being

Who is considered the "father" of the scientific study of adolescence? a. Lawrence Steinberg b. Jeffery Arnett c. Charles Darwin d. G. Stanley Hall e. Uri Bronfenbrenner

d. G. Stanley Hall

Traditional measures of intelligence tend to focus on certain types of abilities. Which of the following is NOT one of those? a. Knowledge of one's own culture b. Working memory capacity c. Speed of processing information d. Interpersonal skills

d. Interpersonal skills

Natalie's mom believes that adolescent peers influence each other only in negative ways such as using illegal drugs. Given what you know about adolescent peer relationships, is this true? a. Natalie's mom is wrong - adolescents' decisions to engage in or abstain from activities such as illegal drug use are based on their relationships and conversations with parents, not peers b. Natalie's mom is right - adolescent peers exert negative influences on adolescents and never or almost never or almost never exert a positive influence on one another c. Natalie's mom is wrong - adolescent peers are likely to exert positive, but not negative, influences on each other d. Natalie's mom is wrong - adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other

d. Natalie's mom is wrong - adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other

Dr. Martino argues that development proceeds in stages marked by fairly consistent behaviors and abilities within a stage but substantial changes from one stage to the next. He explains that as a child's biological development progresses and new experiences are acquired, a shift occurs and development moves to the next level. Dr. Martino's view is most consistent with that expressed by the ______________. a. Sociocultural theory b. Information-processing perspective c. Traditional view of intelligence d. Piagetian perspective

d. Piagetian perspective

According to our textbook author, the development of intimacy is one of the major issues of adolescence. Which of the following best expresses what Steinberg and other psychologists mean by intimacy? a. Jennifer and John frequently get together in his apartment and have sex b. Butch and Bart feel comfortable hanging out together. Both of them are okay with the fact that they know very little about each other's past experiences and plans for the future. c. Gil and Jill have been dating for over a year and enjoy the same activities such as watching football on TV and playing video games. d. Sally feel comfortable talking with her parents about her problems and appreciates the advice. Her parents also talk with her about their problems and seek her advice.

d. Sally feel comfortable talking with her parents about her problems and appreciates the advice. Her parents also talk with her about their problems and seek her advice.

According to Family Systems Model, financial strain increases parents' __________, which, in turn, makes them more irritable and negatively affects the quality of their parenting. a. feelings of depression b. dissatisfaction with their marriages c. conflicts over money d. all of the above are true

d. all of the above are true

If you feel stressed because of this test, your body is likely to react by producing increased levels of _______________. a. epiphysis b. estrogen c. pheromones d. cortisol

d. cortisol

The ___________ may act as a buffer for children growing up in single-parent households and plays an important role in the socialization of black youth. a. school guidance counselor b. involvement in religious activities c. peer group d. extended family

d. extended family

Deliberate controlled aggression is known as ______________, and these adolescents tend to be more popular than those who show ____________, which is unplanned and tends to be more emotional. a. reactive aggressive; instrumental aggression b. instrumental aggression; relational aggression c. relational aggression; instrumental aggression d. instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

d. instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

Dr. Whitney studied the structure of adolescents' peer groups by pretending to be a newcomer to the community and attending the local high school as if a student. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group and hung out with them for several months. What type of research was she doing? a. self-report b. survey c. sociometric study d. participant observation

d. participant observation

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is ___________. a. physical attractiveness b. academic achievement c. being good at sports d. social competence

d. social competence

2. Some researchers and theorists of human development have suggested a new phase of life called __________ that includes young people in their 20s. a. Late adolescence b. Early adulthood c. Post high school phase d. College phase e. Emerging adulthood

e. Emerging adulthood

The beliefs, values, policies, and laws that have influenced the support of higher education in our country are, according to Uri Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, part of your ________________. a. Mesosystem b. Microsystem c. Exosystem d. Chronosystem e. Macrosystem

e. Macrosystem

On average, females in the United States reach ________, the time of their first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 13. a. Hypothalamus b. Puberty c. Adrenarche d. Ovulation e. Menarche

e. Menarche

Who is at greatest risk for having serious problems as an adult? a. A child with behavioral problems b. An adolescent with behavioral problems c. Someone who did not have problems as a child but developed them during adolescence d. Someone who had serious problems as a child but improved as an adolescent e. Someone who had behavioral problems as both a child and adolescent

e. Someone who had behavioral problems as both a child and adolescent