psych 320 final

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)

"smashed."

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? Selected Answer: b.

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? Selected Answer: a.

Exemplar

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. Selected Answer: d.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? Selected Answer: a.

The conclusion is valid

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

Working units

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside Selected Answer: a.

a bumblebee.

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that Selected Answer: d.

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using Selected Answer:

a depictive representation.

Mental-scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT Selected Answer: d.

a spatial layout.

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be .

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation.

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

boat _______ - car ________.

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.

bottom-up; top-down

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to Selected Answer: d.

buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery. Selected Answer:

c. tacit-knowledge

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node. Selected Answer: b.

can fly; bird

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a ____ of a ____ syllogism.

conclusion; conditional

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as Selected Answer: d.

cryptomnesia.

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations.

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that Selected Answer: b.

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning.

deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.

deductive

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____.

fixation; pretty

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share.

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? Selected Answer: b.

Sparrow

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,

he should use his coin in the small machine.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the _______ property of language. Selected Answer: c.

hierarchical

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they

ignore the falsification principle

Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an ________ emotion. Selected Answer:

incidental

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) Selected Answer:

instrument inference.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is Selected Answer: d.

invalid.

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The validity of a syllogism depends on Selected Answer: d.

its form.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ________.

latent inhibition

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ Selected Answer: b.

less efficiently than normal.

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the Selected Answer: a.

match box can be used as a shelf.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

mental scanning

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.

script

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. Selected Answer: c.

semantic network

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________. Selected Answer: c.

sensory attributes; function

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

sequence of actions

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the Selected Answer: b.

size of the field of view.

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. Selected Answer: a.

sleep

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more Selected Answer: d.

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem. Selected Answer: c.

source

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on

structural features.

Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems.

structural; enhance

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information. Selected Answer: b.

superordinate level to basic level

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if Selected Answer: .

the box is empty

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the falsification principle.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories, Selected Answer: a.

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

The conjunction rule states that Selected Answer: b.

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because Selected Answer: b.

the solution is immediately obvious.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____.

tree; oak

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____. Selected Answer: b.

using visual images; deactivated

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is Selected Answer: a.

valid.

People tend to overestimate Selected Answer: c.

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think. Selected Answer: b.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem?

Social-exchange theory

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? Selected Answer: b.

Source monitoring

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

in the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of Selected Answer: a.

constructive memory processes.

Intermediate states can be created by Selected Answer: c.

creating subgoals.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved Selected Answer: b.

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory

involves making inferences.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving Selected Answer: a.

reorganization or restructuring.

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is Selected Answer: a. .

repeated recall

The radiation problem can be solved using Selected Answer: d.

representation and restructuring.

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the ____ decision of ____. Selected Answer: c.

irrational; accepting only high offers

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of Selected Answer: c.

retroactive interference.

the misinformation effect can be explained by

retroactive interference.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. Selected Answer: d.

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming.

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds.

2

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique? Selected Answer: a.

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?

3

Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?

30 degrees

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40%

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) ​ Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. Selected Answer: d.

583: 653: 518 msec

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing Selected Answer:

A and 13.

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? Selected Answer: d.

A field sparrow is an animal.

______ is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?

A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? Selected Answer: b.

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake mug

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? Selected Answer: c.

Communication

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? Selected Answer: c.

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. Selected Answer:

Gestalt psychologists

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? Selected Answer: b.

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? Selected Answer: a.

Languge has a structure that is governed by rules

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because Selected Answer: c.

MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

___ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. Selected Answer: d.

Retroactive interference

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem. Selected Answer: d.

Russian marriage

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? Selected Answer: d.

The tacit-knowledge explanation

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using Selected Answer: d.

an illusory correlation.

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as Selected Answer: a.

analogical transfer

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories Selected Answer: b.

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was

auditory from a female speaker.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) Selected Answer: d.

availability heuristic

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: a. well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis. b. restructuring, searching, and simulating. c. noticing, mapping, and applying. d. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing.

c

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game. Selected Answer:

c. inner audition

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves Selected Answer:

c. more exemplars than Bob's

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on Selected Answer: d.

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference. Selected Answer: c.

causal

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the Selected Answer: b.

confirmation bias.

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. Selected Answer: c.

constructive

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization. Selected Answer:

definitional

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to Selected Answer: c.

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The tuna swam away across the pond." Greg's friend, Matt, didn't believe his story because Matt knew that tuna are salt-water fish and aren't found in ponds. Greg's account contains Selected Answer: a.

descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents Selected Answer: b.

divergent thinking.

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and

dreams.

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n) Selected Answer: c.

epiphenomenon.

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of Selected Answer: a.

expected emotion.

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning.

familiarity

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem.

fragile glass structural

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy. Selected Answer:

gains; risk-aversion

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that Selected Answer: d.

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

imagery requires a special mechanism.

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research. Selected Answer: c.

in vivo problem-solving

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. Selected Answer: a.

inductive

Most of the coherence in text is created by Selected Answer:

inference.

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the

initial state.

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state.

intermediate

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry.

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved Selected Answer: a.

mental scanning.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

method of loci

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories.

method of loci

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying.

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) Selected Answer:

novel object

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators.

By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. Selected Answer: c.

opt-out procedure

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

According to the situation model of text processing, Selected Answer: d.

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), Selected Answer: c.

performance is better for the concrete task.

he application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.

permission schema

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

"3x + 9 = 16" is a _____ representation.

propositional

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves

sample size.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory. Selected Answer: d.

schemas

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

source misattribution

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations. Selected Answer: a.

spatial

In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. .

target; source

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's Selected Answer: c.

tendency to detect when others are cheating.

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when Selected Answer: c.

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is Selected Answer: c.

the falsification principle.

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by Selected Answer:

the framing effect.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristic

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves Selected Answer: b.

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine Selected Answer: a.

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.