Psych 4
communicating w/ a dying person
it is best for dying indiv to know that they are dying and that signif others know they are dying so they can interact and communicate w/ each other on the basis of this mutual knowledge dying indiv can close their lives in accordw their own ideas abt proper dying they may be able to complete some plans and projects, can make arrangements for survivors, and can participate in decisions abt a funeral and burial dying indiv have the oppurtunity to reminisce, to converse w/ others who have been important in their lives, and to end life conscious of what life has been like dying indiv haave more understanding of what is happening w/i their bodies and what the med staff is doing to them
advanced directives
legal documents stipulating what a patient wants concerning terminal care • A living will allows the patient to stipulate that life-sustaining procedures can be withheld under certain circumstances • Durable power of attorney authorizes a designated person to make medical decisions for an incapacitated patient
average differences between lower-SES and higher-SES parents
lower- more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations, create a home atmosphere in which it is clear that parents have authority over children, use physical punishment more in disciplining their children, and are more directive and less conversational w/ their children higher- more concerned w/ devel children's initiative and ability to delay gratification, create a home atmosphere in which children are more nearly equal partic and in which reules are discused as opposed to being laid down in an authoritarian manner, are less likely to use physical punishment, and are less directive and more conversational w their children
possible advantages/problems of living together and the general finding concerning marital satisfaction
more commitment, lower satisfaction, more neg communication, and more physical aggression lower rates of marital satisfaction and higher rates of divorce
name and describe typical aspects of grandparenting
The increase in average life expectancy over the 20th century (which we address in the final lecture) has influenced grandparenting. • For example, in 1900 only 4% of 10-year-old children had four living grandparents but that figure rose to more than 40% by the year 2000 • Many adults become grandparents for the first time during middle age. PSY2510 Ch 14 Lecture Notes - Page 8 of 9 Percent of wives and husbands at different stages of family life who reported their marriage is going well "all the time." • The number of grandchildren living with grandparents has increased in recent years in the U.S., although this living arrangement still does not apply to the majority of grandparents. • Most grandparents have regular contact with their grandchildren, especially grandmothers • Research consistently finds that grandmothers have more contact with grandchildren on average than do grandfathers • This is not usually the central relationship in the lives of either grandparents or grandchildren • The relationship is reported as satisfying by most grandparents
the importance of social support and social integrations and forms in commonly takes for older adults
The social convoy model of social relations proposes that we go through life embedded in personal network of individuals that provide social support. • Forms of support for older adults • Family • Spouses, and daughters especially, are most likely to provide support • Friends • Formal support, such as home care, adult day care, meals-on-wheels, etc. • Social support and social integration can have an important physical and psychological impact on individuals • helps individuals of all ages cope more effectively • improves mental and physical health • is linked to reduced symptoms of disease • is linked to longevity • emotionally positive social contact lowers depression
5 peer statuses
popular children- freq nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers average children- receive and average # of both pos and neg nominations from their peers neglected children- infreq nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers rejected children- infreqq nominated as someone's best friend and are activiely disliked by their peers controversial children- freq nominated both as someones best friend and as being disliked
ageism and the effects of stereotyping on older adults
prejudice against people because of their age, and is most often used to refer to bias against older adults. • Most ageist bias is based on the assumed frailty and ailments of old age • The personal consequences of negative stereotyping can be very serious for older adults
socioemotional selectivity theory
proposes that older adults become more selective in their social networks as a way of maintaining positive emotional adjustment and life satisfaction by: • decreasing contact with people who are not central to their lives • and spending more time with people who provide them emotional satisfaction.
activity theory
proposes that the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives • Today's elderly are more active than ever before
describe the functions of peer groups
provide a source of information and comparison abt the world outside the family; children receive feedback abt their abilities; evaluate what they do in terms of whether it is better than, as good as, or worse than other children do
active euthanasia
refers to the physician directly causing patient's death, such as injecting the patient with a lethal substance. It is sometimes called "mercy killing." • It is illegal and considered murder in all states, whether it's voluntary or involuntary • A majority of Americans oppose it • Voluntary active euthanasia, where the patient requests the physician to end his or life, is legal in some European countries
freq of sibling conflict w/ age
siblings in the presence of each other when they are 2-4 yrs on aveae have a conflict once every 10 min and then the conflicts decrease somewhat from 5-7 yrs
how gay male and lesbian relationships compare and constrast w/ those in heterosexual couples
similar: in their satisfactions, loves, joys, and conflicts; need to find a balance of romantic love,affection, autonomy, and equality that is acceptable to both adults different: more flexible in gender roles, the stigma, prejudice, and discrimination
cliques
small groups that range from 2-12 indiv and average abt 5 or 6 indiv clique members usually are of the same age and same sex and often enage in similar activities such as belonging to a club or participatinng in a sport
cross-cultural studies
studies that compare aspects of two or more cultures to provide info abt the degree to which devel is similar or universal across the cultures, or is instead culture-specific
changes in suicide rates from adoles through adulthood and old age
table pg 607
culture
the behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a goup of people that are passed on from generation to generation
reciprocal socialization
"socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. These reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes are sometimes referred to as transactional."
grief
the primarily negative emotions experienced in reaction to the loss of a loved one
constructive play
the self-regulated creation of something that requires focus and concentration, such drawing a picture.
mourning
the socially proscribed ways of expressing grief
coparenting
the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child
ethnocentrism
the tendency to consider one's own group sperior to other groups
pretense/symbolic play
uses objects in symbolic ways by pretending to use an object or situation in imaginative ways. Many consider the preschool years as the "golden age" of make-believe play.
passive euthanasia
withholding treatment to allow the patient's death. • State laws vary in the details, but passive euthanasia is allowed in all states in the U.S. • Public opinion favors it for the most part • For example, the legality of withholding extraordinary treatment like the use of respirators is supported by most people. • One area of controversy is concerning passive euthanasia is withholding nutrition and hydration to allow the patient to die as was the case with Terri Schiavo.
3 main causes for divorce for women and for men
women 1) verbal, physical or emotional abuse (23%) 2) alcohol or drug abuse (18%) 3) cheating (17%) men 1) no obvious problems, just fell out of love (17%) 2) cheating (14%) 3) different values, lifestyles (14%)
typical pattern of average ratings of marital satisfaction across the family life cycle found by cross-sectional studies
There has been much research that asks couples at different stages of marriage and family life to rate the quality of, or level of happiness or satisfaction with, their marital relationship • This research uses general assessments like "Would you rate your marriage as: very happy, happy, unhappy, very unhappy" or "I am very satisfied, etc. with my relationship with my spouse" or "My marriage is going well: all the time, most of the time, etc." • The typical pattern for ratings of general marital satisfaction across family life cycle is U-shaped, with high ratings preand post-childrearing, and lower ratings during the childrearing years, as illustrated in the top figure on the right. • This u-shaped pattern is very robust - meaning it has been found in study after study. The vast majority of these studies are cross-sectional, but this pattern has been found in longitudinal studies also. • Notice that in the graphs, you really only need three family life stages to describe the data - before kids; during kids; and after kids. • The lower figure on the right shows the actual findings from one study I happened to have handy. I should point out that the initial disparity between husbands and wives in this particular study is NOT typical. But at any rate, the general u-shape of the pattern is clear. Also notice that the average levels of reported marital satisfaction for the retirement age couples are as high as the levels for newlywed couples. PSY
3 important characteristics of sibling relationships
1) emotional quality of the relationship- intense positive and neg emotions are often expressed by siblings toward each other 2) familiarity and intimacy of the relationship- siblings typically know each other very well, and this intimacy suggests that they can ither provide support or tease and undermine each other, depending on the situation 3) variation of the relationship
2 major dimensions of child rearing
1) high acceptance and responsiveness or low acceptance and responsiveness parent is: accepted, responsive, warm or unresponsive, rejecting, cold, hostile 2) high demand and control or ow demand and control parent is: demanding, controlling, restrictive or permissive, undemanding, uncontrolling
4 types of child maltreatment
1) physical abuse: the infliction of phys injury; may not be intended to hurt the child 2) child neglect: failure to provide basic needs (phys, educational, or emotional) 3) sexual abuse: includes fondling genitals, intercourse,incest, rape,sodomy,exhibitionsm, and commercial expoitation through prostitution 4) emotional abuse: acts or amissions by parents that have caused / can cause serious behavioral, cog,or emoti prob
avoid phys punishment bc
1) when parents punish a chid by yelling, screaming or spanking they are presenting chidren w/ out of control models fo handling stressful situations (may imitate) 2) can instill fear, rage, or avoidance 3) tells chidren what not to do rather than what to do 4) parents might unintentionally become so emotionally aroused when punishing that they become abusive
the possible effects of the death of a life partner, including male/female differences
13% of men and 40% of women 65+ were widowed often suffer profound grief and often endure financial loss, loneliness, increased physical illness, and psychological disorders loss of a spouse increases the likelihood o psychiatric visits and an earlier death widowed indiv who reported higher marital quality subseq had more symptoms of depression after their spouse died seek to cope in various ways: more likely to intensify their religious and spiritual beliefs, lower level of grief; lower level of anger during bereavement benefit from social support the poorer and less educated they are, the lonelier they tend to be increased risk for health problems women do better than men bc women are responsible for the emotional life of a couple whereas men usually manage finances and material goods; thuse, women have better networks of friends, closer relationships w/ relatives and experience in taking care of themselves psychologically older widows do better than younger widows widowers have more money than widows do and are more likely to remarry volunteering and helping behavior improved to well-being
advantages of having children in one's 20s or in ones 30's
20's: parents probably have more physical energy which is needed for things like getting up in the middle of the night with infants • mother is less likely to have medical problems during pregnancy and childbirth • parents may be less likely to build expectations for their children, as do many couples who have waited years to have children 30's: having more time to consider life goals about family and career • being more mature and able to benefit from experiences to be more competent parents • being established in their careers and having more income for child-rearing expenses
% of american children that have siblings
80%
hormonal stress theory of biolog aging
Aging of the hormonal system lowers resistance to stress and increases likelihood of disease • With age, levels of stress hormones remain elevated following stress • These hormonal changes may be related to age related declines in immune system function
4 parenting styles that come from combining the dimensions
Authoritative parents: (acceptance/responsiveness: HIGH; demand/control: moderately HIGH) [Note: The textbook's organization of the dimensions of parenting only allows for "High" and "Low" so we put authoritative as "high control," but they are not as strict and controlling as authoritarian parents. But they certainly are not permissive. So I say "moderately high."] • Combine being controlling and restrictive with being responsive and emotionally warm • There are rules and consequences, but there is also some flexibility, giving the child some freedom within well-defined limits • Parent is nurturing, will engage in some give-and-take, and is responsive to the child's input • Verbal means of discipline used and rules are consistently applied and explained • If a child asks, "Why should I (do this)?" an authoritative answer tries to explain why. • Indulgent parents: (acceptance/responsiveness: HIGH; demand/control: LOW) • Combine permissiveness and not making demands with being responsive and emotionally warm • Parent is involved with child, encourages self-expression, and wants child to be happy • Few rules are set or enforced and the child is usually allowed to do what he or she wants • Discipline tends to be lenient or inconsistent (i.e. sometimes the child is disciplined, but usually he or she gets away with the behavior) • If a child asks, "Why should I (do this)?" an indulgent answer tries to give some explanation, but with child knowing the parent will not persist in trying to enforce the rule, or communicating that other people (like teachers, etc) are more concerned about the rule than the parent. • Authoritiarian parents: (acceptance/responsiveness: LOW; demand/control: HIGH) • Combine being controlling and restrictive with being unresponsive and emotionally cold • Stress rules and obedience and do not seek or accept input or questions from the child • If a child asks, "Why should I (do this)?" an authoritarian answer is, "Because I said so." • Strict and likely to use physical punishment as part of discipline • Neglectful parents: (acceptance/responsiveness: LOW; demand/control: LOW) • Combine not making demands or exerting control with being unresponsive and uncaring • Parent is self-absorbed and more interested in own activities and concerns than the child's • Parent is uninvolved and emotionally detached from child. • Parent is neglectful and possibly rejecting and hostile if parent sees child as demanding too much attention and bothering the parent • Few rules are set or enforced • If a child asks, "Why should I (do this)?" a neglectful answer communicates that the parent really doesn't care what the child does as long as the parent doesn't have to get involved.
average rating of marital happiness over the past few decades in the US
Average ratings of marital happiness have declined in recent decades in the U.S. as seen in the figure on the right. • Notice that a higher percentage of men than women report being in a very happy marriage at all time periods in the surveys
cellular clock theory (Hayflick limit, telomeres)
Cellular clock theory • Cells are only capable of a limited number of divisions • The Hayflick limit is maximum number of doublings in a cell culture • See Video Clip #2 • The Hayflick limit corresponds to maximum life span in a species • The limit on cell division may be caused by telomeres, (DNA on the tips of chromosomes) decreasing with each replication • It is not clear if these processes work the same in cells in a living organis
child effects on parents
Child Effects Before discussing the next subtopic, I would like you to consider this study by Kathleen Anderson et al., that examined how mothers with sons who had been diagnosed with conduct disorder and mothers of "normal" boys interacted with conducted disordered and "normal" boys. • Conduct disorder involves long-term behavior problems in children and adolescents. These kids tend to be impulsive, hard to control, and unconcerned about others' feelings. Symptoms may include defiant or impulsive behavior, drug use, and cruel, aggressive, or criminal behavior, such as bullying, setting fires, or vandalism. It is diagnosed far more commonly in boys than in girls. • The study observed the mothers in three separate 15-minute sessions: interacting with 1) her own son; 2) a different boy from the same category as her son (i.e. conduct disordered or normal), and; 3) a third boy who was from the category different from her son's. • The design is illustrated in the table on the next page.***
3 styles of grandparenting
Companionate grandparents have fairly frequent contact with their grandchildren. They share activities together, but the grandparents do not provide much if any direct caregiving to their grandchildren • Remote grandparents are primarily symbolic figures who have little and infrequent direct contact with their grandchildren. These grandparents tend to be both geographically and emotionally distant from their grandchildren. • Involved grandparents have very frequent contact with their grandchildren and provide much direct caregiving and "parenting" of their grandchildren.
5 functions of friendship
Companionship - a familiar partner and playmate, someone willing to spend time and participate in activities with us • Stimulation - provides interesting information, excitement, and amusement • Ego support - the expectation of support, encouragement, and feedback, that helps us maintain a positive self-image • Social comparison - gives us someone against whom we can judge our own competencies • Affection and intimacy - a warm, close, trusting relationship with another individual • Intimacy in friendships - self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts. • Research reveals that intimate friendships may not appear until early adolescence
recent trends in marriage rates in the US and reasons
Decrease: 70%->little over 50% More adults are remaining single longer, with 27% of U.S. adults currently having never married. • The average age at first marriage has increased in recent decades: • In 1970, average at first marriage was about 21 for women and about 23 for men. • In 2010 the average age at first marriage had increased to about 26 for women and 28 for men. • The increase in cohabitation and a slight decline in the percentage of divorced individuals who remarry also contribute to the decline in marriage rates in the U.S.
% of adults who currently marry in the US and changes in the age at first marrriage
Despite the decline in marriage rates, the U.S. is still a marrying society • Currently, about 70% of Americans have been married at least once. • Only 8% of all individuals in the U.S. who reach the age of 65 have never been married. • About 85-90% of adults in U.S. will marry at some point in their lives.
parent-emerging adult relations
Emerging adults' relationships with their parents usually improve when they leave home. • They often grow closer psychologically to their parents and share more with them than they did before they left home. • One challenge is having adult status in some areas while still depending on parents in other areas. • Parents often provide support for their emerging adult children even after they leave home. • In successful emerging adulthood, individuals separate from parents without completely cutting off ties with them.
the empty nest and parents' typical reaction to it
Empty Nest • The empty nest refers to that period in a parent's life after the last child has departed and is no longer living with the parents. • Most commonly, parents react positively to the empty nest • Marital satisfaction tends to increase after the children have been "launched" into adulthood • Most couples move toward more equity in gender roles starting in the empty nest period • Only a small percent of parents have great difficulty in adjusting to the empty nest
total brain death
Total brain death is the most widely accepted definition of death in the U.S. • "Total" brain death means that both the upper regions (cerebrum) where mental processes occur and the lower regions (e.g., brainstem) that control breathing, etc. are irreversibly dead. • Criteria for determining total brain death • Patient is totally unresponsive to stimuli • Patient fails to move and fails to breathe on their own • Patient displays no reflexes • Patient has a flat EEG • These four criteria indicate both regions of the brain are not functioning. An EEG is a recording of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex and a flat line would indicate no activity.
ways in which family relationships and adult friendships differs
Family relationships are more likely to: • be ascribed and obligatory • contain social and legal obligations • be very difficult to end • be ones that you cannot choose to replace • focus on past events and issues • contain intergenerational relationships • contain opposite gender relationships Friendships outside the family are more likely to: • be self-chosen and optional • contain few if any social or legal obligations • be less difficult to end • allow replacement with someone else • focus on one's current situation in life • be with others who are similar in age • be with people of the same gender
Kubler-Ross's five stages of dying
From her work with terminally ill patients, psychiatrist Elizabeth Kübler wrote a very influential book, On Death and Dying in which she proposed five stages in the dying process: • Denial and isolation • Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance Evaluation of Kubler-Ross's work • Strengths and contributions • Her pioneering work called attention to the emotions and coping of terminal patients • Encouraged changes in the care of terminal patients and their families • See Video Clip #6 • Criticisms and limitations • Research fails to confirm a stage sequence in the dying process • Stage descriptions do not take into account patient's total life situation • Ignores individual differences in personality • Research shows dying evokes a variety of primarily negative emotions, but in no particular order
mitochondrial theory
Mitochondria are tiny structures inside the nuclei of our cells that supply energy for the growth, functioning, and repair of the cell • The mitochondria decay with aging and increase the damage done by oxidative free-radicals
typical gender differences in adult friendship and the importance of friendships in late adulthood
More characteristic of women's friendships • a greater number of close friends • having more intimate friendships • engaging in conversations • expressing feelings, discussing problems • revealing weaknesses to friends • want friends to listen and be sympathetic • less competitive • fewer disagreements with friends More characteristic of men's friendships • fewer close friends • keeping an emotional distance with friends • engaging in activities, especially outdoors • sharing information • avoiding talking about their weaknesses • want practical advice rather than sympathy • more competitive • disagree with friends more Friendships During Late Adulthood • Older adults tend to choose close friends over new friends and are content with a small social network as long as it contains several people they are close to • As can be seen in the figure • younger adults are happier interacting with new than with older friends • while older adults' happiness is the same for new friends and longtime friends • Research also finds that: • friendships were better predictors of mental health in older adults than family relationships • depression in old age is linked to a person having social contacts that are limited to family members • close ties with friends is related to lower death rates, especially for older women • unwed older adults with a friend-focused social network are healthier on average than unwed individuals whose social network is restricted to family and includes very little contact with friends
common difference in mother-infant and father-infant interaction
Mothers tend to Fathers tend to Time Spent spend more time and interact more often with their children, especially infants spend less time and interact less frequently with their child Major Activity perform most of the physical care, cleaning, and feeding of their child mostly play with their children Style of Play verbalize more during play and engage in quiet, soothing play activities more be louder, more physical, and rowdy when playing with their young child Gender Typing engage in gender typing, but show more equality in how they interact with their sons and daughters than fathers do show more differential treatment of sons and daughters and be more concerned about gender behavior than mothers
major dimensions of grief
Numbness and disbelief • survivor feels disoriented, dazed, and that things seem strange and unreal • they also may deny the death, insisting a mistake has been made • high immediately after the death, and drops sharply after week or two • Yearning (or separation anxiety) • intense longing for the loved one, possibly guilt, anger, resentment • peaks around 1 ½ to 2 months and declines by 5 or 6 months • Disorganization, despair, depression • life seems meaningless and hopeless and the survivor feels extreme sadness • steady rise to about 5 months, then slowly declines • Resolution and reorganization • survivor gradually begins to accept the loss both intellectually and emotionally and adjusts to life without the loved one's presence • usually about 1 to 2 years after the death
benefits of a good marriage
On average, happily married people live longer, healthier lives than those who are divorced or unhappily married. • The longer women were married, the less likely they were to develop a chronic health condition. • The longer men were married, the lower their risk of developing a disease. • Spending a lower portion of one's life in marriage was linked to an increased likelihood of dying at an earlier age
during emerging adulthood
While there are some similarities between the two, there are also some common differences and relationships with family members are more likely to provide some things for the individual while friendships with persons outside of one's family are more likely to provide other things.
typical effects of becoming parents on the couple
One issue is that becoming parents means that there is simply more work, duties, and responsibilities for the parents to handle • Most couples move in the direction of traditional gender roles and division of household labor with the mother usually taking on most of the child care duties and fathers feeling more pressure to provide financially (Fits well with Guttman's work on the "parental imperative" and adult gender role development from Ch 12) • Marital satisfaction tends to decrease for most (but not all) couples after they have children • These findings are common experiences for both new fathers and mothers, but usually more so for the new mom. Becoming a parent tends to demand more adaptation from and is a more intense experience for women than for men, on average.
crowds
a larger group than a clique. adoles usually are members of a crowd based on reputation and may not spend much time together many crowds are defined by the activities in which d
dual-process model of coping w/ bereavement
a model of coping w/ bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between loss-oriented stressors and restoration-oriented stressors
hospice
a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible; goals of hospice contrast w/ those of a hospital, which are to cure disease and prolong life
euthanasia
a refers to medical personnel taking actions that hasten a patient's death
developmental functions play serves for children
Play can serve a number of developmental functions, such as • Improvement and maintenance of good physical health • Affiliation and interaction with peers • Advancing cognitive development • Practice of competencies and skills • Providing stimulation and opportunities for creativity and exploration • Tension release and mastering anxiety and conflicts • play therapy, for example
bereavement
a state of loss. A bereaved person recently experienced the death of a loved one
games
activities engaged in for pleasure that have rules and often involve competition
describe the devel changes in peer relations in childhood
age 3- prefer same-sex freq of peer interaction (both pos and neg) pick up considerably the proportion of aggressive exhanges decrease children distinguish between friends and non-friends reciprocity becomes especially important in peer interchanges increase in size of peer goup and peer interaction is less closely supervised by adults
play
an enjoyable activity done for its own sake
research findinds on the effects of phys punishment
associated w/ higher levels of immediate compliance and aggression by children; lower levels of moral internalization and mental health
life expectancy
can be calculated for any age group, but unless an age is specified, the term refers to what is technically called life expectancy at birth - number of years an average newborn is expected to live • The most common basis for life expectancy is the average age at death for a given year.
less conservative position on this issue
Some experts argue for a less conservative definition than total brain death, and propose that death should be defined by the cerebral cortex being irreversibly dead, even if the lower parts of the brain are still functioning. • This "less conservative" definition is what is technically called a "persistent vegetative state," where the person shows no consciousness (i.e., the cerebral cortex is not functioning) but given nutrition, the body is staying alive. • You may have heard of the controversial case of Terry Schiavo from 2005. She was in this state and the controversy was over stopping nutrition which would cause her death.
recent trends in divorce rates in the us and which groups tend to have higher divorce rates
declined from 5.1 per 1000 to 3.6 per 1000; highest divorce rates in the world; youthful marriage, low educational level, low income, not having a religious affiliation, having parents who are divorced, and having a baby before marriage; alcoholism, psychological problems, domestic violence, infidelity, and inadequate division of household labor
recent trends in the % of single adult in the US and the reasons for these changes
drastic increase (46% in 2009 for those 25-34 yrs); bc of rising rates of cohabitation and a trend towad postponing marriage
palliative care
emphasized in hospice care; involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die w/ dignity
collectivism
emphasizing values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, supporting interdependence of members, and promoting harmonious relationships
descibe how gender and age influence the gender composition of peers groups, group from childhood to adoles
gender comp- around the age of 3, children perfer same same; 4-12 yrs this preference for playing in same-sex groups increases group size- about 5 yrs of age onward, boys tend so associate in lager clusters than girls do girls are more likely than boys to play in groups of two or three interaction in same-sex groups- boys are more likely to participate in organized group game than girls are more likely to engage in rough-andtumble play, competition, conflict, ego displays, risk taking, and dominance seekin; boys groups seek to attain a group goal; girls are more likely to engage in "collaborative discourse"
individualism
giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; emphasizing values that serve the self, such as feeling good, obtaining personal distinction through achievement and preserving independence
disenfranchised grief
grief involving a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss that can't be openly mourned or supported
divorce rates for couples who cohabit before getting married
increase for first-marriage couples who are not engaged first; increase for second-marriage couples regardless
recent trends in the # of cohabiting couples
increased dramatically since 1970; w/ more than 75% cohabiting prior to getting married;
peers
indiv who share the same age or maturity level
characteristics of individualistic and collectivistic cultures
indiv- involves giving priority to personal goals ; emphasizes values that serve the self collect- emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, suppoting interdependence of the members, and promoting harmonious relationships
dvelopmental changes in time spent by 8-18 yr olds w/ different types of media
The figure shows some of the findings of the most recent (2010) report of the ongoing series of studies by the Kaiser Family Foundation on media use. (It is Figure 15.7 on page 539 of your text.) • The graph shows the average amount of time (in hours per day) spent with various types of media by young people aged a) 8-10 years; b) 11-14 years; and c) 15-18 years. • You should be familiar with the age trends shown in the results. • The difference between "Total media use" and "Total media exposure" has to do with media "multitasking". • For example, if I spend one hour listening to music while playing a video game, my media use was one hour, but I was exposed to two hours of media (one hour music and one hour of video game) during the one hour I used the media.
leading cause of death for diff age groups
infancy/early childhood (0-4): SIDS, perinatal hazards, accidents childhood (5-14): accidents, cancers, homicide adoles (15-24): accidents, homicide, suicide early adulthood (25-44): HIV, accidents, cancers middle age (45-64): cancers, heart disease, accidents late adulthood (65+): heart disease, cancers, stroke
sensorimotor play
infant behavior for manipulating objects and exploring their environment.
factors that influence their adjustment
infant has an easy temperament as opposed to a difficult temperament • parents are mature and have realistic expectations as opposed to being very young and without much life experience, such as with teenage parents • parent has good social support such as from the other parent, family members, friends, and one's employers to help when difficulties arise • parents are at least somewhat "established" and are financially secure • Stated more broadly, characteristics of the child, of the parents, and of the social context surrounding the family interact to influence the functioning and development of the family unit and its members.
minimal grief
involves experiencing few grief symptoms and minimal life disruption • Together, common and minimal grief can be viewed as normal, uncomplicated grief
social play
involves interacting, sharing, and cooperating with others.
common grief
involves modest disruptions in cognitive, emotional, physical, and social functioning that last about a year
prolonged/complicated grief
involves severe and enduring grief symptoms lasting (unresolved) through the second year and possibly beyond
effects of media on devel
• Aggression • Exposure to media violence is only one influence on aggression, but it does seem to have some effect • Children and adolescents who • extensively play violent electronic games are more aggressive and commit more delinquent acts than young people who do not play violent video games • experience much media violence are more likely to view world as a dangerous place and aggression as acceptable than are young people who experience little media violence PSY2510 Ch 15 Lecture Notes - Page 5 of 5 • Prosocial behavior (prosocial is the opposite of antisocial, and refers to showing concern for and helping other people) • Here is brief summary of just a few studies of the effects of exposure to prosocial media • Singaporean middle school students who played prosocial video games later behaved in more prosocial ways than students who had not played the video game • A longitudinal study of Japanese children and adolescents found that playing prosocial video games at a younger age predicted increases in prosocial behavior at a later age • U. S. college students who were randomly assigned to play prosocial video games later acted more prosocially toward another student who appeared to need help than the students in the control group. • Academic achievement • TV and video games can potentially have positive effects: • for example, viewing educational programs like Sesame Street or Mr. Roger's Neighborhood as preschoolers is related to positive outcomes through high school, including higher grades, reading more books, and enhanced creativity • Or TV and video games can potentially have negative effects, for example: • in general, the more children and adolescents watch TV, the lower their school achievement • children's reading achievement is negatively linked with the amount of time they watch TV • children who are heavy TV watchers tend to view books as dull and boring • Reasons why TV might negatively affect academic performance • Interference - TV can distract children while they are doing cognitive tasks, such as homework • Displacement - TV can take time and attention away from achievement-related tasks, like homework, reading, writing, and mathematics • Self-defeating tastes and preferences - TV attracts children to entertainment, sports, commercials, etc. that capture their interest more than school does
typical child characteristics associated w/ the four parenting styles
• Children of authoritative parents tend to be cheerful, friendly, cooperative, socially responsible, self-controlled, self-reliant, achievement-oriented, well-adjusted, and to cope well with stress. • Children of indulgent parents tend to be self-centered and to expect to get their way. They tend to have difficulty in relationships with others and in controlling their behavior, such as being bossy, disrespectful, noncompliant, rebellious, and impulsive. • Children of authoritarian parents tend to be moody, unhappy, fearful, easily annoyed, unpleasant, anxious about comparing themselves with others, withdrawn, aimless, lacking in initiative, and to have weak communication skills. Sons of authoritarian parents may behave aggressively. • Children of neglectful parents tend to be socially incompetent, immature, lacking in self-control, low in self-esteem, and to have difficulty being independent. They often display behavior problems such as aggression and tantrums. They often become hostile, antisocial, adolescents who abuse alcohol and drugs, engage in delinquency, resent authority and may be alienated from the family.
major characteristics of friendship during childhood
• Children use friends as cognitive and social resources • Not all friends and friendships are equal • supportive friendships are advantageous • coercive, conflict-ridden friendships are not advantageous • Friends are generally similar in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, and many other factors ("homophily"
devel of the understanding of and attitudes towards death
• Infancy • Infants have no concept of death • Babies can experience a sense of loss or separation from a caregiver who dies • Losing a parent, especially if the caregiver isn't replaced, can negatively affect the infant's health • Children's understanding of death • There are four components of a complete understanding of death as a concept • finality - death is final, it brings all processes of a living organism to an end • irreversibility - death cannot be reversed; a dead person or animal cannot come back to life • universality - all living things eventually die; it does not happen just to some • biological causality - internal damage and bodily processes cause death • Development • 3-5 years - confused about death, believe it's reversible, don't understand causation • 6-9 years - understand death happens, but think only to some people; after age 7, some understanding of biological causality • 9 years and older - understand death is universal, final, and irreversible • Adolescence • To most adolescents, death seems a remote possibility • Tend to be somewhat egocentric with feelings of "invincibility" • Develop more abstract, philosophical, and often religious views of death • Adulthood • Death anxiety refers to expressions of fear and concern over one's own death • Who reports more death anxiety on surveys? • By gender - women report more death anxiety than men • Note that while women report more anxiety about death on average, it is possible that there is Ch 17 & Ch 3 p114-118 Lecture Notes- Page 4 of 5 a response bias such that men might be more reluctant to express the anxiety. So while women do report more death anxiety we can't be 100% sure they actually experience it more than men. • By religiousness - people who are less devout report more death anxiety than those who are more religiously devout • By personality - people who have lower self-esteem report more death anxiety than those with higher self-esteem • By age (in adulthood) - middle aged report the most death anxiety, then young adults, and elderly adults report the least. • See Video Clip #3 and #4 for typical death anxiety responses of elderly subjects • Age differences in concerns about death: • Young adults are especially concerned with reaching goals, experiencing life, and having close relationships • Middle-aged adults most frequently express concerns about the welfare of their loved ones • Elderly adults are especially concerned with making sense of their lives • Notice how well the themes expressed by these age groups concerning death fit with Erikson's psychosocial crises of intimacy during early adulthood, generativity during middle adulthood, and integrity during old age
life span (max life span)
• Life span (or maximum life span) is an upper limit on how long a member of a species could potentially live • In humans, the maximum life span is about 125 years
reasons for this pattern
• Now let's look at the reasons for the u-shaped pattern in ratings of marital satisfaction: • There are two main reasons for initial decline in ratings: 1. The stress of childrearing • The first reason for the decline in marital satisfaction is obvious. Although having and raising children brings some joys that cannot be gained in any other way, it also brings certain stresses that often turn the couple's focus away from each other. 2. The length of the marriage • The second reason is less obvious, but the couples who are raising children have usually been married longer than those who haven't had kids yet. As seen in the figure on the right, satisfaction tends to decrease some after the couple has been married a few years. • There are three main reasons for the upturn and the high ratings among elderly couples: 1. Previous stressors may have lessened (eg. childrearing, time together, work stress, in-law problems, finances, etc.) • The first reason should be obvious, if raising kids tends to push couples apart and lower satisfaction, then being done with active child-rearing should reverse the trend. 2. Happier marriages are more likely to survive into old age • This reason might not be as obvious. Remember that these are cross-sectional studies that we are mainly looking at, so we are comparing different couples at the same point in time. If a couple was unhappy, they are much more likely to divorce before the retirement years. So the retired couples may have been happier all along. 3. Cohort differences in expectations • The third reason also relates to cross-sectional studies. Remember from Ch 1 that in cross-sectional studies, age is confounded with cohort. It is quite possible that couples that grew up decades ago had different expectations a "happy" marriage. Couples raised in more recent decades may have different standards for saying they are satisfied. • If you look back at the second figure on the first page of these lecture notes, notice how average ratings of marital happiness decreased from the early 1970s to the early 2000s. This supports the idea that older birth cohorts are more likely to report higher levels of marital satisfaction than more recent birth cohorts. • Finally, notice that all three reasons are pushing the averages of the retired couples in the same direction - to high average levels of reported satisfaction.
during adoles
• Peer popularity is a strong motivator for most children who focus on being liked by many and on being included in activities • Starting in early adolescence, teens begin to prefer smaller groups and more intimacy • Harry Stack Sullivan proposed that peer friendships help shape development • everyone has basic social needs and whether or not these needs are met influences our emotional health • during adolescence friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs by • being sources of attachment, play, intimacy, social fulfillment • reassuring worth, sharing information • Research supports these ideas and shows that from childhood through adolescence, people rely on friends more and more, and on parents less and less, for disclosing intimate and personal information, as can be seen in the figure on the right. • Gender differences • Girls tend to be more intimate with friends and more open in self-disclosure than boys • Boys tend to focus on power and excitement more than girls and may think that sharing feelings and problems is not masculine and discourage one another from self-disclosure
recent trends in the timing of parenthood in us
• The average age at the birth of one's first child has increased in recent years in the U.S. • From 21 years old in 2001 to about 25 years old in 2005. • The number of women who are not having children has also increased • The percentage of 40- to 44-year-old women who remain childless (or as I like to call it - "childfree") increased from 10% in 1976 to 20% in 2006.
major contexts in which americans typically die advantages and disadvantages of these
more than 50% of americans die in hospitals 20% die in nursing homes 71% preferred to be at home if they were near death 15% preferred a hospice/palliative care facility, 7%a hospital, 2% a nursing home many believe that dying at home is a burden, as there is limited space and may alter relationships indiv who are facing death also worry abt the competency and availability of emergency med treatment if they remain at home
assisted (or physician assisted) suicide
providing patient the means, such as writing a prescription for a lethal dose, so that the patient can kill himself or herself • The legal system is divided and evolving on this issue • It is legal in two states (Oregon, Washington), decriminalized in one (Montana) and being debated in other states • Public opinion is more split on this issue
common misconceptions
one masc and one fem in only a small % only a small segment have a large number of sex partners about half of committed gay couples do have an open relationship that allows the possibility of sex (but not affectionate love) outside of the relationship (not typically lesbian)
average life expec by gender and race
overall: all races: 78 white: 78 aa: 73 male all races: 75 white 76 aa 70 female all 80 white 81 aa 77
common effects of divorce on children and families
pg 408
longitudinal women's health initiative study of widowhood and health
pg 614
devel consequences of abuse
poor emot regulation, attachment prob, prob in peer relation, diff in adapting to school, and other psychol prob such as depression and delinquency
disengagement theory
proposes that to cope effectively with old age, older adults should gradually withdraw from the major social roles of adult life and pursue private activities • At the same time, society is disengaging from the older individual • It views mutual disengagement as adaptive and satisfying for both the individual and society
% of ppl in the US not married by 65
8%
socioeconomic status (SES)
a grouping of ppl w/ similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
practice play
repetition of behavior for physical and mental mastery
typical aspects of parent-adoles relations
• The basic challenge for the developing adolescent is to gain some autonomy and independence from one's family in preparation for life as adult, while at the same time maintaining a connection to one's family and a secure attachment to one's parents. This obviously is a challenge for the parents as well. • Adolescence was sometimes seen as a time of "storm and stress," extreme emotions, and conflict. • It is true that parent-adolescent conflict does tend to increase during early adolescence, but usually not to the extent often portrayed • The conflict usually involves everyday events of family life, such as cleaning up after oneself and coming home on time. The conflicts rarely involve major problems like drugs or delinquency. • The increased conflict in early adolescence may be due to a number of factors: • the biological changes of puberty • cognitive changes involving increased idealism and logical reasoning • social changes focused on independence and identity • maturational changes in parents • expectations that are violated by parents and adolescents • Conflict usually decreases as the child moves from early to late adolescence • Moderate conflict may serve a function, with disputes and negotiations helping the adolescent transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous individual • Adolescents struggle for autonomy, which parents sometimes see as rebellious. • It is healthy for parents to encourage teen decision-making as the adolescent develops • It is unhealthy for parents to get locked into power struggles with teen • Although in most families parents and adolescents successfully negotiate the minor conflicts, about 20% of families experience prolonged and intense conflict during the child's adolescence.
3 models of parent-child influence
• The parent-effects model holds that parents influence their children. • The child-effects model holds that children influence their parents; that parents react to the child. • The transactional model proposes a bidirectional, reciprocal influence between parent and child.
what accounts for the great increase in life expectancy over the 20th century in the US
• There was a tremendous increase in life expectancy in U.S. over the 20th century. • In 1900 average life expectancy was 47 years • In 1997 it was 76 years • The major reasons for the increase • decreased infant mortality • older people living longer • A common misconception is that since life expectancy is the average age at death, that it is also the age at which most people die. This would only be true if death rates by age followed the normal bell-shaped distribution, but they do not. There are two times in the life span when people are especially likely to die: in infancy and in old age. In 1900 when life expectancy in the U.S. was 47 years, most people did not die around that age (middle age). As can be seen in the figure, many died in infancy. If they made it past toddlerhood, most then died in old age. So decreases in infant mortality lead to increases in life expectancy. Of course, over the last century older people are living longer as well, which can also be seen in the graph.
free radical theory
• Unstable oxygen molecules with an extra (free) electron react with and damage cells • This damage eventually outpaces the cells' ability to repair the errors
