Psych 32

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The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve:

memory construction

_____ is to a girl's sexual development as spermarche is to a boy's sexual development.

menarche

Jackson was just touched on his cheek. The pressure is registered in his brain as a(n):

sensation

Whereas the study of attachment style is associated with __, the study of parenting style is associated with ___.

Ainsworth; Baumrind

fixed-ratio

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

thorndike

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is this psychologist's principle. Skinner Thorndike Pavlov Garcia

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response is called a(n):

Unconditioned Stimuls

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

A(n) _____ approach provides an integrated explanation of human behavior by incorporating biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

biopsychosocial

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR).

fear of a loud noise

An individual's complete collection of genes is called his or her:

genotype

Operant Behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

The number of words young children hear at home is ____ correlated with family income.

positively

clairvoyance

the power to see things that cannot be perceived by the senses

sensory interaction

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

The nucleus of a human cell contains

23 pairs of chromosomes

5 Our closest evolutionary relative, according to karyotypes analysis, is the _____. A) mouse B) domestic cat C) gorilla D) pygmy chimpanzee (bonobo)

The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the what?

Inner ear

Tolman

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________. a. Watson b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Bandura e. Tolman

operant

_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

According to Jonathan Haidt, moral intuition is associated with _____ first, followed by _____ second.

feelings; reasoning

nociceptors

pain receptors

audition

sense of hearing

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance of an extinguished CR

Cognitive Psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Generalization

the tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

Biological preparedness

the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning (evolutionary perspective) (We learn to not eat it again)

opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are turned "on" by green and turned "off" by red; others are turned on by red and off by green

Behavioral modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). (Influenced by North American psychology during first half twentieth century Watson called __)

Barry is 65 years old and is worried that he will catch a cold that could escalate to something worse due to his age. What should you tell Barry?

"Don't worry too much. Older adults are less susceptible to short-term ailments because they have more antibodies than younger adults."

John B Watson

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which of the following psychologists made this statement? John Garcia B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson

Operant Chamber

*Skinner Box: animal manipulates a bar to get food

Law of Effect

*Thorndike: behaviors are more likely to recur if followed by favorable consequences

Beth had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.

- Chemotherapy

In psychology, the term conditioning refers to:

- learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

In classical conditioning, this is a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. After conditioning this stimulus will become the conditioned stimulus.

- neutral stimulus (NS)

Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:

- repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next 2 days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that:

- the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.

The correlation coefficient ranges from _____ to _____.

-1 to 1

Which of the following declines in later life?

-visual sharpness -muscle strength -auditory levels

acquisition

...

high-order conditioning

...

intrinsic motivation

...

latent learning

...

law of effect

...

learning

...

mirror neurons

...

modeling

...

negative reinforcement

...

neutral stimulus

...

operant behavior

...

reinforcement schedule

...

respondent behavior

...

shaping

...

spontaneous recovery

...

stimulus

...

unconditioned response

...

unconditioned stimulus

...

variable interval schedule

...

variable ratio schedule

...

Behaviorism

1-should be an objective science that 2-studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television. 16 14 12 10

A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. A child who recognizes himself in the mirror will begin to touch his own nose when he sees the red spot. The self recognition begins at approximately what age?

15 to 18 months

The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The "A" and "H" are actually nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects_____ processing.

top down

According to the Center for Disease Control, approximately, _________ of adolescents girls are infected with at least one sexually transmitted disease.

25%

According to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately ______________ of _______adolescent girls are infected with at least one sexually transmitted disease.

25%

The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States is now 29 for men and _______ for women.

Young children show gender-specific toy preferences when they are as young as:

3 to 8 months.

_____ processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as expectations.

top-down

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of a loud nose was the _____.

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

unconditioned response

Suzanne had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the _____.

unconditioned response

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n): unconditioned response (UR). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS).

unconditioned response (UR).

Carla had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:

unconditioned response.

To most people the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may possibly reflect:

unconscious decision making.

Children are considered to be fluent in their native language by the time they are years of age.

5-6

As John was leaving the show, he was unable to hear his friend talking next to him in a normal conversational tone of _____ decibels since the rock concert was well over 130 decibels.

According to Michael Lewis, what percentage of 3 year old children will peek at an interesting toy when told not to, and then lie about peeking afterwards?

70%

For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others who are also _____ or older.

For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others around her age. What age range is Margaret likely in?

75 to 80

Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in?

75-80

When does sexual desire decrease? (around what ages)

75-80

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. A. Antisocial; prosocial B. Extrovert; introverted C. Definitive; indifferent D. Positive; negative

Based on Bandura's observational learning paradigm, the nonprofit group Population Communications International has developed "entertainment-education programs" designed to model better attitudes and behavior for youngsters. These highly popular dramas are NOT designed to help the viewer: A. reduce the likelihood of carrying out the behavior being modeled B. Remember the modeled messages C. become involved and pay attention D. be motivated to change in line with the modeled behaviors

primary

A __________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch. a. primary b. negative c. positive d. secondary e. valid

Which of the following statements is true of a blind spot?

A blind spot is created when there are no receptor cells.

Skinner box

A box used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and, thus, increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur is called a __________. a. trial box b. response box c. Watson box d. Thorndike box e. Skinner box

vicarious conditioning (observational learning)

A child who's mother has a fear of dogs will learn to develop a similar fear

Unconditioned response (UR) and unconditioned stimulus (US)

A dog doesn't learn to salivate in response to food in its mouth. Food in the mouth automatically, unconditionally, triggers a dog's salivary reflex. Pavlov called the drooling an ______. And he called the food an ____.

Time-out

A form of mild punishment in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others -essentially, the organism is being "removed" from any possibilities of positive reinforcement in the form of attention

Correct: absolute

A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is a(n) _____ threshold. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. absolute adaptation difference subliminal

strengthens; weakens

A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that __________ a behavior. a. motivates; stimulates b. weakens; strengthens c. inhibits; motivates d. determines; stimulates e. strengthens; weakens

behavior modification

A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of __________. a. classical conditioning b. instinctive drift c. primary reinforcement d. higher-order conditioning e. behavior modification

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Shelley's brother hid her favourite stuffed bear in the other cabinet after Shelley had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of which of the following?

A theory of mind

Shelly's brother hid her favourite stuffed bear in the other cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of which of following?

A theory of mind.

A woman's ovary is _____ times the size of a single sperm. A. 85,000 B. 2 C. 100,000 D. 100

Most people achieve which of Piaget's intellectual stages during adolescence? A.formal operations B. identity C. competence D. generatively

Which of the following statements about sleeping behavior is FALSE? A. Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams. B. Teenagers need more sleep than older adults. C. Sleep researchers do not recommend sleeping pills as a treatment for insomnia. D. All humans dream.

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.

variable-ratio

_____ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, and taste) 50 percent of the time.

Absolute threshold

persistence of learning over time through storage of info and skills

According to psychologists, memory refers to the:

Accommodation

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Higher-Order Conditioning

Adding on to the conditioning, where several things can evoke a CR

Correct: sensory adaptation.

After listening to her high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, Marcy fails to realize that the music is too loud. This BEST illustrates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensory adaptation. accommodation. Weber's law. signal detection.

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

mnemonics

Aids can be used to help remember things such as speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

fish food

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus. a. presence of Alan near the aquarium b. fish swimming to the top c. aquarium light d. fish food e. location of the aquarium light

Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

phantom

Amanda is convinced she smells rotten eggs, but no one in the house can smell the odor. Amanda's sensation is known as _____ smells.

postconventional

Amath has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because he wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as he is. Amath has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

Which of the following is an example of a biological constraint on conditioning?

An animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning.

Attachment

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

NS= neutral stimulus US= Unconditioned Stimulus UR= Unconditioned Response CS= Conditioned Stimulus CR= Conditioned Response

An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS? The US? The UR? The CS? The CR?

Critical Period

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

According to the text, the Greek philosopher _____ believed that the heart is the source of our personality.

Aristotle

inflation

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother could really imagine dialing the phone. This is an example of:

effortful processing

As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

theory of mind

As we observe another's actions, our brain generates an inner simulation, enabling us to experience the other's experience within ourselves. Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as _____.

frontal lobes

At 19, Abbey is beginning to plan for her future. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Most likely, Abbey's _____ are developing.

Problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Camilla has been told that her basilar membrane is damaged. This is MOST likely to affect her:

Audition

1 The field of genetics that studies the relationship between chromosome variations and specific traits is called _____. A) Mendelian genetics B) cytogenetics C) quantitative genetics D) behavioral genetics

34 ____ is a common cause of aneuploidy resulting in a gamete with one extra chromosome and another gamete with one missing chromosome. A) Chromosome pairing B) Nondisjunction C) Segregation D) Replication

8 The schematic map of a chromosome is called a(n) _____. A) karyotype B) ideogram C) anagram D) chromogram

_____are a category of drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. A. Depressants B. Hallucinogens C. Opiates D. Amphetamines

The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by:

B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it was first enunciated by this psychologist. Ivan Pavlov Rosalie Rayner B.F. Skinner Edward L. Thorndike

B.F. Skinner

external

B.F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior. internal unconscious cognitive external

The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by: Ivan Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. John Garcia and Robert Koelling's research on taste aversion. B.F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.

B.F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

A five-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the girl picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. Her behavior is similar to findings in studies conducted by:

Bandura

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Bandura

observational learning

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? A. Latent learning B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Cognitive maps E. Observational learning

Skinner

Behaviorist who wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior -gave "operant conditioning" its name -operant- any behavior that is voluntary

Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?

Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.

The difference threshold is best described as the minimum difference that a person can detect:

Between two stimuli 50 percent of the time

Maturation

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience

In a brain surgery that went wrong, Matthew lost a portion of his visual cortex and is blind in part of his field of vision. This condition is known as:

Blindsight

The _____ is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.

Blindspot

objective, observable

Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena. sensation; perception learning; unconscious consciousness; memory objective; observable

Pavlov and Watson

Both shared a disdain for "mentalist it" concepts (such as consciousness) and belief that the basic laws of learning were the same for all animals—whether dogs or humans.

_____ processing proceeds from the lines, angles, and colors that form the stimuli around us.

Bottom-up

Sensory analysis starts at the entry level, such as with the sensory receptors, and works up to the integration of sensory information in the brain. This process is called:

Bottom-up processing

14 An individual with two normal sets of autosomes and a single X chromosome has _____. A) Down syndrome B) Patau syndrome C) Turner syndrome D) Klinefelter syndrome

17 A triploid human karyotype has how many chromosomes? A) 23 B) 46 C) 69 D) 92

Bill is 65 years old and is worried about the upcoming winter months. He is very worried that he will catch a cold that would escalate to something worse due to his age. What would you tell Bill? A. Try not to worry too much. Children and younger adults are more susceptible to short-term ailments due to older adults having a stronger immune system. B. Make sure you take care of yourself this winter as older adults are more susceptible to short-term and long-term illnesses. C. Try not to worry too much. Children and younger adults are more susceptible to short-term ailments due to older adults having more antibodies in their system. D. Make sure you take care of yourself this winter as older adults have a weak disease-fighting immune system.

Charlotte is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse towards her mother. In her room she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of A. Classical learning B. reinforced learning C. observational learning D. observational conditioning

One of the four cognitive processes Bandura states will determine whether imitation will occur is that: A. one must identify with the behavior B. those being observed must be perceived as smilier to oneself C. one must feel motivated to imitate behavior D. one must remember having done the behavior at least once

Three-year-old Owen has noticed that every time his father hugs or kisses his mother, his mother smiles. Owen has started to hug his mother when he gets up in the morning and is pleased that he is able to generate such a big smile from her. Owen is exhibiting, in order, each of the four cognitive processes that Bandura suggests are necessary for imitation to occur, namely: A. motivation, attention, memory, and punishment B. attention, memory, motor skills and sensory adaptation C. Attention, memory, motor skills and motivation D. memory, motor skills, motivation and aversion

Eve, who is 82, frequently receives visits from family members, plays cards with her neighbors several times a week, lives in a safe neighborhood, and is valued by all the people in her life. All of the above illustrate the _____ factors that have a role in helping older people live longer and flourish. A. biological B. genetic C. social-cultural D. psychological

If Mike were to visit a sleep lab to have his brain activity measured during sleep, how would it be measured? A. by attaching electrodes to measure his circadian rhythm B. by recording how often he yawns C. by attaching electrodes connected to an EEG D. by observing his frequency of fast, jerky eye movements

Prenatally, how many nerve cells were formed in your brain per minute? A. 75,000 B. 100,000 C. 250,000 D. 50,000

The cessation of menstrual periods is most closely associated with: A. the midlife crisis. B. the social clock. C. menopause. D. late adulthood.

The initiative to have infants sleep on their back, rather than their stomach, has been associated with: A. earlier walking. B. earlier crawling. C. later crawling. D. later walking.

Those in this stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral thinking believe that laws are needed to maintain social order. A. intuitive morality B. preconventional morality C. conventional morality D. postconventional morality

Which of the following is NOT a physiologically induced altered state of consciousness? A. sexual orgasm B. oxygen starvation C.sensory deprivation D.hallucinations

_____ is an altered state of consciousness reported by people after they have a close brush with death (such as after cardiac arrest); it is often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. A. Distortion of time B. Euphoria C. Near-death experience D. Drug withdrawal

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ comes after a(n) _____.

CS; US

adolescence

Caitlyn is 16 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Caitlyn is in what stage of development?

Correct: sensation; perception

Carlos was just touched on his cheek, which is a(n) _____. In order for Carlos to know if he was kissed or slapped, Carlos needs a(n) _____. sensation; perception touch; sound organization; interpretation perception; sensation

voluntary behavior

Changes through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to response

Leanne is 5 months old. Chastity is 8 months old. Dominique is 11 months old. Which infant should show the MOST evidence of stranger anxiety? a. Leanne b. Chastity c. the degree of separation anxiety should be approximately equal among all three infants d. Dominique

Chastity

cognitive processes

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior. spontaneous recovery primary reinforcers cognitive processes negative reinforcers

mirror neurons

Children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty learning from observing others, a deficit that is believed to be due to impaired:

The language acquisition device (LAD) is associated with:

Chomsky.

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____.

Classical Conditioning

Behaviorist

Classical and operant conditioning are based on the principles of which psychological perspective? A. Cognitive B. Biological C. Behaviorist D. Evolutionary E. Humanist

respondent;operant

Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.

anticipates events

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and a. forgets about them b. lays them out in sequence c. shuts down d. anticipates events e. receives a reward

(1) US (2) UR

Classical or Unconditioned Response (1) Food preparations (_) (2) triggers salivation (_)

According to the Gestalt psychologists, people tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of:

Closure

A building contractor surveys the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when one moves to the right, one sees the gaps. This illustrates the principle of:

Closure.

According to the Gestalt psychologists, people perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is called the principle of:

Continuity

David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates which kind of moral reasoning?

Conventional

Conventional.

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the:

Cornea

taste aversion

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is BEST explained by:

____________ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, ____________ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US). a) Operant conditioning; negative conditioning b) Acquisition; extinction c) Spontaneous recovery; acquisition d) Generalization; discri

Retrieval Cues

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name.

Garcia and Koelling

Discovered taste aversion when looking at effects of radiation on rats. Rats became nauseous from the radiation, but since the taste of water from a plastic bottle was accidentally paired with this radiation, the rats developed an aversion for this water. -also, taste aversion occurred but not to sights and sounds, this supports Darwin's natural selection theory

Habituates

Disturbed by a squirt of water, the sea slug Aplysia protectively withdraws its gill. If the squirts continuem as happens naturally in choppy water, the withdrawakl response diminishes. We say the slug __

relative size.

Drivers sometimes overestimate the distance between their own vehicles and pedestrians who are short, because they rely on the distance cue known as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. linear perspective. relative size. interposition. . convergence.

proactive interference.

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates:

fixed interval

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule

fixed-interval

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

Cognitive maps

Elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity? A. Latent learning B. Insight C. Cognitive maps D. Intrinsic motivation E. Extrinsic motivation

Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life the text labels as:

Emerging adulthood

For humans, the placement of two ears allows them to what?

Enjoy stereophonic hearing

conventional

Eric is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer at Buddy Ball this summer, helping disabled children play baseball. Eric knows that this will look good on his college applications. He is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

generativity vs. stagnation

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

1. Attention: to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model 2. Memory: the leaner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that was first seen on a cooking show 3. Imitation: the learner must capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model 4. Motivation: finally, the learner must have the desire to perform the action Easy way to remember the 4 is to remember the letter AMIM

Four elements of observational learning

modeling

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia was _____ her mother's behavior that she acquired through observational learning.

variable ratio

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. variable-ratio fixed-ratio fixed-interval latent-interval

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by what?

Gestalt psychologists

According to the Gestalt psychologists' principle of proximity, humans tend to:

Group nearby figures together

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?

Her frontal lobes are growing.

intrinsic motivation

If a parent wants to increase the amount of time a child spends reading as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ of reading.

higher-order conditioning

If a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation, then a light that becomes associated with the tone may also being to trigger salivation

Operant Conditioning

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates:

operant

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

If people have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, their fear may occur when they hear that sound again. This BEST illustrates:

classical conditioning

If people have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, their fear may occur when they hear that sound again. This BEST illustrates:

Higher-order conditioning

Imagine that something makes us very afraid (perhaps a guard dog associated with a previous dog bite. If something else, such as the sound of a barking dog, brings to mind that guard dog, the bark alone may make us feel a little afraid

classical

In _____ conditioning natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated.

classical conditioning

In _____, an organism develops an expectation that the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.

learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

In psychology, the term conditioning refers to: adaptation to specific environmental factors due to repeated exposure to those factors. learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. enhanced performance due to observing a behavior. a prior exposure to a stimulus.

Marlene wakes up early in the morning and her room is fairly dark. She looks over and sees her shirt hanging on a hook. She knows it's her red shirt because she hung it up there before she went to bed, but in the dark she cannot see its color. It looks dark gray to her. Why is that?

In the dim light, the cones in a person's eyes are ineffectual.

Correct: loudness

In vision, the amplitude of a light wave relates to people's perception of the brightness of a stimulus. To which perceptual dimension does the amplitude of a sound wave correspond in hearing? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. frequency hue pitch loudness

Positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A _____ is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A _________ is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: not punishment.)

The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the:

Inner ear

Does perceptual set involve bottom-up or top-down processing? Why?

It involves top-down processing, because it draws on your experiences, assumptions, and expectations when interpreting stimuli.

chunking

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _____ years.

she should not worry so long as she is not modeling violent behavior.

Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to violence on television. You should tell Jackie all of the following EXCEPT:

Working memory

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory is MOST important?

Modeling

Jonny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is an example of:

the conditioned response (CR)

Kennedy had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is:

spontaneous recovery

Khalid had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. He had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, he had to take his mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment, and he became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. His nausea BEST illustrates:

Correct: vestibular

Kiara excels at gymnastics, especially at balance beam routines. Her skill depends in large part on her _____ sense. vestibular auditory gustatory olfactory

The Moon illusion refers to people's tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually:

Large when it is near the horizon

pain

Laurie has a persistent itch on her arm. This is MOST likely caused by the action of _____ receptors.

observational; Albert Bandura

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is _____.

Variable-interval

Mary checks her phone every 30 minutes for incoming text messages. Her behavior is being maintained by what kind of reinforcement schedule A. Fixed-interval B. Variable-interval C. Variable-ratio D. Fixed-ratio E. Continuous

synethesia

Mila sees the sound of a drum as a large round shape. Mila's experience BEST exemplifies a conditioned called _____.

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.

Mirror Neuron

frontal lobe, observationAL learning

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for _____. frontal lobe; observational learning temporal lobe; operant conditioning frontal lobe; classical conditioning temporal lobe; observational learning

extrinsic reward; intrinsic reward

Money is to _____ as enjoyment of an activity is to _____.

extrinsic

Money is to _____ reward as enjoyment of an activity is to intrinsic reward.

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of what?

Monocular cues

Early maturation in boys tends to produce boys who are:

More self assured, popular, and independent

Early maturation in boys tends to produce boys who are:

More self-assured, popular, and independent.

Do the smartest kids tend to lie more or less? Why?

More. Because they know they will be punished.

two stimuli

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:

two stimuli

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: two stimuli. a neutral stimulus and a reward. something observed and its consequences. a response and its consequences.

Research participants are presented with the following scenario: "There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you push a larger stranger onto the tracks, where he will die as his body stops the trolley. Will you push him?" What are the likely results to this question?

Most will say no.

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:

Negative punishment

Correlational evidence suggests that there is a link between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behavior. However, it is possible that the television viewing is not causing the violence. Which alternative hypothesis might explain the correlations?

Neglectful parenting could be the cause of increased aggression and increased television watching.

5 year old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

Neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be haltered or reversed by:

Nothing can halt the decline associated with aging

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be halter or reversed by:

Nothing can halt the decline associated with aging.

John Garcia

One of the first researchers to experimentally demonstrate the existence of taste aversions and other exceptions to the general laws of classical conditioning. His research emphasized the importance of the evolutionary forces that shape the learning process. He challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally well

A 65 year old retina receives only about _____ as much light as its 20 year old counterpart

One-third

A 65-year-old retina only about ________ as much light as its 20-year-old counterpart.

One-third.

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:

Operant conditioning

Which of the following is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher?

Operant conditioning

Identity

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Self Concept

Our understanding and evaluation of who we are

Theory of Mind

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

explicit memory

People's memory of facts and experiences that they consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial mis proportions

Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.

Pitch

The volley principle is MOST relevant to understanding how people sense what?

Pitch

The volley principle is MOST relevant to understanding how people sense:

Pitch.

Hermann von Helmholtz speculated that people hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. His theory is called what?

Place theory

Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcers=increased behavior

Prosocial behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior EX: behavior modeling is used in schools and work places

Correct: perceptual sets.

Professor Brandt shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a day-care worker and a child in the day-care center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are not related. Professor Brandt is MOST likely conducting a study on: sensory adaptation. subliminal sensation. perceptual sets. Weber's law.

Gretta is 85 years old and having trouble with her hearing. She worked in a factory for many years at a time before there were government regulations safeguarding noise levels. The MOST likely reasons for her sensorineural hearing loss are normal aging and what?

Prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise

According to observational learning theory, when children have antisocial models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.

Prosocial

Kiara excels at gymnastics, especially at balance beam routines. Her skill depends in large part on her _____ sense.

vestibular

According to the Gestalt psychologists, people tend to group together figures that are similar to each other. This is called the principle of:

Proximity

The way in which a student quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of what?

Proximity

The way in which a student quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of:

Proximity

Dr. Garner studies the relationship between the objective brightness of visual stimuli and observers' subjective impression of their brightness. Dr. Garner's area of study is:

Psychophysics

sexual

Puberty is the period of _____maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

increases

Punishment decreases the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.

Spontaneous recovery

Reoccurrence of a once extinguished response also happens in classical conditioning

Tolman

Responsible for cognitive and Latent learning EX: after exploring a maze, __ discovered that rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Successive approximations

Rewards closer and closer behaviors

the spacing effect.

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long-term. He is using the:

_____ is to possible hearing damage as pain is to possible bodily harm.

Ringing of the ears

operant conditioning

what do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer a. operant conditioning b. respondent behavior c. classical conditioning d. shaping e. punishment

postconventional

Robin is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because she wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as she is. Robin has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

_____ are retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, whereas _____ detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Rods; cones

Ivan Pavlov

Russian psychologist (person who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs

The textbook recommends a study method called _____ that emphasizes active processing.

SQ3R

Conditioned response

Salivation in response to the tone, however, is learned. Because it is conditional upon the dog's associating the tone and the food, we call this response

something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer

which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a. something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b. an innately reinforcing stimulus c. something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d. an event that decreases the behavior it follows e. an amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

Learning

which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience a. Acquisition b. Stimulus c. Learning d. Habituation e. Response

Negative punishment

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer

word of praise is to a soothing back rub as _____ is to _____. operant conditioning; classical conditioning a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer a delayed reinforcer; an immediate reinforcer partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

Psychologist George Stratton conducted a famous experiment on perceptual adaptation in which he:

wore a pair of glasses that inverted his vision for eight days.

Dianne feels overwhelmed. She helps her adult daughter regularly with finances and caring for her grandchildren. She is also the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. She feels like she never has a minute to herself. Dianne can be referred to as being in the _____ generation.

Sanwich

write a note to himself

Perceptual sets are the result of _____, which people form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information.

Schemas

This process of learning associations is Conditioning

Sea slug associates the squirt with an impending shock; the seal associates slapping and barking with a herring treat. Each animal has learned something important to its survival: predicting the immediate future

2. Money is an example of a:

Secondary Reinforcer " conditioned reinforcer"

food

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer? food praise money grades

Cross- _____ studies compare people of different ages with one another.

Sectional

_____ refers to the process by which people detect stimulus energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.

Sensation

What occurs when there is damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves?

Sensorineural hearing loss

The assumption that a car is large enough to carry people, even when viewing its tiny image from two blocks away, illustrates the concept of _____.

Size constancy

Flashbulbs memories

Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:

This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous Recovery

desensitizes

Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to violence also _____ people when they later view violence on television or in real life.

observational learning

Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate behavior is most likely learned through:

learning

Suppose you see and smell freshly baked bread, eat some, and find it satisfying. Next time you see and smell fresh bread, you will expect frightening consequence, hearing the sound alone may trigger your fear

accommodate

Talia is 45 years old. She has started to notice that newspaper print is too small for her to read. Talia needs reading glasses because the lenses of her eyes are less able to adjust, or _____.

rehearsal

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage.

classical conditioning

Taste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning? classical conditioning latent learning insight conditioning observational learning

mirror neuron

Ted is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. Some theorists would speculate that this is because he has a broken _____ system.

All of the following are true about death and dying EXCEPT:

Terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages of grief, such as denial before anger.

pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the _____.

Object Permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

operant

The cognitive processes in _____ conditioning involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.

operant conditioning

The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement. observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning reflex behavior

How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspective?

The cognitive view holds that learning, including classical conditioning, cannot take place in the absence of reinforcement.

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as married, parenthood, and retirement

bandura

The famous Bobo doll experiment was conducted by _____ and showed the power of observational learning.

Correct: middle

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that make up the _____ ear. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. outer inner middle tympanic

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

modeling

The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____.

The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus for nausea.

In the sorting task used by Philip Zelazo, why do 3 year olds have trouble learning the second rule?

The second rule is following colour rather than shape. Aware of second rule, but unable to follow through. Preoperational. In a second trial, the shape rule is the second rule, and is still unable to follow through. Children are stuck on first rule they learn.

deju vu

The sense that one may have seen this same question before. Yes, the same question you are reading is known as:

Why is it after wearing shoes for a while, you cease to notice them?

The shoes provide constant stimulation. Thanks to sensory adaption, we tend to focus primarily on changing stimuli.

stimulus generalization

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called __________. a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus adaptation c. response generalization d. transfer of habit strength e. higher-order conditioning

Generalization

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

encoding, storage, retrieval.

The three steps in memory information processing are:

imitation, desensitization

The violence-viewing effect, with respect to television viewing, seems to stem from at least two factors: _____ and _____. imitation; desensitization latent learning; desensitization observational learning; latent learning prosocial modeling; antisocial modeling

sensation is necessary for perception.

There is no scientific support for extrasensory perception (ESP). With respect to the distinction between sensation and perception, that means that: perception may occur in the absence of sensation. sensation always yields perception. sensation is necessary for perception. sensation and perception can operate independently.

Why is it that older people account for fewer than 10 percent of all automobile crashes when they have slower reaction time and attend less to other vehicles on the road as compared to younger adults?

They drive less than younger adults

conventional

Thirteen-year-old Amata repeatedly tells her mother not to drive too fast and to make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

Spontaneous Recovery

This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

spontaneous recovery

This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. negative conditioning spontaneous recovery acquisition generalization

A puzzle box

Thorndike was known for his work with A. A Skinner box B. A puzzle box C. Modeling D. Elementary school children E. Monkeys

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what? a. law of effect b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. respondent behavior e. discrimination

classical conditioning

Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry loudly. That weekend she was attending a birthday party, saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of: operant conditioning. the law of effect. classical conditioning. observational learning.

biphychosocial

Today's learning theorists recognize that our learning results not only from environmental influences but from an interaction of _____ influences. biopsychosocial social biological psychological

Individuals interpret what their senses detect using what?

Top-down processing

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates what?

Top-down processing

Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when a person constructs perceptions drawing on that person's experience and expectations. This process is called what?

Top-down processing.

Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when a person constructs perceptions drawing on that person's experience and expectations. This process is called:

Top-down processing.

What refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another?

Transduction

Pavlov and watson

Underestimated the importance of cognitive processes (thoughts, perceptions, expectations) and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity. Thought the basic laws of learning were essentially similar in all animals. -if the organism learns an expectancy or awareness, the US is more likely to be acquired

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.

Variable- Ratio

discrimination

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:

theory of mind

Wanda is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. The ability in which Wanda seems to have reduced function is called _____.

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats. repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat.

Proximity

We group nearby figures together. We see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines.

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount is called:

Weber's law

To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning

What is one of the principal functions of mirror neurons? A. To allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response B. To help produced intrinsic motivation in some children C. To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning D. To produce the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and operant conditioning E. To explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective than modeling negative behavior

digestive system

What phenomenon was Pavlov focusing on when he began his studies on what eventually became known as classical conditioning? reflexive responses to sound, such as ringing bells the digestive system the role of hormones in exploratory behavior the use of food rewards in training dogs

Garcia

Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions? a. Seligman b. Garcia c. Skinner d. Watson e. Pavlov

a gold star

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? a. water b. food c. shelter d. a gold star e. a hug

Observational learning

Which of the following is the best synonym for social learning A. Observational learning B. Modeling C. Mirror neuron imitation D. Prosocial model E. Imitation

mirror neurons

Which of the following neurons fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed? imitation neurons observational neurons modeling neurons mirror neurons

Thorndike

Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses? a. Pavlov b. Watson c. Bandura d. Skinner e. Thorndike

The emotion areas of the brain were activated when they thought about pushing the person.

Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch but then refuse to apply the same "kill one to save five" when it involved pushing a person?

Does fertility decline in men?

Yes, fertility declines in men around age 50.

embodied

You are looking for a new roommate. You invite a person who you really hope will agree to be your new roommate to meet you in your apartment. Your mother, who is a real estate agent, tells you to bake cookies and make hot tea just before your prospective roommate arrives. She explains that the hot drink and smell of the cookies will affect this person's judgment of you. This is an example of a(n) _____ cognition.

negative

_____ reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response.

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

Derwood is 8 years old and likes to do art projects at school. However, the projects he has completed so far haven't received good grades, and in several instances his friends have laughed at the things he has done. Based on Erikson's theory, Derwood may develop:

a sense of inferiority.

perceptual set

a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects, top-down, what we hear, taste, feel, and see.

Neutral Stimulus

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Conditioned Reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer

The BEST example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter is: a. GABA b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. glutamate

a. GABA

The only way to demonstrate _____ is to conduct an experiment rather than a correlational study. a. cause and effect b. the strength of the relationship between variables c. statistical-significance d. the order in random events

a. cause and effect

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a: a. concept of conservation b. secure attachment c. sense fo object permanence d. capacity for habituation

a. concept of conservation

Mary often challenges herself to be aware of preconceptions and assumptions and to engage in reflective thinking. Her friends sometimes accurately refer to her as a(n) ______ thinker. a. critical b. intuitive c. reasoned d. biased

a. critical

Dr. Zimmerman's study on love was controversial, and other researchers wished to verify the results for themselves. In order to replicate the findings, which aspect of Dr. Zimmerman's study is MOST critical? a. operational definitions b. the list of participants c. the control group d. statistical analyses

a. operational definitions

Which statement is TRUE with respect to the relationship between psychological experimentation and the real world? a. overall, experimental results generalize fairly well to the real world b. psychologists do their best to re-create the real world in the laboratory c. experimental results ultimately say little about the real world d. experimental psychologists are mostly interested in relatively simple behaviors and situations

a. overall, experimental results generalize fairly well to the real world

_____ refers to the simultaneous analysis of many aspects of a stimulu a. parallel processing b. priming c. synchronous processing d. opponent processing

a. parallel processing

A _____ is part of a(n) _____. a. terminal branch; axon b. cell body; dendrite c. cell body; axon d. terminal branch; dendrite

a. terminal branch; axon

One of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: a. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. b. dogs anticipate and expect events. c. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms. d. an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement.

a. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

As compared with the adult brain, the newborn's brain has________ neurons.

about the same number of

A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment in half of a set of trials. This is a(n)

absolute threshold

A weak correlation is indicated by a(n)

absolute value near zero

Childhood is to adolescence as concrete images are to _____ ideas.

abstract

Unconditioned Response

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? a. They do not apply to elementary school-aged children. b. Girls were not included in these studies. c. Correlation does not prove causation. d. The studies do not take operant conditioning into account.

c. Correlation does not prove causation.

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): a. unconditioned response (UR). b. unconditioned stimulus (US). c. conditioned response (CR). d. conditioned stimulus (CS).

c. conditioned response (CR).

Active neurons require _____ the way a car requires fuel. a. electricity b. hormones c. glucose d. oxygen

c. glucose

Compared to more rural cultures, Westerners tend to view childbirth as being a more ________ aspect of human experience. a. natural b. ritualized c. specialized d. common

c. specialized

Betty's metabolism has been irregular. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _____ gland. a. hypothalamic b. adrenal c. thyroid d. parathyroid

c. thyroid

Transduction

changing one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies (such as sights, sounds, and smells) into neural impulses our brain can interpret

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as:

chunking

If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of: imitation. observational learning. operant conditioning. classical conditioning.

classical conditioning

Sequential processing is to parallel processing as _____ is to _____. a. unconscious; conscious b. complex tasks; simple tasks c. many stimuli; one stimulus d. familiar tasks; novel tasks

complex tasks; simple tasks

Dr. Jones is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it, and his students begin to feel anxious and tense. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz and feel anxious whenever Dr. Jones closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a _____.

conditioned stimulus

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus

If two traits vary together, then the two traits are said to: a. be operationally defined b. be biased c. replicate d. correlate

correlate

Jody is completing a test in which she has to name as many state capitals as she can in 1 minute. Aditi is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams. Jody is completing a test of ___________intelligence, whereas Aditi is completing a test of ________________ intelligence.

crystallized; fluid

The retention of encoded information over time is called: a) rehearsal. b) encoding. c) retrieval. Correct Response d) storage.

The ______ psychologists were fond of saying that in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts. a. evolutionary b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. Gestalt

d. Gestalt

Who would derive the most benefit from being fed with breast milk rather than formula? a. a low SES baby b. an Asian baby c. a Hispanic baby d. a preterm baby

d. a preterm baby

Which of the following is most commonly used for pregnancies in the United States? a. C-section b. forceps c. oxytocin d. epidural

d. epidural

Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her:

fovea.

In a playoff game between the State City Champions and the Anytown Victors, Sara initially bet against the State City Champions, who eventually won. After the game, she claimed she knew the Champions would be the winners. This is an example of a flaw in thinking called the _____ bias.

hindsight

In Erikson's view, adolescent development is largely defined by the search for:

identity

Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as:

implicit memory

neutral stimulus (NS)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning -unconditioned stimulus means it occurs naturally or is unlearned that is planned to pair with the stimulus that is causing a response EX: events the dog could see or hear but didn't associate with food- with food in the dog's mouth

conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. (usually same as conditioned response) EX: the tone that now triggers the salivation

place theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old. The rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail, but Fiona has no recollection of the event. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

infantile amnesia

infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television.

Mike is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Mike is in the stage of development called:

integrity vs. despair.

Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory _____.

interaction

The outdated term "hermaphrodite" has been replaced by the term:

intersexual

Jenny has a job, a cat named Joker, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right" partner. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:

intimacy versus isolation

Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:

intimacy vs. isolation.

According to psychologists, learning:

is the process of acquiring, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors, through experience.

isolation

A weakness of the experimental method is that:

it may not be ethical to manipulate some variables.

With respect to adolescence, biology determines:

its beginning, but not its end.

Judith just turned 68 years old. Judith is in the developmental stage called _____ adulthood.

late

The years after age 65 are known as _____ adulthood.

late

Judith just turned 65. What stage of adult development is she entering?

late adulthood

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called:

latent

Observational Learning

learning by observing others

Observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

Associative Learning

learning that certain events occur together

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

Latent Learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he would use techniques such as:

linear perspective

linear perspective.

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:

linear perspective.

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every three years is conducting a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Dawn is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects one group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every 6 months over a 2-year period. In this example, Dawn is using a __ research design.

longitudinal

Dr. Faircloth is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a _____ study.

longitudinal

Dr. Greco is conducting a study with military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with posttraumatic stress disorder have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

"Cramming" for tests is an example of:

massed practice

Psychologists use the term ___to refer to the patterns of physical, cognitive, and socioemotional change occurring throughout life.

maturation

When a woman stops ovulating and becomes incapable of reproduction, she experiences _____.

menopause

Children with autism have difficulty learning from observing others, a deficit that is believed to be due to impaired ______.

mirror neurons

Johnny is "hammering" a nail with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

modeling

The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____.

modeling

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Compared with Piaget, Vygotsky placed ______emphasis on the ________ foundations of cognitive development.

more; social

Juggling two independent sources of sensory input at the same time is an example of:

multitasking

Frontal lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of _____, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

myelin

_____ observation is a type of descriptive research method in which a researcher records behavior without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

naturalistic

Dementia is now referred to as a(n) _____ disorder.

neurocognitive

While Maria was stacking her term paper, she received a paper cut. The cut produced a sharp pain on her index finger. This pain was initiated by _____ in her skin.

nociceptors

Pauline is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Pauline patiently watches. Pauline then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This is an example of _____ learning.

observational

It is well known that the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) have a culture in their living groups, as they pass on skills to one another across generations. This is done through _____.

observational learning

modeling

ohnny is "hammering" a nail with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: reinforced learning. modeling. classical learning. observational conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

The term consciousness refers to:

one's awareness of oneself and the environment.

A recent survey indicated that 25 percent of heterosexual couples met:

online

A recent survey indicated that two-thirds of same-sex couples met:

online

vestibular sense

our sense of balance—our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance.

Robert is having trouble regulating the level of sugar in his blood. He is diagnosed with Type II diabetes. There is MOST likely an abnormality with his _____.

pancreas

For most adolescents, the MOST important people in their lives are their:

peers

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment

Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a(n) _____ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

psychological influences

previous experiences, predictability of associations, generalization, discrimination EX: kid comes from abusive env. (Household) kid will have more difficult time with other behaviors and how to act in diff. env., like act disruptive instead of normal behaved child

parallel processing

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at the same time

Dissociation theory

proposes that hypnosis is a special dual-processing state of dissociation — a split between normal sensations and conscious awareness. Dissociation theory seeks to explain why, when no one is watching, hypnotized people may carry out posthypnotic suggestions (which are made during hypnosis but carried out after the person is no longer hypnotized)

According to the observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate helpful and positive behaviors.

prosocial

Seventy-year-old Barbara has been asked to memorize a series of 30 words. She is likely to perform similar to a young adult if she is asked to:

recognize the words

Seventy-year-old Barbara has been asked to memorize a series of 30 words. She is likely to perform similar to young adults if asked to do which of the following?

recognize the words

sensory adaptation

reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation.

Variable-Ratio Schedule

reinforces a response after an unpredicted number of responses

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time

The light-sensitive inner portion of the eye is called the _____.

retina

_____ disparity is an example of a binocular cue to depth perception.

retinal

Rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement. Rods are necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond

Also known as test-enhanced learning, the _____ effect results in enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information.

retrieval practice

According to the textbook, online communities provide teens with a space to explore their identities. In Erikson's terms, online communities may therefore counteract __ among adolescents.

role confusion

André is starting to notice facial hair and hair under his arms. His voice also seems to be deepening. He is noticing changes in _____ sex characteristics.

secondary

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:

self-interest.

sensation, perception

John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is MOST likely to be:

sexually active.

Self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards EX: saving up instead of sprucing on little things

vision

the ability to see

Cognitive Learning

the acquisition of mental information

Positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

Intensity

the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height)

middle ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones—hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)—that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.

inner ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Fifty-year-old Jack finds that he really enjoys the taste of scotch, whiskey, mushrooms, strong peppers, and onions, but his 21-year-old son does not. The reason for this difference in taste is likely due to:

the number of taste buds in the mouth that decreases with age.

figure-ground

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

External locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. EX: When you study hard for a test but say the test was easy instead of owning up and saying your hard work paid off

Internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate EX: you studied hard for a test and say I tried, new method that worked and did good on a test (owning up to your success and failures)

blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; this part of the retina is "blind" because it has no receptor cells

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

frontal lobes are not fully developed.

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:

Correct: telepathy

"We can practically read each other's minds and feel each other's emotions!" Tim exclaims in describing his relationship with his longtime partner. Tim is attributing the extrasensory perception ability of _____ to the relationship. precognition telepathy clairvoyance psychokinesis

Do 1 year old children recognize themselves in a mirror? How about 2.5 year olds?

(red dot on nose test) 1 year old, no, 2.5 years old, yes. 1 year olds lack self-awareness.

Among a sample of middle-aged men enrolled in a weight-loss program, Dr. Phelps found a strong direct correlation between hours spent exercising each week and number of pounds lost over a 6-month period. Which correlation coefficient did Dr. Phelps MOST likely find? a. +0.20 b. +0.02 c. +0.75 d. -0.65

+0.75

Malia ate a hamburger she purchased from her favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later her stomach became very upset and she spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later she entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when she saw a hamburger. Malia's nausea when she saw the hamburger is an example of _____ conditioning.

- Classical

Manny has been a coffee drinker since he started college 3 years ago. He finds that anytime he smells coffee when he enters a nearby Starbucks he starts to feel more alert and awake even before he takes his first sip of coffee. This is an example of _____.

- Classical Conditioning

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember event from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?

- His maturing cortex increased his long term storage after age 4 - His memories were organized differently after he turned 3 or 4 - His maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self he didn't have before he was 4

Kevin wanted to train his dog to sit and lay down when he commanded the behavior. Kevin should use _____ conditioning to train his dog.

- Operant

Which of the following is NOT a possible consequence of using physical punishment (spanking) to change children's behavior?

- Punished behavior changes behavior in all situations and the change is long lasting.

Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment?

- Rats appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the taste of tainted food because they taste small portions of a novel food first before eating it again.

Carl takes his 1-year-old son, Reynold, out for a walk. Reynold reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Reynold's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Reynold cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response in this example?

- Reynold crying

What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame, white rat?

- Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, which of the following would you recommend to her?

- Tina should play her own musical instrument in front of her children.

You feel fine at a picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. You begin to become anxious and fearful. This reaction is most likely a(n):

- conditioned response.

Edward drinks 2 to 3 cups of coffee every morning. Often Edward experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he sips a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about 20 minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the _____ of alertness.

- conditioned stimulus

Sean takes his 1-year-old son, James, out for a walk. James reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, James' mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. James cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response in this example?

- crying to the bee sting

Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

- laws of learning are the same for all animals.

associative learning

...

behaviorism

...

classical conditioning

...

cognitive learning

...

cognitive map

...

conditioned reinforcer

...

conditioned response

...

conditioned stimulus

...

continuous reinforcement

...

discrimination

...

extinction

...

extrinsic motivation

...

fixed interval schedule

...

fixed ratio schedule

...

generalization

...

observational learning

...

operant chamber

...

operant conditioning

...

partial reinforcement

...

positive reinforcement

...

primary reinforcer

...

prosocial behavior

...

punishment

...

reinforcement

...

A researcher secretly puts a dab rouge on child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. A child who recognizes himself in the mirror will be begin to touch his own nose when he sees the red spot. This self-recognition begins at approximately what age?

15-18 months.

Approximately _______ of babies have an easy temperament.

40%

instinctive drift.

7.4.1 Biological Constraints on Conditioning You condition a rat to press a lever in an operant conditioning chamber for the positive reinforcement of food. The next day, after being fed a reduced diet, the rat is more interested in smelling the cedar on the cage floor than pressing the lever. This is an example of: extrinsic motivation. latent learning. instinctive drift. operant conditioning.

Adeline is worried because she knows that her work environment is very loud and that prolonged exposure to sounds above _____ decibels can produce hearing loss.

Prolonged exposure to sounds exceeding _____ dB may cause hearing loss.

A group of 50-year-old adults is asked to think about their high school classmates. Although they have difficulty recalling their classmates, when presented with their yearbooks they can recognize about _____ percent of their pictures and names.

18 Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis II in human females can result in all of the following chromosome complements in a zygote except _____. (Assume the oocyte is fertilized by a sperm with a normal chromosome set.) A) no chromosome 21 B) euploid for chromosome 21 C) monosomic for chromosome 21 D) trisomic for chromosome 21

23 In a(n) ____, the short arm of two acrocentric chromosomes break, and the long arms join forming a single large chromosome with two long arms. A) Robertsonian translocation B) reciprocal translocation C) inversion D) duplication

28 An inversion that includes the centromere is called _____. A) pericentric B) paracentric C) Robertsonian D) lethal

31 The centromere generally divides the chromosome into a ____ p arm and a ____ q arm. A) shorter; longer B) longer; shorter

33 ____ cells have extra or missing chromosomes, while ____ cells contain a normal number of chromosomes. A) Aneuploid; euploid B) Polyploid; autosomal C) Autosomal; polyploid D) Euploid; aneuploid

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n): Question 1 options: a) unconditioned response (UR). b) conditioned response (CR). c) unconditioned stimulus (US). d) conditioned stimulus (CS).

Four-year-old Cameron notices that every time his baby brother cries, his mother picks the baby up and holds him. Cameron quickly learns that if he also cries he will get his mother to pay attention to him. Cameron's behavior resembles the choices made in the Bobo doll experiments, in that his brother's behavior is _____, and therefore Cameron is more likely to _____ it. A. reinforced; imitate B. Imitative; reinforce C. Babyish; reject D. punished; imitate

Of these people, who is expected to show the MOST severe grief? A. Melanie, whose husband died suddenly in a car accident B. Quinn, who lost her longtime but never married companion from a debilitating life condition C. Cary, whose wife died of cancer after a 20-year battle D Lucy, whose husband died of cancer after a 20-year battle

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This BEST illustrates what?

A context effect

How are critical and sensitive periods related?

A critical period is a type of sensitive period.

Intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Autism

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

constancy

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates shape _____.

recall is to recognition.

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of:

similar to them

A guest will be spending time in a classroom. To make sure the students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, the teacher should pick a guest who the children think is:

An infant is mostly to be at risk for mental retardation if her mother is

A heavy drinker or alcoholic

a posthypnotic suggestion.

A hypnotist instructed Juanita that when she came out of hypnosis she would be unable to spell her own name. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a pseudomemory. hyperthesia. age regression. a posthypnotic suggestion.

relaxation

A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of __________ to help gain control over biological functions. a. sleep b. muscular tension c. anxiety d. heightened awareness e. relaxation

the serial position effect

A person's tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as:

implicit

A person's unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as:

partial reinforcement

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates: higher-order conditioning. latent learning. partial reinforcement. generalization.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

learned helplessness

A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of __________. a. learned helplessness b. avoidance learning c. aversive conditioning Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in an aversive conditioning situation. d. vicarious learning e. negative punishment

Negative reinforcement

A student studies diligently to avoid the bag feelings associated with a previously low grades on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of what kind of reinforcement A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Delayed reinforcement D. Primary reinforcement E. Conditioned reinforcement

Empirical Approach

A study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research.

Cross-sectional Study

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Insight

A sudden realization of a problem's solution (an "aha" moment)

Classical conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Insight

A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? A. Cognitive mapping B. Insight C. Operant conditioning D. Classical conditioning E. Unconscious associative learning

primary

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as a conditioned reinforcer is to a(n) _____ reinforcer.

generalization

A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates:

motivation

A young boy is watching TV. In one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child's lunch. Because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids' lunches at school. According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, his hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor? a. attention b) memory c) imitation d) motivation e) insight

Ever since she was 3 weeks old, Tamara has been a contented baby who has slept and eaten well and adapted easily to new experiences. A developmental psychologist would probably describe Tamara's temperament as: A. easy. B. unpredictable. C. difficult. D. emotionally intense

Jake, a 3-month-old baby, is staring intently at the new person who just came to sit beside him and his dad. Why is he staring so intently? A. He has an inborn interest in new stimuli. B. He is able to categorize a variety of stimuli. C. He has become habituated. D. He realizes this must be a friend of his dad's.

Michael and his girlfriend are listening to a lecture on an author's travels through Eastern Europe. After listening for an hour he becomes drowsy and his head begins dropping forward, until his girlfriend elbows him to wake him up. Michael's drowsiness is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs: A. spontaneously. B. willfully. C. consciously. D. psychologically.

Vivid dreams occur during this recurring sleep stage, also known as paradoxical sleep. A. REM sleep B. beta sleep C. NREM-2 sleep D. delta sleep

Your grandmother is in her early eighties and is beginning to seem frail. Which of these are you likely to notice about her abilities? A. Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing. B. Her hearing and sight are diminishing, but her stamina and sense of smell remain strong. C. Her muscle strength is decreasing, but all of her sensory abilities seem to be going strong. D. Her visual sharpness is decreasing, but her stamina remains unchanged.

According to recent research, one primary cause of Alzheimer's disease seems to be deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter _____.

ACh (acetylcholine)

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells:

AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells.

Using sound as your example, show how these concepts differ: absolute threshold, subliminal stimulation, and difference threshold.

Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sound (such as an approaching bike on the sidewalk behind you) 50 percent of the time. Subliminal stimulation happens when, without your awareness, your sensory system processes a sound that is below your absolute threshold. A difference threshold is the minimum difference needed to distinguish between two stimuli (such as between the sound of a bike and the sound of a runner coming up behind you) 50 percent of the time.

environmental factors determine a person's behavior

According to B. F. Skinner: the ideas of free will and self-determination are the guiding forces behind human behavior. every person is responsible for his or her own behavior. environmental factors determine a person's behavior. cognitive processes are important in understanding human behavior but not animal behavior.

survival

According to Darwin's principle of natural selection and Garcia's later work, taste aversions increase the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals. survival operant conditioning observational learning dying

intimacy with others.

According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:

formal operations

According to Piaget, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

prosocial

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. indifferent extroverted negative prosocial

antisocial

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. antisocial extroverted positive prosocial

antisocial

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. positive antisocial prosocial extroverted

antisocial, prosocial

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. prosocial; indifferent antisocial; prosocial extroverted; introverted positive; negative

antisocial, prosocial

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. prosocial; indifferent extroverted; introverted positive; negative antisocial; prosocial

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs. Parents should reward the girl when she cooperates by getting into the car in the morning. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience.

According to psychologists, learning: only occurs through observational learning. only involves reflex behavior. can only occur in humans. is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience.

How does the baby's brain process faces?

After 2 months, vision has improved. First babies sees face, second recognizes emotion. Two different parts of the brain.

advertising

After John Watson lost his professorship at Johns Hopkins University which career did he enter? clinical psychology medicine advertising industrial and organizational psychology

generalization

After Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat, _____ occurred and Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

The opponent-process theory is MOST useful for explaining the characteristics of

Afterimages

identity

Alexia is 16 years old. One day she has blonde hair; the next day it is blue. One day she looks "goth" and the next she looks like a hippie. She recently asked her parents if she could get a nose ring. Alexia is probably trying to find her _____.

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia?

All of the above (his memories were organized differently after he turned 3 or 4, his maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self before he was 4, his maturing cortex increased his long-term storage after age 4).

his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.

All of the following are major contributions of Pavlov's to the field of psychology EXCEPT the idea that: significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments. principles of learning apply across species. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

binocular

Amber is participating in a local psychology experiment in which the research assistant asks Amber to hold two pencils in front of her and touch the tips together. She then asks Amber to do this with one eye closed. Amber finds this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of _____ cues to depth perception.

mirror nuerons

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of: cognitive maps. the law of effect. mirror neurons. spontaneous recovery.

extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

An experimenter visits a pre-school with a big box of magic markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoyed the task very much. On another visit the children are told that for every picture they draw they would earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned, he offered up the markers and papers for play but no prizes would be given. The children played very little with the markers because: extrinsic rewards can undermine extrinsic motivation. extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation. the rewards were no longer reinforcing. of the law of effect.

Habituation

An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

classical conditioning

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of __________. a. instrumental learning b. observational learning c. classical conditioning d. habituation e. insight learning

Correct: iris.

As you walk into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of your eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. lens. iris. fovea. cornea.

cornea, pupil, lens

As you watch a dog play in the park, light reflected from the dog's fur first passes through three structures of your eye. In what order does the light pass through these structures? cornea, iris, pupil fovea, iris, pupil pupil, iris, lens cornea, pupil, lens

When a child uses their new experience in terms of their existing schema, this is known as:

Assimilation

operant conditioning

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "a" or "b" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:

Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to the needs of Luca. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain they position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, etc. Which of the major categories of parenting styles described in the text do Luca's parents display?

Authoritative

Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to the needs of Luca. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, etc. Which of the major categories of parenting styles described in the text do Luca's parents display?

Authoritative.

11 Which of the following procedures uses fetal cells that are obtained from the mother's bloodstream? A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence in situ hybridization

16 In nondisjunction, which parent leads to the sex chromosome aneuploid XYY? A) mother B) father C) either parent D) both parents

4 ____ contains more protein-encoding sequences than ____. A) Heterochromatin; euchromatin B) Euchromatin; heterochromatin C) Pericentric inversions; aneuploids D) Aneuploids; pericentric inversions

9 An individual with the chromosomal description 45, X would be a _____. A) normal female B) female with Turner syndrome C) male with Klinefelter syndrome D) Cannot be determined

All of these are difficult for older adults EXCEPT: A. memorizing nonsense syllables b. vocabulary c. recalling words d. time-based tasks

Which example is consistent with Albert Bandura's observational learning theory that predicts that behaviors can be acquired simply by observing someone else perform those behaviors? A. George's dad dislikes salad and has never served salad; so George does not like salad B. George's mother eats salad almost every day, so George begins asking to eat salad C. George's mother gives him a time-out every time he does not eat his salad. D. George has developed a dislike fo salad because of the time he became sick after eating it

Which statement is false about death and dying? A. Parents who have lost a child had higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization compared to parents who did not suffer this type of loss. B. Terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages of grief, such as denial before anger. C. Self-help groups provide support but the passage of time also helps. D. Those who express the strongest grief immediately do not progress through their grief more quickly.

Which statement is true regarding the so-called midlife transition during the forties? A.Divorce becomes common. B.People realize life is mostly behind them. C. Most men experience a crisis. D Distress peaks for men and women.

During intercourse, human males release some __________ million sperm. A. 700 B. 250 C. 500 D. 100

Jarod was in a motorcycle accident that left him unable to recognize and discriminate objects visually. When his therapist tosses a crumpled piece of paper toward his head he can move out of the way but he cannot identify the tossed object. Jarod is demonstrating the phenomenon known as: A.selective attention. B.blindsight. C. inattention blindness. D.change blindness.

John is 58 years old and is worried about Alzheimer's disease. He asks what he can do to prevent it. You give him this advice. A. brain scan B. keep your mind active C.check your sense of smell D. take a genetic test

Samantha is 32 years old and unmarried, and she is worried that she will not be married early enough to have children. Samantha is feeling pressure from her culture's established: A. biological clock. B. social clock. C. adulthood stages. D. fertility changes.

Correct: occipital

Bart was struck by a two-by-four to the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his vision because the injury he sustained was to his _____ lobe. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. parietal frontal occipital temporal

varible-interval

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule.

Has Karen Adolph discovered that crawling babies are afraid to go down any angled slope?

Before crawling age, no fear of heights. Yes they are afraid, in between 2 degrees of a difference. If they are cautious and the slope is not safe, they will alter their crawling technique (ex. Backwards).

unconditional response

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. The _____ in this situation is salivation. conditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned response unconditioned stimulus

extrinsic motivation

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is driven by _____

Respondent behavior

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Operant behavior

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE? a. Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog. b. Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog. c. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. d. Bill's wife has established bathing the dog as a secondary reinforcer. e. Bill will never bathe the dog again.

Correct: sensorineural hearing loss.

Billy Bob works at the airport as a member of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensorineural hearing loss. conduction hearing loss. vestibular problems. sensory adaptation.

19 About 90% of trisomy 21 Down conceptions are due to nondisjunction during _____. A) meiosis I in the female B) meiosis II in the female C) meiosis I in the male D) meiosis II in the male

2 A(n) ____ chromosome has its centromere near a tip so that it has one long arm and one very short arm. A) metacentric B) submetacentric C) acrocentric D) None of the above

20 Approximately ____ percent of spontaneous abortions result from extra or missing chromosomes. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75

21 How many chromosomes does a person with Edward syndrome have? A) 45 B) 46 C) 47 D) 48

25 When chromatids divide along the wrong plane, structures with identical arms called ____ are formed. A) ring chromosomes B) translocations C) isochromosomes D) satellites

30 A chromosome is ____ if the centromere divides it into two arms of approximately equal length. A) telocentric B) submetacentric C) metacentric D) acrocentric

6 Heterochromatic regions at the ends of chromosomes are called _____. A) centromeres B) euchromatin C) telomeres D) satellites

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, which would you recommend to her? A. Tina should maker her children take music lessons B. Tina should buy a violin an put it in the children's room C. Tina should play her own musical instrument D. Tina should tell her children how much she admires musicians

After Lacy tried a new drug with her friends, she saw very strange colors and heard strange sounds around her. She and her friends were most likely taking: A. depressants. B. opiates. C. hallucinogens. D. stimulants.

involuntary responses to stimuli

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply to both types of learning? associative learning involuntary responses to stimuli discrimination extinction

association

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the:

Cochlea.

This coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the:

Cochlea.

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is MOST likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective.

Cognitive

Cognitive Processes

learned helplessness

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only halfhearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to __________. a. learned helplessness b. contingency blocking c. latent learning d. response generalization e. failure of insight learning

Even when seen through sunglasses, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This BEST illustrates:

Color constancy

Conditioned Response

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

Conditioned response

secondary reinforcer; operant behvaior

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____

us, cs

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____. stimulus-response pair; conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) negative reinforcer; operant behavior secondary reinforcer; operant behavior

What occurs when the eardrum is punctured or if the tiny bones in the middle ear lose their ability to vibrate?

Conduction hearing loss

Ricardo has been suffering from a lengthy battle with the flu. His ears are painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear "pops" from all of the pressure and fluid comes out. He screams in pain because the eardrum has punctured. This will result in:

Conduction hearing loss.

taste aversion

Cory stopped at his favorite drive-thru restaurant after a late night of studying and ordered his favorite sandwich. In the middle of the night he awoke with stomach pains. About two weeks later, Cory was waiting in line at the same restaurant when he began to feel nauseated. This is an example of:

taste aversion

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon? taste aversion punishment secondary conditioning negative reinforcement

postconventional

Critics have argued that Kohlberg's _____ stage is culturally defined because it seems to appear mostly among people who prize individualism.

he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. his research methods were flawed. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

The Nation Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults who are 50-75 years of age on memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are brining in all age groups at once to compare the differences. What kind of study is this?

Cross-sectional

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults who are 50-75 years of age on memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups in all age groups at once to compare the differences. What kind of study is this?

Cross-sectional.

Social-culture influences

Culturally learned preferences, motivation, affected by the presence of others

10 Prenatal diagnostic techniques that obtain fetal chromosomes include all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence (ital)in situ(/ital) hybridization

12 Which of the following utilizes labeled DNA probes? A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence (ital)in situ(/ital) hybridization

13 In _____ the karyotype of a villus cell differs from that of an embryo cell. A) Robertsonian translocation B) reciprocal translocation C) male nondisjunction D) chromosomal mosaicism

15 The most common autosomal aneuploid is _____. A) trisomy 13 B) trisomy 15 C) trisomy 18 D) trisomy 21

22 All of the following aneuploids can result from female nondisjunction except _____. A) Klinefelter syndrome B) triplo-X C) Turner syndrome D) Jacobs syndrome

24 Cri-du-chat syndrome is associated with _____. A) a missing chromosome number 5 B) an additional chromosome number 5 C) a deletion of the long arm of chromosome number 5 D) a deletion of the short arm of chromosome number 5

26 Consider the following normal sequence of genes: a b c d e f g h. The sequence a b f e d c g h represents a(n) _____. A) deletion B) duplication C) inversion D) translocation

27 Which of the following karyotypes is NOT possible in the offspring of a translocation carrier (involving chromosomes 14 and 21) and a normal individual? A) deficient 14 or deficient 21 B) normal C) translocation Down syndrome D) all are possible outcomes.

29 A couple seeks testing and counseling after they have a child with cystic fibrosis. Testing reveals that the mother is a carrier, but the father is not. How can these results be explained? A) The man tested is not the biological father. B) A mutation altered the child's normal allele. C) Uniparental disomy (from the mother). D) All are possible explanations; additional testing is needed.

3 The structure associated with the centromere that contacts the spindle fibers during mitosis is the _____. A) alpha satellite repeat B) subtelomere C) euchromatin D) kinetochore

32 The tips of chromosomes contain repeated sequences that shorten with each mitotic division. These regions are called _____. A) p arms B) centromeres C) q arms D) telomeres

7 Some human chromosomes contain _____, which are bloblike ends that extend from a thinner stalklike bridge from the rest of the chromosome. A) centromeres B) kinetochores C) telomeres D) satellites

Nichole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nichole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would you expect this contradiction would impact Nichole's behavior? A. she would act polite and talk about the importance of being polite B. she would not be influenced y her parents' words or behaviors C. she would act rude and talk about how being polite is not important D. She would act rude but talk about how important it is to be polite.

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? A. they do not apply to elementary school-aged children B. the studies don't take operant conditioning into account C. girls were not included in these studies D. correlation does not prove causation

Which statement describes the pattern of life satisfaction for adults whose spouse died? A. Life satisfaction remained neutral prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and dropped more in the years following the death. B.Life satisfaction dipped prior to the death, showed a brief rebound during the year of spouse's death, and decreased in the years following the death. C. Life satisfaction peaked prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and failed to rebound to prior levels in the years following the death. D. Life satisfaction dipped prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and rebounded to prior levels in the years following the death.

In puberty, the ____________ of physical changes is far more predictable than their timing. A. biology B. sexual maturation C. timing D. sequence

Chromosomes are molecules of:

DNA

Correct: audition.

Damage to the basilar membrane is MOST likely to affect one's: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. vision. vestibular sense. audition. sense of smell.

Correct: Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves

Damon, who is among the 8 percent of males with colorblindness, suffers from the most common form of colorblindness. Which statement BEST illustrates Damon's experience of color? . Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves. Everything looks black, gray, or white. A pound of butter looks to be the same color as the blue dish on which it is resting. The blue sky and green grass appear to be the same color.

operant

Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Dan is using _____ conditioning to train Rocket.

Habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Correct: high amplitude

Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. low amplitude long wavelength short wavelength high amplitude

Correct: the signal detection theory.

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the signal detection theory. the effects of priming. the threshold between the two groups of parents. the processing of subliminal stimulation.

Improved judgement, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develops during the teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:

Development of the frontal lobe of the brain

Sensory adaptation can be defined as what?

Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation

mnemonics

Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes BEST illustrates the use of:

Instinctive drift

Example of __ - Each animal comes into the world (and the laboratory) with certain genetically determined instinctive patterns of behavior already in place. - These instincts differ from species to species - There are some responses that simply cannot be trained into an animal regardless of conditioning EX: racons commonly dunk their food in and out of water before eating. This "washing" behavior is controlled by instinct and difficult to change even using operant techniques

Positive punishment

Example of __ - Spray water on a misbehaving cat - give a speeding ticket

Negative punishment

Example of __ - Take away driving privileges for bad grades - Revoke credit card for misspending

Fixed-interval schedule

Example of __ -pay every 2 weeks -check to see if mail has arrived when time is approaching

Variable-interval schedule

Example of __ -persistence in checking for email reply or facebook response

Variable-ratio schedule

Example of ___ -pulling a lever at a slot machine -fly fishing

Negative reinforcement (Not a punishment)

Examples of ___ -taking an aspirin removes a headache -hitting snooze silences (takes away) the alarm

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that, in perception, the whole may:

Exceed the sum of its parts.

Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:

Experience greater contentment

Correct: sensation; perception

Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. perception; sensation transduction; sensation perception; transduction sensation; perception

Due to complication from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order to save her life. What stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?

Fetus

Due to complications from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order her life. What stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?

Fetus.

rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. the unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus.

observational learning

Five-year-old Debbie watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Debbie's mother saw Debbie singing while brushing her dog. Debbie was modeling her mother's behavior that she acquired through: the law of effect. observational learning. latent learning. classical conditioning.

Fixed interval

Carlos works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes he is given an additional 10 percent increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule.

Fixed ratio

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-interval

George received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a rewards program. He reads on to find that the one dollar for every mile spent may not be such a great offer after all because he only receives a $500 airline ticket after he acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.

Fixed-ratio

formal operational

Following the death of a local teenager, Melissa came to believe that the teen had been profiled as a potential threat because he was African-American. She decided to join in the protests and actively engaged in public demonstrations in her community and high school. Melissa has entered which stage of development, according to Piaget?

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

Food

variable ratio

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule.

The retina's central focal point is the _____, which contains only cones, and no rods.

Fovea

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time is known as

Frequency

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

Generativity VS. Stagnation

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack or purpose.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

about seven bits of information (give or take two)

George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that people can only store _____ in their short-term memory.

a sense of purpose.

Gerard just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company and was given a gold watch. He feels that this gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he is able to balance his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Gerard is probably feeling:

The ______ psychologists were fond of saying that in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

Gestalt

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by:

Gestalt psychologists.

mirror neurons

Giacomo Rizzolatti is the researcher who discovered the function of _____ through his experiments with monkeys.

According to Rachel Simmons, what are some difference between girls and boys regarding social bullying? What are some categories of "weapons" that girls use to social bully?

Girls bully friends. Girls use verbal aggression. Call names, exclusion, whisper & point.

a shared room with a television that is near a window.

Given what is known about the relationship between distraction and pain, if Charlene is trying to pick the BEST hospital room for a loved one who is in a great deal of pain, she should pick: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. any room because the type of room doesn't matter. a quiet room with no window. a single room with a window facing a brick wall. a shared room with a television that is near a window.

A perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as:

Grouping.

MOST hearing losses are results of damage to the:

Hair cells.

the unconditioned response (UR).

Hamika had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is:

Correct: umami.

Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of: sweet. umami. bitter. salty.

the sound of the electric can opener

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, __________ is the conditioned stimulus. a. the can of cat food b. the dish that Harmony puts the food in c. the cat scurrying into the kitchen d. Harmony coming into the kitchen e. the sound of the electric can opener

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes his nausea is caused by the drug, not simply the cigarette

_____ is the result of the transduction of air pressure waves into neural messages that are interpreted by the brain.

Hearing

Conditioning

Helps an animal survive and reproduce—by responding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring

He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not the cigarette.

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

Correct: five

How many basic types of taste are there? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. four six five three

1. Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish 2. Punishment should be consistent 3. Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior

How to make punishment more effective

In terms of a person's sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to _____.

Hue; brightness

biological

If Gloria gets violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, she will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where she ate or to the sound of the music she heard there. This illustrates that associative learning is constrained by _____ predispositions.

mirror neuron

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a(n) _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.

mirror nueron

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? mirror neuron sensory neuron motor neuron interneuron

latent learning

In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of __________. a. latent learning b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. insight learning e. vicarious learning

semantic

In Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving's experiment, the deeper, _____ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques.

acquisition

In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the bell along with the food was called the __________ step of the classical conditioning process. a. acquisition b. testing c. extinction d. spontaneous recovery e. higher-order conditioning

conditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the bell after associating the bell with food is called a(n): conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response.

that the tone was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow.

In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of a tone when it preceded the presentation of food. According to Robert Rescorla, the dogs had learned:

Egocentrism

In Piaget's theory, the pre operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Preoperational Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6/7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Sensorimotor Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Concrete Operational Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6/7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Formal Operational Stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order?

An animal can learn the predictability of an event

In Robert Rescorla and Alan Wagner's (1972) classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding? An animal can learn the predictability of an event. It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect. Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats. The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats.

fear of the white rat

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR). salivating to a tone fear of a loud noise fear of the white rat playful behavior with the rat

fear of white rat

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR). salivating to a tone playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat fear of a loud noise

fear of a loud noise

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR). salivating to a tone playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat fear of a loud noise

white rat

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was: a rabbit. a white rat. a loud noise. a gunshot.

classical

In _____ conditioning an organism learns associations between events it doesn't control.

operant

In _____ conditioning an organism's biological predispositions determine that organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones.

Robert Rescorla

In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event. Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner John B. Watson Robert Rescorla

anterograde amnesia.

In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates:

Correct: precognition.

In a song inspired by the classic television show The Twilight Zone, an American vocal group sang the lines, "Unpretentious girl from Memphis saw the future through her third eye." These lines underscore a specific extrasensory perception ability called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. telepathy. precognition. clairvoyance. psychokinesis.

mirror neurons

In a study conducted by Singer et al. (2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of: mirror neurons. the hippocampus. cerebellum. occipital lobe.

mirror neurons

Correct: dependent

In an experiment described in the textbook, preschool children preferred the taste of french fries served in a McDonald's bag to the taste of identical fries served in a plain white bag. Taste preference is a(n) _____ variable in this study. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. control dependent independent random

we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence

In classical conditioning _____, while in operant conditioning _____. we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence; we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence we learn by avoiding punishment; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence we learn through observation; we learn through imitation

events

In classical conditioning acquisition of a new behavior involves associating _____, while in operant conditioning acquisition of a new behavior involves associating a response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher).

conditioned response (CR)

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus that unconditionally-naturally-and automatically-triggers a response. (UR)

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a:

conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n): unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US).

constrain

In classical conditioning, biological predispositions _____ what stimuli and responses can be easily associated.

Acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. EX: Pavlov and his his associates had to confront the question of timing: How much time should elapse between presenting the NS (the tone, the light, the touch) and the US (the food)

conditioned response

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the: unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS). unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR).

naturally triggers a response

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response b. is a naturally occurring response c. is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response d. objectively studies psychology e. is Pavlovian

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, this is an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. neutral stimulus conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned response (UR)

reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur

reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.

In experiments with rats in which rewards were not given to the rats for exploring a maze, experimenters later included rewards after several trials. When rewards were given upon reaching the end of the maze, the time needed to complete the maze decreased immediately. This caused researchers to conclude that: reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur. rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns.

after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again.

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if: the neutral stimulus was presented before the conditioned response. after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again. the tone was sounded again and again while presenting food to the dogs. the tone was sounded again and again without presenting food to the dogs.

likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.

In observational learning, the most effective models are those: who are perceived as different from the observer. who are respected only a little by the general population. who use inconsistent actions and words. likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.

Watson

In searching for laws underlying learning, __ (1913) urged his colleagues to discard reference to inner thoughts, feelings, and motives. The science of psychology should instead study how organisms respond to stimuli in their environments. Psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior

short term memory

In the movie Memento, the lead character has to write everything on his body and take notes. Otherwise he quickly forgets because the injury he sustained left him without:

successive approximations

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called __________. a. primary reinforcers b. successive approximations c. secondary reinforcers d. unconditioned stimuli e. secondary reinforcers

Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women __________, a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a women 19-26 years old.

In their 30's.

Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women _____, a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old.

In their 30s

Ideally, older adults believe that their lives have had meaning and purpose. That is, they feel a sense of:

Integrity

_____ refers to the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which a person perceives as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.

Intensity

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was MOST clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:

Interposition

_____ occurs when one object partially blocks a person's view of another, and the unblocked object is perceived as closer.

Interposition

Assimilation

Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the:

Iris

social identity.

James walks into the gas station to prepay for his gas. It seems like everyone pauses and looks at him. He is now aware that he is the only Muslim male in the store. He is aware of his:

chemotherapy

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.

unconditioned response

the conditioned stimulus (CS)

Correct: are always turned on.

Janet suffers from arthritis and is in constant pain. It is likely that her nociceptors: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. travel to the wrong part of her brain. are always turned on. fail to turn off. cannot control her pain.

preconventional

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

Correct: vision is partly an acquired sense.

Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (for example, hair color) but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. vision can be restored completely, even if a person was blind from an early age. there is no critical period for normal visual development. vision does not involve experience or learning. vision is partly an acquired sense.

positive reinforcement

Jenni has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed for her job. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later she comes into work and her boss presents her with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of:

intimacy vs. isolation.

sex

Jerry is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Jerry is more likely to experiment with _____.

observational

Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Jill is learning to play tennis? latent learning observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning

observable behavior

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: cognitive processes. emotional outcomes. observable behavior. genetic predispositions.

habitual behavior

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of: habitual behavior. adaptability. spontaneous recovery. instinct.

Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning

Latent learning is evidence for which of these conclusions? A. Punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior B. Negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible C. Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning D. Conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers E. Shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning

learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

Latent learning is: highly resistant to extinction. based on extrinsic rewards. best explained by the law of effect. learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

observational, bandura

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____. secondary; Pavlov secondary; Skinner observational; Watson observational; Bandura

latent

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called: classical conditioning. latent learning. operant conditioning. repressed learning.

Latent learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

What is the rapid sequence of events that occurs when you see and recognize a friend?

Light waves reflect off your friend and travel into your eyes. Receptor cells in your retina convert the light waves' energy into neural impulses sent to your brain. Your brain detector cells and work teams process the different parts of this visual input — including movement, form, depth, and color — on separate but parallel paths. Your brain interprets this information, based on previously stored information and your expectations, and forms a conscious perception of your friend.

A person read about an accident at a rail-crossing and wondered about the cause. Perhaps it was caused by _____ (a monocular cue concerning parallel lines), which might have led the car's driver to overestimate the distance of the train.

Linear perspective

source amnesia

Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:

The amplitude of sound wave determines what aspect of hearing?

Loudness

Discrimination

Lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynn's presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept has Charlie demonstrated? a. Habituation b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Extinction e. Habituation

association; observation and imitation

MC. Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____. conscious thoughts; unconscious thoughts conscious behaviors; unconscious behaviors observation and imitation; association association; observation and imitation

cochlea; rods and cones

Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to the _____ in the retina. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. eardrum; rods and cones cochlea; rods and cones cochlea; ganglion cells eardrum; ganglion cells

classical

behavior modeling

Many business organizations effectively use _____ to train communications, sales, and customer service skills. Trainees gain skills faster when they are not only taught the needed skills in a classroom or lecture setting, but also are able to observe the skills being practiced effectively by experienced workers. classical conditioning latent learning behavior modeling operant conditioning

flashbulb

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the attacks on the United States in September 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

Correct: sensation; perception

Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. transduction; sensation perception; sensation perception; transduction sensation; perception

generalization

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates:

generalization

Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates:

crying

Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red ﬂower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red ﬂowers. She removes a ﬂower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the _____.

bee sting

Learned helplessness

Martin Seligman's theory (discovered with dogs in 2 situations) that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality)

interaction

Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory _____.

Correct: didn't feel any pain until after the game.

Max is a catcher for a professional baseball team. Last week he injured his groin while playing, but finished out the game. It is MOST likely that Max: knows he will feel better after the game. was distracted by the pain. was never in pain. didn't feel any pain until after the game.

Correct: Her pupils are dilating.

Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes? Her irises are constricting. Her lenses are stiffening. Her pupils are dilating. Her corneas are expanding.

negative reinforcement.

Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This BEST illustrates the value of:

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the three tiny bones that make up the what?

Middle ear

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of:

Mirror Neurons

frontal lobe

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning.

the theory of mind

Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as: the law of effect. classical conditioning. the theory of mind. operant conditioning.

acquiring

Models who commit violent acts but go unpunished would lead to the _____ of aggressive behavior through observational learning.

Correct: To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our nose.

Morrie has had a cold for five days, and his nose is so stuffy that he cannot smell anything. When he drinks his coffee, he finds that it is tasteless. What is the MOST likely reason for this? A chemical reaction has occurred between the caffeine and the cold medicine. The coffee was too hot to taste. To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our nose. Morrie's cold has affected his taste buds.

In Albert Bandura's experiment, those children who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll compared to children not exposed to the adult model.

Much more likely

It is at the end of the _____ stage of sleep that children may wet the bed.

NREM-3

Your roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now you need to wake him so that you both can get to a party on time. He is sleeptalking about his girlfriend's cat. When you begin laughing, he wakes up. He was MOST likely in _____ sleep.

NREM-3

Acquisition

NS+US=NS-->CR

negative punishment

Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nanette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of a(n): conditioned reinforcer. positive punishment. negative punishment. negative reinforcer.

negative punishment

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:

Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks goth and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?

No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.

Why are children often repelled by the taste of novel meat dishes and bitter vegetables?

Novel or bitter foods were considered potentially toxic by our ancestors.

menarche

Nyla is 11 years old and has breast buds and visible pubic hair. What physical change is likely to happen next?

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

Observable Behavior

Observational Learning

One chimpanzee watches a second chimpanzee solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates: operant conditioning. observational learning. respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery.

Observational Learning

Antisocial effects

Observational learning can also pass on abuse and aggression. Lessons learned when young are not easily replaced as adults

Bandura

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is __________. a. Watson b. Thorndike c. Skinner d. Bandura e. Tolman

Extinction

Occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced EX: pulling lever and m&m comes out but next time you pull the lever nothing comes out so you the next time you don't pull the lever

Learned association

Often operate subtly and feed our habitiaul behaviors EX: give people a red pen (associated with error marking) rather than black pen and, when correcting essays, they will spot more erros and give lower grades. EX: when voting, people are more likley to support taxes to aid education if their assigned voting place is in a school EX: As we repeat behaviors in a given context- sleeping in a certain posture in bed, walking certain routes from class to class, eating popcorn in a movie theater- the behaviors become associated with the contexts

1. Classical conditioning 2. Operate conditioning

Often, though, they occur together, as on one Japanese cattle ranch, where the clever rancher outfitted his herd with electronic pagers, which he calls from his cell phone. After a week of training, the animals learn to associate two stimuli-the beep on their pager and the arrival of food (_1.) But they also learn to associate their hustling to the food trough with the pleasure of eating (2.)

_____ refers to our sense of smell.

Olfaction

observational learning

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. operant conditioning. observational learning.

Observational learning

One form of cognitive learning, lets us learn from others' experiences. EX: chimpanzees sometimes learn behaviors merely by watching others perform them. If one animal sees another solve a puzzle and gain a food reward, the observer may perform the trick more quickly.

Increase; Decrease

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior.

increase

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to decrease a behavior.

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: dogs anticipate and expect events. an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms.

_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas, _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

Operant; respondent

What is the "diagonal crawl?" How many crawling styles have researches differentiated? What is a second crawling style?

Opposite limbs together, power from legs, arms absorb impact. Seven (ex. Elephant: one limb at a time).

Fluid Intelligence

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Crystallized Intelligence

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Correct: consciousness.

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is referred to as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. behaviorism. tinnitus. consciousness. the endocrine system.

which statement is true?

Our brain's mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature.

According to operant conditioning principles, which action would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

Correct: fovea.

Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend has spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fovea. iris. rods. cornea.

hypothetical reasoning

Paulette is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family because she does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend when they don't always practice their religion during the week. By seeing the hypocrisy in her parents' lives, Paulette has become capable of: _____.

higher-order conditioning

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS-UCS linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of __________. a. higher-order conditioning b. neoclassical conditioning c. generalization d. operant conditioning e. stimulus substitution

Unconditioned stimulus

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) A. Unconditioned response B. Unconditioned stimulus C. Conditioned response D. Conditioned stimulus E. Generalization

objective

Pavlov's success suggested a scientific model for how the young discipline of psychology might proceed: by isolating the basic building blocks of complex behaviors and studying them with _____ laboratory procedures.

operant

People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

classical

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

_____ refers to the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

Perception

_____ refers to the top-down mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory inputs.

Perception

top-down

Perceptual analysis that is guided by higher-level mental processes such as expectations is called _____ processing. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. subliminal bottom-up top-down adaptive

People recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This fact that illustrates:

Perceptual constancy

Even though it is completely dark outside and she is inside her house, Clare knows that the color of her car as well as the size of it has not changed. This is an example of:

Perceptual constancy.

Professor Brandt is conducting a study on _____. He shows his study participants, a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a daycare worker and a child in the daycare center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related.

Perceptual set

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

Perceptual set.

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

Perceptual set.

Both _____ and _____ indicate how a person's experiences help people construct perceptions.

Perceptual set; context

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is MOST likely caused by what?

Perceptual sets

variable-interval

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

After a rap concert, Dominique notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates:

Possible damage to the hair cells of her basilar membrane.

During this stage of Piaget's cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rathe than logical reasoning.

Preoperational

During this stage of Piaget's cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rather than logical reasoning.

Preoperational.

Pavlov's experiment

Presented a neutral stimulus (a bell or tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (putting the food in the bowl). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response

__________________ further develop during adolescence. These changes are associated with reproductive organs, such as the maturation of ovaries, uterus, penis, and testes.

Primary sex characteristics

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

decreases; increases

Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding. decreases; increases increases; decreases decreases; decreases has no effect on; has no effect on

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the:

Pupil

Correct: perceptual set.

Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias the way one sees others' behaviors. This BEST illustrates the impact of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. retinal disparity. perceptual set. interposition. relative luminance.

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which research study would you conduct?

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors.

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

Rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Pavlov

Received a medical degree at age 33 and spent the next two decades studying the digestive system. This work earned him Russia's first Nobel Prize 1904. -Without fail, putting food in a dog's mouth caused the animal to salivate. Dog began salivating not only at the taste of the food, but also at the mere sight of the food, or at the food dish, or at the person delivering the food, or even at the sound of that person's approaching footsteps. At first, __ considered these "psychic secretions" an annoyance-until he realized they pointed to a simple but important form of learning.

Damon, who is among the 8 percent of males with colorblindness, suffers from the most common form of color blindness. Which statement BEST illustrates Damon's experience of color?

Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves.

There is no scientific support for ESP.

Regarding the scientific status of extrasensory perception (ESP), which statement is MOST accurate? There is no scientific support for ESP. There is some scientific support for ESP. The scientific evidence on ESP is mixed. There is substantial scientific support for ESP.

Drivers sometimes overestimate the distance between their own vehicles and pedestrians who are short, because they rely on the distance cue known as what?

Relative size

cause desensitization to violence

Repeated exposure to graphic violence in movies, television, and violent video games may increase the likelihood of imitation of violent behavior and also tends to: cause more emotional responsiveness to violence. cause avoidance of media violence. increase the fear of violent behavior. cause desensitization to observed violence.

The CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that A. The CS substitutes for the UCS B. There is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS C. The CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS D. Reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event Punishment always works more effectively

the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________. a. the CS substitutes for the UCS b. there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS c. the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS d. reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event e. stimulus substitution must occur to permit the connection between the CS and UCS

Longitudinal Study

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

unconditioned stimulus

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n) _____.

mirror neurons

Researchers discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating: the law of effect. mirror neurons. latent learning. classical conditioning.

his cognitive map of the area

Road construction prevents Binit from getting to campus using the route he always travels. He thinks about the situation for a moment and then comes up with a different route. Binit has used _____ to figure out this alternative route.

cognitive map

Road construction prevents you from getting to campus using the route that you always travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using your _____ of the area to devise a different route.

cognition

Robert Rescorla's research demonstrated the importance of _____ in classical conditioning. observational learning cognition positive reinforcement negative reinforcement

depression

Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain__________. a. autism b. ADHD c. schizophrenia d. alcohol abuse e. depression

What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception?

Sensation is the bottom-up process by which your sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli. Perception is the top-down process by which your brain creates meaning by organizing and interpreting what your senses detect.

Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned because she knows that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music can cause what?

Sensorineural hearing loss

Billy Bob works at the airport as part of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in:

Sensorineural hearing loss.

If Tom moves his watchband up his wrist an inch, he will feel it for only a few moments. This BEST illustrates what?

Sensory adaptation

The minute Karen walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Karen no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of:

Sensory adaptation.

When Sheila arrived at the gym on Tuesday morning, she noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As she finished changing, she did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

Sensory adaptation.

Which activity MOST clearly takes place in the rods and cones?

Sensory transduction

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to: explain how classical conditioning works. decrease an undesirable behavior. condition taste aversions in rats. guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

Guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations

Shaping was a method used by B.F. Skinner in order to:

Jackie is worried about her young children's exposure to the violence on television. Her friend does NOT tell Jackie which statement?

She should not worry.

She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

__________is the weakest sense in newborns.

Sight

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents might not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by what?

Signal detection theory

Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through when the other officer yells, "Wait, did you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by what?

Signal detection theory

Signal detection theory.

Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ clock of her generation.

Social

mirror neurons

Some theorists have speculated that people with autism display reduced imitative yawning and difficulty modeling other observed behaviors because of broken: modeling neurons. mirror neurons. imitation neurons. observational neurons.

_____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Spontaneous Recovery

Negative Reinforcement

Stopping negative reinforcers=increased behavior

emotional

Studies using fMRI showed brain activity related to actual pain is mirrored in the brain of a subject observing a loved one's suffering. Empathy in the brain shows up in the _____ areas of the brain, but not in the somatosensory cortex, which receives the physical pain input. emotional aggressive memory perceptual

effortful processing

Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious effort, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories

What occurs below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness?

Subliminal stimulation

_____ occurs below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Subliminal stimulation

Correct: Opponent-process cells activated by red light become fatigued.

Suppose someone stares at an illustration of the American flag for a while and then glances at a blank white page. Why do the red stripes look green when the person glances at the blank page? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Cones responsive to red light stop firing. Opponent-process cells activated by green light begin adapting. Cones responsive to green light begin firing. Opponent-process cells activated by red light become fatigued.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

There are genetic predispositions involved in taste learning

Taste aversion studies lead researchers to which of the following conclusions A. Taste is the most fundamental of the senses B. There are genetic predispositions involved in taste learning C. Animals must evaluate a situation cognitively before taste aversion develops D. Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism E. An unconditioned stimulus must occur within seconds of a CS for conditioning to occur

What must children understand about what the experimenter knows in order to believe lying might be a good strategy to avoid punishment?

That the experimenter are unaware if they looked or not. Before this age, children believe parents can read their minds; your mind is different than others.

insight learning

The "aha!" experience is known as __________. a. latent learning b. insight learning c. thoughtful learning d. serial enumeration e. observational learning

Social Identity

The "we" aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate

You just found out that your sister conceived about 7 days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate and/or the embryo has doubled its size.

unconditioned response

The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:

rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.

The concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that: animals only learn through the use of reinforcement. rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself. only humans can develop cognitive maps of their environments. learning will not occur unless behavior is developed though the principles of the law of effect.

Fetus

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Embryo

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization throughout the second month

predictive

The difference between Robert Rescorla's view of classical conditioning and that of John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov is the importance Rescorla placed on organisms to actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and to determine if the stimulus has _____ value.

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. Susan's reaction relates to the concept of:

The difference threshold.

nature, nurture

The difficulty in introducing captive-bred animals successfully into the wild (there is only an 11% success rate) is evidence that successful adaptation into the wild requires both _____ and _____. classical conditioning; operant conditioning nature; nurture habitual behavior; nurture observational learning; nurture

Extiniction

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operate

Leonard is a heroin addict. He is very careful about overdosing. He typically shoots up in his basement apartment, but is now at a friend's house and needs a fix really badly. He's never done drugs at his friend's house before, but he's desperate. He injects his normal safe dosage of heroin but almost dies of an overdose. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what happened?

The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it.

Correct: perceptual constancy.

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form, regardless of how the viewing angle changes, illustrates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. interposition. perceptual set. binocular cues. perceptual constancy.

Albert Bandura; observational learning

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____. B. F. Skinner; reinforcement and punishment Edward Tolman; cognitive maps Edward Thorndike; the law of effect Albert Bandura; observational learning

Albert Bandura.

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by:

children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that: children quickly form cognitive maps of the sources of reinforcements. girls are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors than boys. children can be classically conditioned to fear any animal. children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.

Stranger Anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about 8 months of age

Zygote

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

keller and marian breland

The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by _____. Albert Bandura Edward L. Thorndike Keller and Marian Breland Ivan Pavlov

operant conditioning

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________. a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. effective based learning d. spontaneous recovery e. observational learning

thorndike

The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is this psychologist's principle. Garcia Pavlov Skinner Thorndike

Correct: transduction.

The local fire department sounds an alarm. The conversion of the siren's sound waves into neural impulses exemplifies the process of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. conduction. transmission. detection. transduction.

Thorndike

The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is __________. a. Watson b. Skinner c. Pavlov d. Bandura e. Thorndike

Albert Bandura

The pioneering researcher of observational learning -Using a situation with a Bobo doll, __ demonstrated that through observational learning, was experienced vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment -We learn to model by those we see as similar to ourselves and those who are successful or admirable

cognitive

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. This fact is MOST likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective.

How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risky behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?

The prefrontal cortex matures slowly, retarding adolescents' ability to weigh potential consequences.

Conversation

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of the concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

modeling

The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____. reinforced learning. modeling. classical learning. observational conditioning.

modeling

The process of learning and imitating behavior is called:

encoding

The processing of information into the memory system is called:

Storage

The retention of encoded information over time is called:

road construction; brake pedal

The selective pruning of unused neurons and connections in the adolescent brain are to _______ as adolescent impulsivity and risk taking are to an absent _______.

They used the emotional part of the brain to refuse to push.

"Don't look at me. I must look terrible."

Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the attractive emergency medical technician came over to her, Erin MOST likely said:

struggling with intimacy issues.

Thirty-year-old Ana frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. She is worried about finding the "right man." According to Erik Erikson, Ana is MOST likely:

Long-term memory

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system.

rehearsal

Through conscious repetition of information, people can encode information for long-term storage. This is known as:

instinctive drift

Timothy easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get the cat to fetch a ball and return it to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to play with it. The cat not wanting to fetch the ball is a phenomenon known as _____.

observational learning

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse of her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

While at work, Tim experiences a ringing-in-the-ears sensation known as:

Tinnitus

positive punishment

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: conditioned reinforcer. positive punishment. negative reinforcer. negative punishment.

Correct: The temporal theory cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds.

To what extent can the temporal and place theories explain the perception of high- and low-pitched sounds? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The temporal theory cannot explain the perception of low-pitched sounds. Neither the temporal nor the place theory can explain the perception of low-pitched sounds. The temporal theory cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds. The place theory cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds.

What activates the grasping reflex? How much weight can the baby's grasp support? What must the baby learn to do regarding the grasping reflex? Does this reflex continue throughout life?

Touch the palm of the hand. Made to hold onto mother's fur and trees. Reflex does not continue.

Carla opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:

Transduction

In classical conditioning we learn to associate _____ stimuli; while in operant conditioning we learn to associate a response and its consequences.

Two

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:

Two Stimuli

How do we normally perceive depth?

We are normally able to perceive depth thanks to (1) binocular cues (such as retinal disparity), and (2) monocular cues(which include relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion).

Closure

We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object. Thus we assume that the circles on the left are complete but partially blocked by the (illusory) triangle. Add nothing more than little line segments to close off the circles and your brain stops constructing a triangle.

Operant conditioning

We learn to associate a response (our behaviors) and its consequence. Thus we (and other animals) learn to repeat acts followed bu good results and avoid acts followed by bad results

Continuity

We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This pattern could be a series of alternating semicircles, but we perceive it as two continuous lines—one wavy, one straight.

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This BEST illustrates:

Weber's law.

Biological influences, psychological influences and social-culture influences

What are the three influences on learning

Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? A. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults B. There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior C. Children are more likely to copy what adults say than what adults do D. Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development E. Observational learning can explain the development of fear in children

Extrinsic motivation

What do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment A. Latent learning B. Extrinsic motivation C. Intrinsic motivation D. Insight learning E. Emotion-focused coping

Not likely. With but a few exceptions, conditioning doesn't happen when the NS follows the US. To Pavlov's dog's, the originally neutral tone became a (CS) after signaling an important biological event-the arrival of food (US). (Remember, classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare for good or bad events)

What do you suppose would happen if the food (US) appeared before the tone (NS) rather than after? Would conditioning occur?

That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again

What does Edward Thorndike's law of effect state? A. The difference between positive and negative reinforcement B. That behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement C. How shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning D. That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again E. The limited effectiveness of punishment

Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

What happened after Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat? Stimulus discrimination occurred: Albert responded with fear to white rats but not brown rats. Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished.

positive reinforcement

What stimulus did B. F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior? aversive stimuli punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement

positive reinforcement

What stimulus did B. F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior? negative reinforcement positive reinforcement aversive stimuli punishment

Correct: opponent-process theory

What theory is MOST useful for explaining the characteristics of afterimages? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. place theory Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theoryopponent-process theory frequency theory

A loud noise

What was unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert? A. A rat B. A loud noise C. A high chair D. A platform table E. A small enclosed space

Extinction

What would happen, Pavlov wondered, if after conditioning, the CS occurred repeatedly without the US? If the tone sounded again and again, but no food appeared, would the tone still trigger salivation? The answer was mixed. The dogs salivated less and less, a reaction known as ___, the dismissed responding that occurs when the CS (tone) no longer signals an impending US (food)

The pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin, rooting, and throwing the coin in the air

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that A. Food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn't occur B. The pigs ate the coins C. When given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in less than ten trials D. The pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin, rooting, and throwing the coin in the air E. The pig showed intrinsic interest in the task so reinforcement was not necessary

the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose.

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that __________. a. food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn't occur b) when given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in less than ten trials c) the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose. d) the pig showed intrinsic interest in the task and so reinforcement was unnecessary e) the pig showed so little interest in the task that it did not learn anything

adaptation

When Ryan arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.

observation

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via:

observation

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: observation. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. neural networks.

Sensory adaptation

When constantly exposed to an unchanging stimulus, we become less aware of it because our nerve cells fire less frequently.

When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson

When is prosocial modeling most effective? A. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson B. When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses C. When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct D. When the observer has a close personal relationship with the model E. When the model is well-known

the misinformation effect.

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

state-dependent memory.

When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as:

extinction

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called __________. a. CR fading b. extinction c. habituation d. generalization fading e. stimulus substitution

Correct: 60

When two friends talk over lunch, the amplitude of their conversation is about _____ decibels. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 20 60 85 110

mood-congruent memory

Whenever Sunny becomes depressed, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates:

Self-control

Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success A. Self-control B. Locus of control C. Problem-focused coping D. Learned helplessness E. Emotion-focused coping

A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded

Which of the following illustrates generalization? A. A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded B. A dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer C. A light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it's turned on D. A pigeon whose disk-pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again E. A child is startled when the doorbell rings

a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented

Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior? a. a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior b. a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior c. a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented d. a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior e. a child behaving in school to receive a gold star

Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.

Which of the following is NOT one of the significant findings of Pavlov's research in classical conditioning? Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms. Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively. Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment. Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.

A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball

Which of the following is an application of shaping? A. A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball B. A pigeon pecks a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food reinforcement C. A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on D. A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food reinforcement E. A gambler continues to play a slot machine, even though he has won nothing on his last 20 plays, and he has lost a significant amount of money

birds appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food because they hunt by sight

Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment? humans developing a taste aversion to food and the restaurant where the food was served birds appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food because they hunt by sight chimpanzees learning American Sign Language dogs learning to sit on command

The risk of misremembering our own actions

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? A. Actual physical injury B. The risk of misremembering our own actions C. Interference with associative learning D. The elimination of classically conditioned responses to stimuli E. A confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

Modeling

Which of the following processes is the best terms for explaining how we learn languages A. Biofeedback B. Discrimination C. Modeling D. Insight E. Creativity

Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times

Which of the following processes would produce the acquisition of a conditioned response? A. Repeatedly present an unconditioned response B. Administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus C. Make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus D. Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times E. Present the conditioned stimulus until it starts to produce an unconditioned response

Robert Rescorla

Which of the following psychologists proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

robert

Which of the following psychologists proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning? B. F. Skinner Robert Rescorla Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson

Robert Rescorla

Which of the following psychologists proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning? John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner Robert Rescorla

Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's beliefs is true? Skinner advocated greater use of punishment and negative reinforcement to control behavior. Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will. Skinner strongly advocated the study of cognitive processes to understand behavior. Skinner believed that classical conditioning was not a valid explanation of behavior.

The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors.

Which of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of instinctive drift? The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors. As operant behaviors are learned, they override instinctive or reflexive behaviors. Over time, reflexive behaviors change as a function of repeated exposure to classical conditioning. Misbehavior can be prevented by operantly conditioning instinctive behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior.

All of these statements are true.

Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment? a. The effect of punishment is often temporary. b. Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety. c. Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement. d. Punishment does not teach appropriate behavior. e. All of these statements are true.

An discriminative stimulus

Which of the following would help determine what stimuli an organism can distinguish between A. Negative reinforcement B. A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement C. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement D. Extinction E. An discriminative stimulus

Albert Bandura

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

bandura

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? Watson Bandura Skinner Pavlov

john garcia

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning? B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson John Garcia

Correct: organization; sensation; identification

Which set contains a discrepant element? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensation; registration; stimulation perception; interpretation; organization organization; sensation; identification Incorrect: identification; perception; interpretation identification; perception; interpretation

observational learning

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act? a. insight learning Incorrect. Insight refers to a rapid problem solution and does not necessarily involve observation of others. b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. observational learning e. latent learning

classical

While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Martha to flinch and blink quickly. Later during the party Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

involuntary (automatic); voluntary

While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. conscious; unconscious latent; reflex involuntary (automatic); voluntary voluntary; involuntary (automatic)

involuntary (automatic); voluntary

While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. latent; reflex involuntary (automatic); voluntary conscious; unconscious voluntary; involuntary (automatic)

voluntary

While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. involuntary (automatic) voluntary latent unconscious

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.

...

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. at a variable rate; at a specific rate every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs with primary reinforcers; with secondary reinforcers using positive reinforcement; using partial reinforcement

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

Correct: high-frequency; low-frequency

You are waiting for your friend to give you a ride on his new motorcycle. As your friend pulls up the driveway, the brakes squeal loudly. You get on, and then your friend steps on the gas. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by _____ sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by _____ sound waves. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. high-frequency; low-frequency low-amplitude; high-amplitude high-amplitude; low-amplitude low-frequency; high-frequency

the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you ring the bell. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because __________. a. the bell was not a distinctive sound b. the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit c. you should have had a longer interval between the bell and the biscuit d. Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation e. the biscuit was not an appropriate reinforcer

Insight

You don't understand what your teacher wrote on the board for a math problem but when you ask a classmate for help to understand, it makes more sense now

linear perspective

You read about an accident at a railroad crossing and wonder about the cause. Perhaps the car's driver overestimated the distance of the train because the parallel tracks stimulated the monocular depth cue of _____.

spontaneous recovery

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? a. counterconditioning b. instinctive drift c. stimulus substitution d. stimulus discrimination e. spontaneous recovery

According to the _____, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

operant

___ behavior operates on the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

opperant, respondent

____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Involuntary; voluntary Respondent; operant Uncontrollable; controllable Operant; respondent

mirror neurons

_____ fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed.

Positive reinforcement

_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

positive

_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Moderate reinforcement Neutral reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

_____ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

Bandura

_____ is a pioneering learning researcher who highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior.

Giacomo Rizzolatti

_____ is the researcher who discovered mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys. Giacomo Rizzolatti Edward L. Thorndike Albert Bandura Ivan Pavlov

giocomo

_____ is the researcher who discovered the function of mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys.

generalization

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS), whereas discrimination is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have not been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US). ]

Generalization; discrimination

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Frontal

_____ lobe development during adolescence includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

Implicit; explicit

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences.

Retroactive interference

_____ occurs when something one learns now interferes with one's ability to recall something one learned earlier.

Mood-congruent memory

_____ refers to people's tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with their current mood. In other words, if one is in a bad mood, one will be more likely to have negative associations.

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Dr. Gigliotti is conducting a detailed examination of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. Dr. Gigliotti is undertaking:

a case study

cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

monocular cues

a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone

monocular cues

a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

binocular cues

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eye

binocular cues

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

Intrinsic Motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

spontaneous recovery

a dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone associated with food. Then the tone is sounded repeatedly without an unconditioned stimulus until the dog stops salivating. Later, when the tone sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of what part of the conditioning process? a. spontaneous recovery b. extinction c. generalization d. discrimination e. acquisition

An infant is most likely to be at risk for mental retardation if her mother is:

a heavy drinker or an alcoholic.

Conditioned Response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

conduction hearing loss

a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

conduction hearing loss

a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.

Cognitive Map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

Structuralism

a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity.

A research study indicated that the more work-related stress one feels, the less satisfied one feels about their marriage. This finding illustrates:

a negative correlation between work-related stress and marital happiness.

Reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Tom stayed up way too late last night and his eyes are tired. He closes his eyes, and as he rubs his eye, he notices a white light. This is because:

a person's retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from a person's hand triggers them.

Conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, gold stars, or money

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

signal detection theory

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar: a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Pavlov d. Freud

a. Piaget

In an unprecedented convergence of several "folds" in the space-time continuum, Sigmund Freud, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner appear simultaneously at the 2016 convention of the Association for Psychological Science in Chicago, Illinois. Which psychologist would be MOST gratified by the field's current acceptance of unconscious processes? a. Sigmund Freud b. both Watson and Skinner would be gratified by the field's current acceptance of unconscious processes c. John Watson d. B. F. Skinner

a. Sigmund Freud

Which example BEST illustrates hindsight bias? a. You just found out that the homecoming queen and captain of the football team from your high school are splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their breakup b. You believe that previously infertile couples will become pregnant after adopting a child c. You predicted you would earn 80 percent on your test, but you only earned 70 percent. d. You meet a person on the street and feel an instant attraction. Later on, you tell a friend about the encounter and state that you just met the person you will marry.

a. You just found out that the homecoming queen and captain of the football team from your high school are splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their breakup

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are called _____ rhythms. a. circadian b. diurnal c. cyclic d. biological

a. circadian

According to Erikson, adults experience a sense of ______ when their activities contribute positively to society. a. generativity b. initiative c. identity d. integrity

a. generativity

_____ bias is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. a. hindsight b. predictive c. overconfidence d. operational

a. hindsight

The results of Joachim's research showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal effect in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). He decided that his original hypothesis that 200 milligrams of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent needed to be revised by increasing the drug dosage to 300 milligrams. This increase in Drug R is a manipulation of the: a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. experimental method d. control condition

a. independent variable

Given the proportional amounts of the different types of neurons in the human body, which type of neuron would you be LEAST likely to worry about if you lost 100,000 of them? a. interneurons b. sensory neurons c. motor neurons d. threshold neurons

a. interneurons

A brain tumor has slowly robbed Mr. Schneider of his ability to recognize objects by touch. The tumor is probably centered in his _____ lobe. a. parietal b. occipital c. frontal d. temporal

a. parietal

When Sanjay recognizes line segments and areas of light and dark as his friend's face at an airport gate, he is demonstrating: a. perception b. adaptation c. sensation d. priming

a. perception

Two researchers conducted an experiment using classical conditioning to study immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the MOST likely to produce this response? a. repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug b. repeated pairing of minor electric shock followed by immune enhancing drug c. repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a tone d. repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye

a. repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug

In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology's findings could be applied to people in non-Western societies. This research reflects the _____ perspective in contemporary psychology. a. social-cultural b. psychodynamic c. neuroscience d. cognitive

a. social-cultural

When Robin was born she weighed under 3 pounds. She also struggled with respiratory problems due to a lack of ________ in her lungs. a. surfactant b. myelin c. chorion d. oxytocin

a. surfactant

A large pharmaceutical company has a new medication that targets specific neurotransmitters known to be involved in anxiety. Which statement would be a possible hypothesis for this study? a. the new medication will decrease anxiety in those with anxiety disorders b. participants will take the medication for two months, and their anxiety symptoms will be assessed for possible change c. one survey will assess initial anxiety levels, and another one will assess anxiety levels after taking the medication d. one hundred participants will be recruited, half in the experimental group and half in the control group

a. the new medication will decrease anxiety in those with anxiety disorders

When Ryan arrived at the gym on Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.

adaptation

Kayla is 13 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called:

adolescence

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

albert bandura, observational learning

high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently

all of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a. rat's food reward in a Skinner box b. cold drink on a hot day c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently d. hug from a loved one e. large meal following an extended time without food

Coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of animal researchers who support the government regulation of the treatment of the nonhuman primates, dogs, and cats used in research?

almost all

Intensity refers to the level of energy in a light wave; it is determined by the wave's height, or _____.

amplitude

In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.

amydgala

humanistic psychology

an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

A teratogen is:

an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.

Punishment

an even that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Primary Reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, like biological needs

Primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need, such as hunger, thirst or touch

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Gestalt

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Conditioned Stimulus

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Children observing violent and destructive behavior and then modeling that behavior is an example of

anti social

Stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

Stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response (type of classical conditioning)

Reinforcement

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

In an experiment, the process of random _____ ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being in either the control group or the experimental group.

assignment

When a child uses their new experience in terms of their existing schema, this is known as:

assimilation.

classical conditioning

aste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning? classical conditioning latent learning insight conditioning observational learning

Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.

atrophy

Emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her television and Internet privileges for 2 months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. Most likely, Maura's parents are___________ and Trish's are_____ .

authoritarian; authoritative

Landon's parents are in the delivery room celebrating his birth. Five minutes after his arrival, a nurse notes that Landon's arms and legs are slightly blue. What score would Landon receive for this condition on the Apgar test? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

b. 1

A group of 100 pregnant women are attending an expo for baby supplies. About how many of them will deliver their babies with the help of a midwife? a. 3 b. 8 c. 11 d. 14

b. 8

Which of the following best reflects the concept of fetal programming? a. A woman smokes and binge drinks during her pregnancy, and experiences a miscarriage in the first trimester. b. A woman experiences a hurricane while pregnant, and the child's genes are marked to be highly sensitive to stress. c. An active fetus creates distress for a woman while pregnant, which leads her to be less attached to child in infancy. d. A doctor selects the most genetically healthy embryos to implant in a woman's uterus following in vitro fertilization.

b. A woman experiences a hurricane while pregnant, and the child's genes are marked to be highly sensitive to stress.

Nadine hears a television talk show guest remark that "A baby's mother provides it with food, and that's the basis for attachment." Nadine immediately realizes that this statement is FALSE, because she is familiar with: a. Piaget's investigations of conservation b. Harlow's work with monkey c. Ainsworth's ""strange situation" studies d. Baumrind's work on parent styles

b. Harlow's work with monkey

In ______, a strong magnet is used to produce scans that allow scientists to distinguish among different types of soft tissue in the brain. a. EEG b. MRI c. single-cell recording d. PET

b. MRI

Although B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? a. Rats do not seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. b. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. c. Children learn from observing their parents and exhibit the learning immediately. d. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence.

b. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

If a study were to show the correlation of −0.70 between children's physical height and popularity among their peers, then it would indicate that: a. children's height causes lower levels of popularity b. among children, being short is associated with greater popularity c. there is no significant relationship between children's height and their popularity d. higher levels of popularity among peers are associated with greater physical height in children

b. among children, being short is associated with greater popularity

Which term is MOST synonymous with consciousness as psychologists define it? a. wakefulness b. awareness c. intelligence d. understanding

b. awareness

The feedback system involving the intimate connection of the nervous and endocrine systems begins with the _____ and ends with the _____. a. body; body and brain b. brain; body and brain c. brain; body d. body; brain

b. brain; body and brain

Relative to other substances, which of the following would be classified as a low-risk teratogen for pregnant women? a. morphine b. caffeine c. marijuana d. Prozac

b. caffeine

Kangaroo care demonstrates the value of ________ when caring for at-risk newborns. a. ventilators b. contact c. surfactant d. testing

b. contact

When Leanne read experimental evidence indicating that orange juice consumption triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Leanne's reaction BEST illustrates _____ thinking. a. reasoned b. critical c. intuitive d. skeptical

b. critical

The purpose of random assignment is to: a. determine whether two variable are related b. ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the experimental and control groups c. ensure that sample results generalize to the population d. determine whether the results of a study are reliable

b. ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the experimental and control groups

A woman who ingests recreational drugs while pregnant, causing decreased attention and intelligence in her child and her grandchild, demonstrates which of the following? a. teratogen proliferation b. fetal programming c. organogenic distress d. postpartum migration

b. fetal programming

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in which lobe? a. parietal b. frontal c. temporal d. occipital

b. frontal

Higher-level thinking is primarily the responsibility of the _____ lobes. a. parietal b. frontal c. temporal d. occipital

b. frontal

After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood of the terror attacks. This belief MOST clearly illustrates: a. dual processing b. hindsight bias c. overconfidence d. critical thinking

b. hindsight bias

You wake up early in the morning, and your room is fairly dark. You look over and see your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark, you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that? a. your pupils do not dilate in the darkness b. in the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual c. our optic chias does not function well in darkness d. in the didm light, the rods in your eyes are ineffectual

b. in the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual

What could be considered an evolutionary protective mechanism that occurs frequently during the germinal period? a. migration b. miscarriage c. endometriosis d. proliferation

b. miscarriage

DeAndre is recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess. He is undertaking: a. an experiment b. naturalistic observation c. a survey d. a case study

b. naturalistic observation

Bundles of neurons carrying information to and from the central nervous system are called: a. glia b. nerves c. neural networks d. interneurons

b. nerves

Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery, he could: a. not sense colors, not could he distinguish between figure and ground b. not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch c. sense colors, but he could not distinguish between figure and ground d. recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch

b. not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch

Ralph was involved in a bar fight and sustained a blow to the back of the head from a beer bottle. He was dazed and could not see for about two minutes. Which lobe was affected? a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. frontal

b. occipital

This structure in the endocrine system releases hormones that help regulate the level of sugar in the blood. a. pituitary gland b. pancreas c. hypothalamus d. the thyroid gland

b. pancreas

What defines the critical period for potential teratogenic effects during the prenatal period? a. viability of implantation b. rate of organ growth c. length of substance use d. density of glial cells

b. rate of organ growth

The monocular cues for depth perception do NOT include: a. linear perspective b. retinal disparity c. relative height d. light and shadow

b. retinal disparity

The process of _____ occurs when the sending neuron normally absorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules. a. excitation b. reuptake c. preuptake d. inhibition

b. reuptake

If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This BEST illustrates: a. that the process of accommodation takes place over a period of time b. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness c. the difference between absolute and difference threshold d. the pervasive impact of sensory interaction

b. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness

Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? a. naturalistic observation b. the case study c. experimentation d. the survey

b. the case study

With respect to parenting style, negligent is to ______ as ______ is to unrestraining. a. coercive; permissive b. uninvolved; permissive c. uninvolved; authoritarian d. coercive; authoritarian

b. uninvolved; permissive

b. variable-interval

Respondent Behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

subliminal

below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age _____ is to frontal lobe atrophy.

bluntness

Katrina is driving her 15-year-old car. She notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____. Katrina immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound the car made the last time she had it repaired, which involves _____.

bottom-up; top-down

A team of clinical researchers finds that the severity of depressive symptoms 6 months after head injury is unrelated to the duration of loss of consciousness at the time of the injury. Which correlation coefficient did the team MOST likely find? a. +0.30 b. +0.75 c. +0.01 d. -0.67

c. +0.01

The proportion of women in the United States who drink at least moderate amounts of alcohol during pregnancy is about ________, yet the rate of fetal alcohol syndrome is ________ in some Aboriginal communities than it is in the United States. a. 10 percent; 30 times lower b. 1 percent; 15 times higher c. 4 percent; 40 times higher d. 20 percent; 20 times lower

c. 4 percent; 40 times higher

Which of the following women is most likely to give birth to healthy twins? a. Tracey, who is 18 years old b. Regina, who is 29 years old c. Opal, who is 36 years old d. Jamillah, who is 43 years old

c. Opal, who is 36 years old

Which of the following has NOT been proven to reduce pain? a. Distraction b. Hypnosis c. Phantom limb sensations d. Endorphines

c. Phantom limb sensations

Case studies are intensive, detailed studies of a small individual or group, whereas experiments involve assigning participants randomly to simplified laboratory conditions. Based on the textbook's discussion, which answer BEST expresses why psychologists use both case studies and experiments to study behavior? a. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are usually most interested in very specific behaviors. b. Psychologists use case studies because they are interested in general principles of behavior and use experiments because they are interested in very specific behaviors. c. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are ultimately interested in general principles of behavior. d. Psychologists use case studies because they are interested in very specific behaviors and use experiments because they are interested in general principles of behavior.

c. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are ultimately interested in general principles of behavior.

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior? a. She would act politely and talk about the importance of being polite. b. She would act rudely and talk about how being polite is not important. c. She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite. d. She would not be influenced by her parents' words or behaviors.

c. She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

The word cerebellum means "little brain." Where in the brain is the cerebellum located in relation to the brainstem? a. beneath it b. in front of it c. behind it d. above it

c. behind it

Sensory analysis starts at the receptors and works to integrate the sensory information in the brain. This process is called _____ processing. a. adaptive b. top-down c. bottom-up d. subliminal

c. bottom-up

Five-year-old twins Keith and Kevin each have 4 ounces of juice in their glasses. Keith's glass is tall and narrow, whereas Kevin's is shorter and wider. Kevin complains that Keith has more juice, revealing his lack of: a. egocentrism b. assimilation c. conservation d. object permanence

c. conservation

Even though all of her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning. a. formal b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

c. conventional

This bushy, branching extension of a neuron receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body. a. axon b. myelin sheath c. dendrite d. terminal braches

c. dendrite

In an experiment that examines the effect of sleep deprivation on mental alertness, mental alertness is the: a. experimental condition b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. control condition

c. dependent variable

In a study of 126,000 news stories tweeted by 3 million people, Vosoughi et al. (2018) found that as compared to truths, falsehoods spread: a. faster but no more extensively b. more slowly c. faster and more extensively d. at about the same speed

c. faster and more extensively

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio

c. fixed-ratio

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is MOST directly involved in speaking? a. occipital b. parietal c. frontal d. temporal

c. frontal

Denise wears an extremely bright yellow safety sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects. a. short wavelength b. long wavelength c. high amplitude d. low amplitude

c. high amplitude

Carrie's boss tells her some disturbing news, but a phone call from her spouse distracts her. After she gets off the phone, Carrie has a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but she cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely that Carrie is reacting to the continued effect of: a. serotonin b. neurotransmitter c. hormones d. action potential

c. hormones

The leader of a self-help group has asked Patty to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Which approach would Patty MOST likely recommend for this group? a. cognitive psychology b. behaviorism c. humanistic psychology d. psychoanalytic psychology

c. humanistic psychology

Neurons 4591 and 4592 were just like all the other millions of neurons in the brain's center that are created during the first weeks of pregnancy. But in time Neuron 4591 became part of the brain that controls logic, while Neuron 4592 was in an area of the brain that manages emotion. Which process does this describe? a. specialization b. differentiation c. migration d. proliferation

c. migration

Which choice correctly pairs a parenting style with a potential developmental outcome? a. authoritarian, aggressive, immature children b. permissive, children with low self-esteem and poor social skills c. negligent, poor academic and social outcome d. authoritarian, poor academic achievement

c. negligent, poor academic and social outcomes

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to: a. a decrease in myelin sheaths b. an increase in dopamine pathways c. neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes d. increased neurotransmitters available in her synaptic gaps

c. neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes

In recent years, psychologists have identified potential differences in the brain anatomy of gay men and their straight counterparts. This finding supports the _____ perspective in psychology. a. psychodynamic b. social-cultural c. neuroscience d. cognitive

c. neuroscience

Katie knows to be especially careful with what she eats and drinks during her first trimester of pregnancy because a key aspect of development called ________ takes place during this period. a. myelinization b. anencephaly c. organogenesis d. endometriosis

c. organogenesis

Sabrina stated there was a _____ correlation between food intake and weight because the scores tended to rise and fall together. a. strong b. weak c. positive d. negative

c. positive

Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: a. the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). b. organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. c. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. d. rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste.

c. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow was interested in which of the mothers the infant monkeys would seek out when they were startled or frightened. In these studies, the dependent variable was the: a. length of time the infant monkey spent exploring the cage b. age of the infant monkey at the time of the test c. surrogate the infant monkey preferred when it was startled d. material from which the surrogate was made

c. surrogate the infant monkey preferred when it was startled

Which statement is true? a. sensation and perception are two distinct processes with little or no overlap b. perception involves the detection of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory data c. there is no clear boundary between the processes of sensation and perception as we experience them d. because sensation and perception involve separate and distinct brain areas, most researchers can focus exclusively on one or the other for research purposes

c. there is no clear boundary between the processes of sensation and perception as we experience them

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. a. conditioned stimulus (CS) b. neutral stimulus (NS) c. unconditioned response (UR) d. conditioned response (CR)

c. unconditioned response (UR)

Experimental research is to correlational research as _____ is to ____

cause; association

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kylie has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her _____.

cerebellum

Mrs. Costello lives in Florida. She is gripped by a vision of her sister gravely injured in a car wreck happening that very moment in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Costello is inconsolable. Her husband calmly disproves Mrs. Costello's vision by calling his sister-in-law; her cheery voice greets him on the phone. Cleary, Mrs. Costello does not have the ability of _____ that she believes she possesses.

clairvoyance

Vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the social _____.

clock

You are a building contractor surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when you move to the right, you see the gaps. This illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.

closure

Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to the _____ in the retina.

cochlea; rods and cones

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective.

cognitive

cognitive processes

concrete images are to abstract ideas.

In an industrial psychology experiment, one group of participants is exposed to confinement while another group is not. All participants then perform a manual dexterity task, and their performance is examined. What is the independent variable?

confinement

Jay complains to his father that he does not have enough juice. There is no more juice in the house, so his father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller, narrower glass. Jay believes that he has more juice because he has not yet developed an understanding of:

conservation

top-down processing

constructs perceptions from this sensory input by drawing on your experience and expectations.

a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

contends that hypnosis is a form of social influence — a by-product of normal social and mental processes

According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with ambivalent attachment will:

continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.

David is 13-years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

Even though all her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning.

conventional

Ren is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

conventional

Ren is 13-years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

Sixteen-year-old Michael begins growing a marijuana plant in a corner of his family's garden. His stepfather asks him to remove it because it is illegal. In Kohlberg's terms, Michael's stepfather is demonstrating _____ reasoning.

conventional

transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

Samantha is creating a language development timeline for a class presentation. Along the top of a display board, she writes the following ages in sequence: 2 months> 4 months> 12 months> 18 months How should she label these ages, from youngest to oldest?

cooing> babbling > first words > telegraphic speech

Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that students' self-esteem is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should be reminded that:

correlation does not prove causation

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults (50 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) _____ study.

corss-sectional

Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He interviews a group of 5- year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a __ research design

cross-sectional

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of older adults (30 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) _____ study.

cross-sectional

In 2016, _____ percent of adults aged 25 to 35 were living in their parents' home, a proportion that is _____ that in 1981. a. 15; triple b. 10; double c. 10; triple d. 15; double

d. 15; double

A lesbian couple recently asked their friend Paul if he would donate sperm so they can conceive a child. Paul was honored by the request, but declined because he was concerned about the child having an increased risk for developing schizophrenia later in life. How old is Paul? a. 17 b. 36 c. 47 d. 53

d. 53

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she NOT use to support her position? a. Spanked children do not forget the punished behavior but simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place. b. Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem solving. c. Spanking can create fear in children. d. Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior.

d. Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior.

Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. Which statement does NOT explain this? a. Humans are biologically prepared to learn which foods make them sick. b. The restaurant became a conditioned stimulus (CS) for nausea. c. The nausea became associated with the restaurant. d. The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea.

d. The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea.

When one is conscious, one is: a. capable of higher-level thinking b. aware and alert c. able to respond to environmental stimuli d. aware of oneself and the environment

d. aware of oneself and the environment

Maturation refers mainly to _____ development. a. social b. emotional c. cognitive d. biological

d. biological

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her: a. amygdala b. corpus callosum c. hippocampus d. cerebellum

d. cerebellum

Youri had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room began to make him nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the: a. unconditioned response (UR). b. neutral stimulus (NS). c. unconditioned stimulus (US). d. conditioned response (CR).

d. conditioned response (CR).

Keyshawn's buddies have been teasing him about the weight he's put on since his wife got pregnant. They tell him that his wife is supposed to be "eating for two," not him! But Keyshawn brushes them off, saying he's simply experiencing ________. a. chorion b. anoxia c. rubella d. couvade

d. couvade

Mr. Lopez is prescribed oxycodone to manage chronic lower back pain. Oxycodone is called an opioid because its action resembles that of the neurotransmitter _____, the brain's natural painkiller. a. glutamate b. dopamine c. serotonin d. endorphins

d. endorphins

Dr. Destri argues that sleep functions to conserve energy during periods in which hunting and gathering would be dangerous or unproductive. Dr. Destri's views reflect the _____ perspective in psychology. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. evolutionary

d. evolutionary

Understanding how a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is probably of MOST interest to psychologists reflecting the _____ perspective. a. behavioral b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. evolutionary

d. evolutionary

A noted politician miraculously survived a gunshot to the head. Following his recovery, however, his personality was radically altered, and his planning and decision-making skills were impaired. The injury apparently damaged the politician's _____ lobe. a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal

d. frontal

In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _____ than in its _____. a. brainstem; limbic system b. limbic system; frontal lobe c. brainstem; frontal lobe d. frontal lobe; limbic system

d. frontal lobe; limbic system

Which of the following terms best reflects the focus of neural differentiation that occurs during the fetal period? a. volume b. location c. density d. function

d. function

In the annual Blue versus Red football game, Justin initially bet against the Blue Team, who eventually won. After the game, he claimed he knew Blue would be the winners. Justin's claim illustrates: a. overconfidence b. critical thinking c. perceiving order in random events d. hindsight bias

d. hindsight bias

In Western cultures, the duration of adolescence is: a. decreasing greatly b. decreasingly slightly c. holding steady d. increasing

d. increasing

How has the rate of breastfeeding in the United States changed since the early 1970s? a. it has doubled b. it has fallen by one-half c. it is increased slightly d. it has tripled

d. it has tripled

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates: a. spontaneous recovery. b. respondent behavior. c. latent learning. d. operant conditioning.

d. operant conditioning.

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise a woman heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, she begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Her _____ has/have helped her to calm down. a. sympathetic nervous system b. adrenal glands c. central nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system

d. parasympathetic nervous system

Walter and Joanna have been trying to have a baby for over a year. Walter's Aunt Rae tells them not to worry because a friend of her neighbor's daughter had the same problem and then had two children in rapid succession. Walter and Joanna are more inclined to see a specialist rather than rely on Aunt Rae's advice because it reflects: a. overconfidence b. hindsight bias c. the placebo effect d. perceiving order in random events

d. perceiving order in random events

Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of: a. transduction b. Weber's law c. subliminal sensation d. perceptual sets

d. perceptual sets

Marius believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality. a. conforming b. unconventional c. precoventional d. postconventional

d. postconventional

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps? a. probably within 4 months; nearly 75 percent of all babies in the United States are waking by 15 months b. probability within a month; nearly 90 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday c. it cannot be predicted; readiness to learn to walk is not influenced by genes d. probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day

d. probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day

One thinking error that many people make is to assume that a strong correlation _____. However, this is NOT true regardless of the strength of the relationship between two variables. a. suggests a bias in sampling b. is rarely positive c. is rarely negative d. proves causation

d. proves causation

Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is MOST consistent with the _____ approach in psychology. a. behaviorist b. humanistic c. cognitive d. psychoanalytic

d. psychoanalytic

An infant with _____ attachment is disturbed at his mother's departure in the strange situation but is easily soothed upon her return. a. avoidant b. difficult c. anxious d. secure

d. secure

The minute Beth walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her mother-in-law's perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Beth no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of: a. Weber's law b. subliminal sensation c. perceptual set d. sensory adaptation

d. sensory adaptation

The culturally preferred timing of life events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock. a. biological b. cultural c. psuchological d. social

d. social

Memory expert Eric Kandel claims that _____ of what the mind does is unconscious. a. about half b. very little c. none d. the great majority

d. the great majority

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between the humanistic approach and the psychoanalytic approach? a. the humanistic approach accepted the psychoanalytic view b. the humanistic approach preceded the psychoanalytic view c. the humanistic approach supplanted the psychoanalytic view d. the humanistic approach challenged the psychoanalytic view

d. the humanistic approach challenged the psychoanalytic view

A woman learns that her death is imminent. According to Kübler-Ross, her initial reaction to this news will likely be shock and disbelief, which are common to the stage.

denial

In Kubler-Ross's theory, acceptance of death is most immediately preceded by:

depression.

Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity vs. _____.

despair

Humans adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus to:

detect potentially important changes in what is ongoing in the environment.

Conditioned taste aversion

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develop during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:

development of the frontal lobe and its connections with other parts of the brain.

Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develops during the teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:

development of the frontal lobe of the brain.

The field of psychology that examines physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the life span is called __________?

developmental psychology

In a study of white-collar workers, Velma found that there was a positive correlation between self-reported alcohol and drug use and sick days taken. A graph of her results would show a:

diagonal line from the bottom left to the top right

A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8 percent in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example BEST illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ threshold.

difference

Sensory adaptation can be defined as:

diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation.

Research has shown that American couples who live together before marriage have had higher rates of _____.

divorce

The _____ is a method in which neither the research participants nor the researchers know which participants are getting the treatment and which are getting a placebo.

double blind procedure

Kevin is a tall and popular 16-year old. He is also starting to use alcohol. It is likely that Kevin matured at a(n) _____ age.

early

Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in?

early adulthood

Physical warmth may promote social warmth. In a café, for example, one may perceive another customer as friendlier when one is holding a steaming mug of coffee than when holding a chilled can of soda. This example illustrates the concept of:

embodied cognition

Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):

embryo

Gabriela is a 22-year-old recent college graduate. She is preparing to move to the largest city in her region to complete a prestigious internship. She has dated several young men but does not envision settling into a serious relationship for at least a few years yet. Gabriela is in a life stage many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

emerging

Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life many developmental psychologists call__________ adulthood.

emerging

Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well has his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life the text labels as:

emerging adulthood.

conditioned emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person -May lead to phobias-irrational fear response

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely due to:

encoding failure

The neurotransmitter that serves as our natural painkiller is _____.

endorphins

_____ is/are a type of neurotransmitter produced by the brain that has similar properties to morphine.

endorphins

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

The field of __ explores how the environment affects the expression of genetic attributes.

epigenetics

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by the psychologist _____'s psychosocial development theory.

erikson

Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:

experience greater contentment.

In science, the clearest way to isolate cause and effect is to conduct a(n): a. experiment b. survey c. correlational study d. case study

experiment

Cause-effect hypotheses may be tested in: a. surveys b. correlational research c. case studies d. experiments

experiments

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:

external consequences.

DeMarcus drinks several cups of coffee a day. Often DeMarcus experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he smells a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about 20 minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. He decides, with the encouragement of his physician, to quit drinking coffee. At first he still experiences the alertness when he smells freshly brewed coffee but after about 10 days he no longer experiences the effect. The lack of alertness when he smells coffee is an example of:

extinction

In a signal detection experiment, incorrect responses include misses and ___.

false alarms.

Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local day-care center, helping the children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is MOST likely that Malcolm will:

feel better about himself and not drop out.

The longest part of a pregnancy, from the eighth week to birth, is called the ________period.

fetal

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This best illustrates ___________ memory.

flashbulb

counciling psychology

focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer? money grades praise food

food

Formal instruction in the scientific method usually begins when students are between 11 and 13 years of age. At this point, students are capable of the abstract thinking and deductive reasoning characteristic of Piaget's stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to the work. One morning Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:

formed a cognitive map

Between the ages of 3 and 6 years, the number of neural connections increases most dramatically in the__________lobe.

frontal

During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the _______ lobe, a region implicated in self-regulation.

frontal

_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

frontal

Mirror Neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so (empathy)

Mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?

frontal lobes are growing

Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed.

Clive was mugged at gunpoint in a parking garage. His attacker was wearing strong cologne, and he now hates to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by himself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates _____.

generalization

Sonya trained her dog to howl when he heard Sonya play the piano by giving him a treat for doing so. One day, Sonya played a CD in her car of a piano concerto and her dog began to howl. The dog learned to howl through operant conditioning and also demonstrated _____ of a learned response.

generalization

Marcia has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing the _____ versus stagnation state.

generativity

Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity, stagnation

Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity; stagnation

Elements of the scientific attitude do NOT include:

generosity

Biological influences

genetic predispositions, genetic mutations, natural selection of adaptive physiology and behaviors, genes responding to the environment

An individual's_ is composed of his or her 23 pairs of chromosomes.

genotype

The first 2 weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are termed the___ period.

germinal

Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of _____, such as denial before anger.

grief

According to the Gestalt psychologists' principle of proximity, humans tend to what?

group nearby figures together

Shaping was a method used by B. F. Skinner in order to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

Desean just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of a _____ behavior.

habitual

habitual behavior

bandura, observational

he famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____. Albert Bandura; observational learning B. F. Skinner; reinforcement and punishment Edward Tolman; cognitive maps Edward Thorndike; the law of effect

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

he has a flashbulb memory for this event.

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that:

he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles.

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve. The most common form of hearing loss (also called nerve deafness)

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness

Denise wears an extremely bright yellow safety sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.

high amplitude

You are waiting for your friend to give you a ride on his new motorcycle. As your friend pulls up the driveway, the brakes squeal loudly. You get on, and then your friend steps on the engine. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by _____ sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by _____ sound waves.

high-frequency; low-frequency

Research has shown that among American couples that live together before marriage, there are:

higher rates of divorce.

Snakes can detect infrared waves radiated by the bodies of their prey. As compared to humans, snakes can see _____ waves.

higher-wavelength

Watson is to behaviorism as Rogers is to _____ psychology.

humanistic

Shannon is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family. She does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend, when they don't always practice their religion during the week. Shannon has become able to see the _____ in her parents' lives.

hypocrisy

Keith is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Keith is in the stage of development called _____ versus role confusion.

identity

The process of developing a sense of _____ during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

identity

unconditioned stimulus (US)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

Unconditioned response (UR)

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth) EX: Just before placing food in the dog's mouth to produce salivation, Pavlov sounded a tone. After several pairings of tone and food, the dog, now anticipating the meat powder, began salivating to the tone alone. Later experiments, a buzzer, a light, a touch on the leg, even the sight of a circle set off the drooling (works w/people too) EX: when hungry young Londoners viewed abstract figures before smelling peanut butter or vanilla, their brain soon responded in anticipation to the abstract images alone

discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

frequency theory / temporal theory

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. (Also called temporal theory.) combining with volley principle nueron's combined firing frequency makes up for the fact that an individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second.

Operant chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

Variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses EX: a punch card that gets you a free coffee after 10 punches

Fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

This variable is the experimental factor that is manipulated.

independent

Money is to extrinsic reward as enjoyment of an activity is to _____ reward.

instrinsic

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of _____.

integrity

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of ______.

integrity

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of:

integrity

Madison has a job, a cat named Morris, and 32 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Madison is in the stage of development called _____ versus isolation.

intimacy

Freud's ideas of love and work correspond to Erikson's stages of:

intimacy and generativity.

A researcher would MOST likely find a(n) _____ correlation between scores on a measure of impulsivity and scores on a measure of self-control. a. inverse b. positive c. direct d. near-zero

inverse

_____ studies restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time

longitudinal

A research team has followed a large sample of men from their college graduation in 1955 through their retirement, trying to understand better how their cognitive abilities change over time. They interview and test these men once every 5 years. This would be considered a:

longitudinal method

The amplitude of a sound wave determines our perception of (loudness/pitch)

loudness

The longer the sound waves are, the ____ (lower/higher) their frequency and the (lower/higher) their pitch.

lower; lower

Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:

mature at an earlier age.

Chanice is 12 years old. When she woke up this morning she noticed blood on her bed. This has never happened before. Chanice is experiencing:

menarche

During middle adulthood, one major physical change for women is, which is often preceded by a decrease in estrogen production and a reduction in the size of the uterus.

menopause

perceptual set

mental tendencies and assumptions that set us up to perceive one thing and not another

Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.

middle

Currently, 61-year-old Jim is in a life stage called _____ adulthood.

middle

June is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

Pearl is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

Juanita is 56 years old. She is in which stage of adult development?

middle adulthood

In Erikson's theory, early adulthood is to intimacy as _____ is to _____.

middle age; generativity

While watching the movie Field of Dreams, Lizette becomes very emotional during the scene when the main character gets emotional after he asks his father to play catch. This empathetic response can be partially attributed to her _____ neurons.

mirror

Cognitive perspective

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Relative height, motion, size, and linear perspective are examples of _____ cues to depth perception.

monocular

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues to depth perception.

monocular

Compared to children not exposed to the adult model in Bandura's experiment, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ likely to lash out at the doll

much more likely

n Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll. unable much less likely much more likely equally likely

violence-viewing

n analysis of more than 3000 network and cable TV programs aired in the 1996-1997 season revealed that nearly 6 in 10 featured violence, that 74 percent of the violence went unpunished, that 58 percent did not show the victims' pain, that nearly half the incidents involved "justified" violence, and that nearly half involved an attractive perpetrator. These conditions define the recipe for the _____ effect described in many studies.

homicide

n the United States and Canada, _____ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.

Teaching a dog to touch a target with its nose is fairly easy, because it works with the dog's _____

natural instinct

Heredity versus environment is another of way of referring to the ______ debate.

nature versus nurture

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of: erratic behavior. negative reinforcement. secondary reinforcement. spontaneous recovery.

negative reinforcement.

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angles, or movement

A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is MOST likely to produce:

neurocognitive disorder

Physical exercise in adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. MOST specifically, therefore, exercise facilitates _____ in the _____.

neurogenesis hippocampus

According to the text, physical exercise in late adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. In other words, exercise facilitates ________ in the ________.

neurogenesis; hippocampus

Physical exercise in adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. MOST specifically, therefore, exercise facilitates _____ in the _____. a. plasticity; amygdala b. plasticity; hippocampus c. neurogenesis; hippocampus d. neurogenesis; amygdala

neurogenesis; hippocampus

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

neutral networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.

Carmen is driving at night in an unfamiliar city. Because the neighborhood looks dangerous, Carmen feels extremely alert. The neurotransmitter _____ is helping her cope with the stressful situation.

norepinephrine

Phantom limb sensations and other experiences of amputees show that the brain can produce pain in the absence of:

normal sensory input

Janine's Uncle comes to visit for a few days. He is a yoga instructor and practices yoga in Janine's living room. Near the end of his visit, Janine suddenly flops to the ground and does her best imitation of one of her Uncle's poses. Clearly she has learned via _____.

observation

Michael wanted to train his dog, Buddy, to come to him when called. Every time Michael called Buddy and he came, Michael would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Buddy would come every time he was called. Michael is using _____ conditioning to train Buddy.

operant

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of:

operant conditioning.

Dr. Adams is conducting a study about the relationship between short stature and shyness. Dr. Adams defines "short stature" as being 2 or more inches below the average height for an adult of one's gender. Dr. Adams' description of shortness is an example of a(n) _____ definition.

operational

Which of the following is a psychological factor that helps people flourish in later life?

optimistic outlook

stimulus substitution

original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities BEST illustrate our normal capacity for:

parallel processing

Whereas _____ processing is the brain's "default," _____ processing takes over when the task is complex or unfamiliar.

parallel; sequential

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

Gavin has brown hair and green eyes. He is outgoing and a risk-taker, and he excels at his job as a financial analyst. All of these observable traits are part of his:

phenotype

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:

piagets theory

Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much briefer, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.

pitch

The _____ effect means that experimental results are caused by expectations alone.

placebo

Under the surface of awareness, the brain is constantly changing, building new pathways as it adjusts to experience. This is called:

plasticity

Prosocial Behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. Opposite of antisocial behavior.

A _____ correlation indicates that two sets of scores tend to rise or fall together—for example, height and weight. A(n) _____ correlation indicates that two sets of scores have an inverse relationship: As one set goes up, the other goes down—for example, time spent brushing teeth and tooth decay.

positive; negative

With respect to correlations, direct is to inverse as _____ is to _____.

positive; negative

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, those who develop an abstract level of reasoning wherein they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self, have developed what is known as _____ morality.

postconventional

Faruq believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ______ morality.

postconventional

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality.

preconventional

During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect Kohlberg's____________ moral reasoning.

preconventional

Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a _____ morality.

preconventional

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

preconventional

preferred the cloth surrogate, even if it provided no food.

Rhonda is currently attending preschool. According to Piaget, Rhonda is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of:

priming

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Celia's neurons have probably started to _____.

prune

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's _____ development theory.

psychosocial

Thirteen-year-old Ariana is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has her mother very worried. Ariana is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the most likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?

pubertal hormonal surge and limbic system development

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Carol decides to send out a survey to see what her co-workers think of the new dress policy. If she chooses a sample of the population that gives each person an equal chance of participating, this would be a(n) _____ sample.

random

In the MOST common form of color blindness:

red and green cannot be distinguished.

Shaping

reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired behavior

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses

Fixed-Interval Schedule

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Variable-Interval Schedule

reinforces at unpredicted time intervals

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement EX: if you give your dog sometimes a treat, it will take longer for the dog to learn that action causes a treat

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs EX: If psychology teacher gives hw and checks it every time

applied research

research undertaken to solve a specific problem

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers because 3-D movies exaggerate _____ disparity.

retinal

Cones

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina, and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

Laurent is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity versus _____.

role confusion

Laurent is 16-years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity vs. _____.

role confusion

Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the __ reflex; it helps an infant to ___________

rooting; obtain food

A teacher who pushes children to go just beyond what they are competent and comfortable doing is using:

scaffolding

Piaget used the word ____to refer to a collection of ideas that functions as a basic unit of understanding.

schema

One of the important tasks of adolescence is to , that is, to find a sense of self based on values, beliefs, and goals.

search for identity

CS; US

secondary reinforcer; operant behavior negative reinforcer; operant behavior UR; CS CS; US

sectional

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus to the exclusion of others is called _____ attention.

selective

Preconventional moral reasoning is to conventional moral reasoning as _____ is to _____.

self-interest; social relationships

In Craik and Tulving's experiment, the deeper, ___________ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques.

semantic

Sofia is reading her psychology text. The stimulation of receptors in her retina is called _____.

sensation

_____ is the process by which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.

sensation

Detection is to interpretation as _____ is to _____.

sensation; perception

Olfaction

sense of smell

Gustation

sense of taste

In Piaget's theory, the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas is called_______. The process of restructuring ideas to make room for new information is called _______.

sensorimotor> preoperational > concrete operational > formal operational

Which sequence accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?

sensorimotor> preoperational > concrete operational > formal operational

sensory adaptation

While playing golf, James forgets that his sunglasses are on top of his head. As the day goes on, he forgets that he placed them there. This demonstrates the process of:

sensory adaptation

"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I do not even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the perceptual process of:

sensory adaption

One sense influencing the perception of another is known as:

sensory interaction

Sensory receptors

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

_____ processing occurs when just one aspect of a stimulus is processed at a time

sequential

Jane is watching her favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are: a. serotonin and norepinephrine b. ACh and GABA c. serotonin and ACh d. serotonin and GABA

serotonin and norepinephrine.

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates:

shape constancy.

Physical exercise in adulthood does NOT:

shorten telomeres

According to the textbook, bees can see ultraviolet radiation. As compared to humans, bees can see ____ wavelengths.

shorter

There are many computerized game programs that are designed to improve cognitive functioning and reduce cognitive decline by exercising both memory and attention. Research has shown that those who engage in such games:

show improvement in the practiced skills.

signal detection theory

Two Transportation Security Administration officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory

For older people, which of these is easiest to remember?

skills

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.

social

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new Cocker Spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

Bottom-up processing

starts at your sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.

Jenny has a great job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Most likely Jenny is:

struggling with intimacy issues.

Generalization

students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate? a. acquisition b. habituation c. generalization d. functional fixedness e. stimulus

_____ stimulation occurs below your absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

subliminal

Which of the following is a social-cultural factor that helps people flourish in later life?

support from family and friends

It would be harder for a person in late adulthood to win a game of Jeopardy because it:

takes longer to react

"All gone milk," says 2-year-old Wesley, placing the empty glass on the table. Wesley's remark exemplifies the language acquisition phenomenon called:

telegraphic speech.

Mind-to-mind communication is to _____ as mind over matter is to _____.

telepathy; psychokinesis

Tips of chromosomes are called _____.

telomeres

Characteristic differences in behavioral patterns and emotional reactions make up a person's:

temperament

Instinctive drift

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns. Biological restraints dispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.

Men experience a gradual decline in sperm count, _____, and speed of erection and ejaculation.

testosterone level

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

extrasensory perception

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

extrasensory perception (ESP)

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

Belle was admitted to hospice care several weeks before her ninetieth birthday. She remarked at least once that she "just wanted to make 90." Belle died 2 days after a small family celebration of her birthday at her bedside. This vignette BEST illustrates:

the death deferral phenomenon

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

Hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

Wavelength

the distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next.

children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.

the famous bobo doll study demonstrated

What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear?

the hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)

Learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

embodied cognition

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

embodied cognition

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.

Discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

the misinformation effect

Learned helplessness

the perception that we control our own fate is also called what A. Self-control B. Learned helplessness C. Internal locus of control D. External locus of control E. Emotion-focused coping

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups

Weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

Perception

the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, transforming it into meaningful objects and events

Learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors (we __ by association) Ex: we __ to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain (classical conditioning) Ex: we __ to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results (operate conditioning) Ex: we __ new behaviors by observing events and by watching others, and through language we learn things we have neither experienced nor observed (cognitive learning)

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response EX: A different picture emerged when Pavlov allowed several hours to elapse before sounding the tone again. After the delay, the dogs would again begin salivating to the tone.

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

vestibular

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue. When stimulated in combination, these receptors can produce the perception of any color

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory.

the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

behaviorism

the work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? a. humanism b. Gestalt psychology c. trait theory d. Behaviorism e. Neuropsychology

opponent-process theory

theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

Ethel loves to talk about when she and her husband first were married. She has so many stories about their struggles and accomplishments. This is common, as older adults tend to remember:

things that happened during their teens and twenties well

Martin was 25 years old when he moved to a new city. It is highly likely that when Martin is in late adulthood, this will be a vivid memory for him. This is because older adults tend to remember:

things that happened during their teens and twenties well.

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Clarissa's metabolism has been irregular. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _____ gland

thyroid

The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The A and H are nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects _____ processing.

top-down

An individual who seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender is called:

transsexual

According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the ______________ stage.

trust versus mistrust

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate _____ stimuli.

two

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of _____.

umami

An analysis of more than 3000 network and cable TV programs aired in the 1996-1997 season revealed that nearly 6 in 10 featured violence, 74 percent of the violence went unpunished, 58 percent did not show the victims' pain, nearly half the incidents involved "justified" violence, and nearly half involved an attractive perpetrator. These conditions define the recipe for the _____ effect described in many studies.

violence-viewing

According to the textbook, "gender roles can be acquired through observational learning." This means that gender roles may be acquired through:

watching others

classical conditioning

we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events. We learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crack of thunder; when lightening flashes nearby, we start to brace ourselves

the importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

what did Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner's experiments establish? a. that the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing the CS and the US b. that different species respond differently to classical conditioning situations c. the current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant conditioning d. that mirror neurons form the biological basis of classical conditioning e. the importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

a rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded

which of the following illustrates generalization? a. a rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded b. a dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer c. a light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it's turned on d. a pigeon whose disk-pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again e. a child is startled when the doorbell rings

Charlie has high blood pressure and diabetes. His physician has prescribed medications to treat his conditions. However, Charlie often forgets to take his medication. What could he do to help remember to take his medication on time? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. use mnemonics

write a note to himself

The physical features not associated with reproduction, but that become more distinct during adolescence, are known as

secondary sex characteristics.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:

Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development

Physical changes during middle adulthood include declines in hearing, eyesight, and height. Research suggests which of the following can help limit the shrinking process?

physical exercise

Critical periods suggest that:

they are a type of sensitive period of development, during which "certain capacities are readily shaped or altered by experience"

If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates: Question 3 options: a) classical conditioning. b) generalization. c) the law of effect. d) spontaneous recovery.

Jane had Leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became: Question 4 options: a) the conditioned stimulus. b) the neutral stimulus. c) the conditioned response. d) the unconditioned stimulus.

All of these things explain why Karen became nauseated at the sight of the restaurant: -Humans are biologically prepared to learn which foods make them sick. -The restaurant became a conditioned stimulus (CS) for nausea. -The nausea became associated with the restaurant.

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. Question 6 options: a) conditioned stimulus (CS) b) unconditioned response (UR) c) neutral stimulus d) conditioned response (CR)

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response? Question 5 options: a) repeated pairing of minor electric shock followed by immune enhancing drug b) repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye c) repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug d) repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a tone

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to: a) condition taste aversions in rats. b) decrease an undesirable behavior. c) explain how classical conditioning works. Correct Response d) guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

Generalization; discrimination

He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette

He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.

Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.

latent learning

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called:

Mirror neurons

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors.

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which of the following research studies would you conduct?

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational video games and then measure aggressive behaviors.

Ricky has had his driver's license for less than a year. Ricky absolutely loves driving any car. His love of driving gave him the idea of getting a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After having the job for 6 months one can predict that:

Ricky's love of driving would decrease.

Bandura

_____ highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior.

In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV. Correct Response a) homicide b) suicide c) graduation d) pregnancy

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he doesn't have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because: Correct Response a) short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity. b) the serial position effect is interfering. c) he is rehearsing too hard. d) his iconic memory is interfering.

One way to test memory is to check the speed of ___________ for things that we once learned but have since forgotten. Correct Response a) relearning b) retroactive interference c) priming d) proactive interference

You have been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. You are successful, and a couple of weeks later you come into work and your boss presents you with a bonus check. This best illustrates the value of: Correct Response a) positive reinforcement. b) secondary reinforcement. c) erratic behavior. d) negative reinforcement.

a broken mirror neuron system

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: a) spontaneous recovery. Correct Response b) observational learning. c) respondent behavior. d) operant conditioning.

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. a) with primary reinforcers; with secondary reinforcers Correct Response b) every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs c) at a variable rate; at a specific rate d) using positive reinforcement; using partial reinforcement

You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a rewards program. You read on further to find that the one dollar for every mile spent may not be such a great offer after all since getting a $500.00 airline ticket only happens after you acquire 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a ________ schedule. a) variable-interval Correct Response b) fixed-ratio c) fixed-interval d) variable-ratio

_________________ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. a) Neutral reinforcement Correct Response b) Negative reinforcement c) Moderate reinforcement d) Positive reinforcement

Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise. However, rats do learn to associate a taste with getting ill. Which of the following concepts best accounts for this observation?

biological preparedness

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? a) sensory neuron b) interneuron Correct Response c) mirror neuron d) motor neuron

In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll. a) much less likely b) equally Correct Response c) much more likely d) unable

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her: a) flashbulb memory. b) echoic memory. Correct Response c) short-term memory. d) long-term memory.

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: a) a response and its consequences. b) a neutral stimulus and a reward. Correct Response c) two stimuli. d) something observed and its consequences.

This activated memory holds a few items such as a phone number briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. a) immediate memory b) transitional memory Correct Response c) short-term memory d) long-term memory

Road construction prevents Binit from getting to campus using the route that he always travels. He thinks about the situation for a moment and then comes up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, Binit is using his _____ of the area to devise a different route.

cognitive map

A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the girl picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. Her behavior is similar to findings in studies conducted by: a) Watson. b) Skinner. c) Thorndike. Correct Response d) Bandura.

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: a) the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). b) organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. Incorrect Response c) rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste. Correct Answer d) rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking isn't necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which of the following arguments should she use to support her position? a) When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior. They simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place. b) Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem solving. c) Spanking can create fear in children. Correct Response d) All of these arguments support her position to avoid spanking.

Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _________________ viewers when later viewing other violent acts on television or in real life.

desensitizes

Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _________________ viewers when later viewing violent scenes on television.

desensitizes

Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but really he is focused elsewhere. When you ask him, "What did I just say?" he can sometimes repeat your last few words. This is likely due to:

echoic memory

encoding failure

The three steps in memory information processing are:

encoding, storage, retrieval

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____________ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____________ a behavior.

increase; decrease

Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine:

intrinsic motivation.

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply to both types of learning?

involuntary response to stimulus

Researchers often find it more challenging to train dolphins rather than dogs, even though dolphins are smarter. One of the reasons for this difficulty is that dolphins have _____ shared evolutionary heritage with humans than dogs, so they condition to stimuli that is different than what will affect dogs and humans.

less

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:

mirror neurons

Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

modeling

Children who have fathers who are incarcerated for committing violent crimes are at high risk for following the same path in life, unless the child is adopted near the time of his birth. Then, he is no more at risk for violence than the average child. This difference in outcome can be attributed to _____.

observational learning

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates:

observational learning

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physically abusive acts toward her mother. In her room she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning.

Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate incidence is learned through _____ and the area of the brain that models this behavior involves the _____.

observational learning; mirror neurons

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:

operant conditioning

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This known as:

priming

reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates:

repression

An understanding of the spacing effect provides insight into effective strategies for:

retention

she has formed a cognitive map of the area

Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:

source amnesia

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates:

source amnesia

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote:

survival

taste aversion

The three-stage model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account:

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

A guest will be spending time in your classroom. To make sure your students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who:

the children think is similar to them

At a block party, Cyndi meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates:

the serial position effect

Ever since she ate a chicken salad sandwich that had been sitting in the sun all day and vomited all over her boyfriend, Ashley becomes nauseated at the smell or taste of chicken salad. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

the smell or taste of chicken salad; nausea

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):

unconditioned response (UR)

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule.

variable-ratio

Seven-year-old Mark likes to watch Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles every day after school. When the program is finished, he meets his friends in his back yard and they playfully drop kick each other over and over. This eventually leads to real fighting between the children. This is an example of the:

Psych 32

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