Psych 4 Exam

Alarm stage

- sympathetic activation/ fight or flight; HPA axis activation; increase blood pressure, increase circulating glucose

Type C personality

-pleasant but repressed -internalizes anger and anxiety -finds expressing emotions difficult-higher cancer rates - associated with decreased immune response;related to increased stress hormones

Type B personality

-relaxed and laid-back, slow to anger -less driven and competitive than Type A

coping strategies

1. when a bad mood strikes stop and think about what just went through your head 2.When you've recognized those negative statements, treat them ad if they came from someone else- someone who is trying to make your life miserable. Think about what the damage the statement is doing to you. 3. Argue with those thoughts

Cognitive-mediational theory of emotions (Lazarus)

2 step process 1. primary appraisal: estimating severity and classifying it as threat, challenge, or harm/loss Challenge-->>success Threat/harm--->> increased stress reactions 2. secondary: after primary, must estimate resources available for coping with stressor Social support, money, time, energy, ability etc.

Who said, "The intensity and chronicity of human stress is governed largely by perceived control over the demands of one's life"?

A. Albert Bandura

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?

A. Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.

Who developed biofeedback as a technique to treat combat stress?

A. Gary Schwartz

Marcy is in a car accident. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

A. acute

Which of the following is an example of a stressor?

A. being in car accident

Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

A. depersonalization

________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors.

A. flow

which of the following is a good example of a response-based definition of stress?

A.Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife.

The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds conducts rigorous academic research on ________.

A.healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion, and mindfulness

Type A personality

Ambitious, extremely hardworking -time conscious -tends to have high levels of hostility and anger -easily annoyed

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

B. chronic

Over the past few years, research suggests that stress levels in the United States have ________.

B. exponentially decreased

Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________.

B. optimism

Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?

C. As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases.

A ________ psychologist might investigate why people continue to smoke or eat high fat and processed food despite knowing the potential adverse health implications of such behaviors.

C. health

In Hans Selye's rat study, rats that were exposed to stressors over a long period of time showed signs of ________.

C.adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two desirable goals.

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.

D Social Support

How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?

D. Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick.

What is a major criticism of both the stimulus- and response-based definitions of stress?

D. These definitions provide a complete definition of stress.

what is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health?

D. They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors.

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

D. training for a marathon

What are types of psychological stressors?

Pressure, Uncontrollably, frustration, conflict

Biological effects of cortisol - long term

Reduced bone formation, immunosuppression, Impaired memory, Impaired, long-term potentiation Infertility (correlative), Muscle wasting, Neuronal apoptosis and dendrite atrophy, Mood disorders?

Biological effects of cortisol -short term

Stimulates lipolysis, Stimulates gluconeogenesis Increases blood glucose levels, Inotropic, Anti-inflammatory, Enhances memory, Turns off stress response

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

The component of the autonomic nervous system that responds to stressful situations. -dilates pupils -Relax Bronchi -Increase heart rate -secretion of Adrenalin

avoidance-avoidance conflict

a choice must be made between two undesirable goals

Long-term cortisol on the immune system

anti-inflammatory

What are the types of conflict

approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, multiple approach avoidance

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events

Exhaustive stage -

body's resources depleted-> prolonged stress;ulcer, cardiovascular dysfunction, atrophy of thymus

-3 C's of hardiness

commitment,control,challenges

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both desirable and undesirable aspects

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both desirable and undesirable aspects

Uncontrollability

degree of control over event Less control; more unpredictable---->>>>more stress Nursing home example - more control-->>vigorous, active,socialable

Pressure:

demands/expectations for person's behavior Example: time; deadline

Acute stress effects

facilitates memory Moderate level of cortisol--->>>enhanced memory

Adaptive/resistance stage

glucocorticoid response; shift to catabolism

HPA axis

hypothalamus( CRH) -pituitary(ACTH) -adrenal axis(Cortisol)

Chronic stress effects

impairs memory High levels---->>> impaired memory

Frustration:

prevented from achieving goal -External: car breaks down, no job, theft -Internal: NBA player but only 5 feet tall

Short-term cortisol effects on the immune system

promotes inflammation

Conflict:

psychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which maybe attained

hardy personality

seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality -deep sense of commitment to values -sense of control over their lives -view problems as challenges to be met and answered -3 C's of hardiness

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

What did Hans Selye do to the rats?

•Injected rats with formaldehyde •Injected rats with a variety of toxic chemicals •Kept rats on the roof for hours during Montreal winter •Fractured bones •Kept rats on a continuous treadmill •Kept rats in a water barrel •Sewed eyelids open - forced gaze into bright light •Treatment with large doses of aldosterone or corticosterone