Psych 46A Final Exam

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120. What is the term for the processing of meaning of a word? A) interference phenomena B) automaticity C) semantic activation D) syntactic representation

46. Which of these is not a name for the game that inspired Bartlett's memory study? A) Categories B) Russian scandal C) Telephone D) Chinese whispers

According to studies, the longest memory span is measured using which of the following stimuli? A) two word phrases B) nonsense syllables C) letters D) digits

In the video on autism, which of the following captures one of the differences between autistic children and normal children? A) Normal children are not inclined to imitate. B) Autistic children find it more natural to imitate others compared to normal children. C) Autistic children struggle to imitate others. D) Normal children need more encouragement and direction to imitate.

Some individuals believed that the Beach Boy's hit song "Surfin' USA" too closely resembled Chuck Berry's song "Sweet Little Sixteen". This may be an example of ____________. A) Hindsight bias B) Cryptomnesia C) Aphasia D) Memory conjunction error

The song "I Remember It Well" illustrates ________________________. egocentric bias B) change bias C) hindsight bias D) consistency bias

What are the two metaphors that Plato used for memory? A. wax tablet and aviary B. sieve and palace C. scribe and library D. cave and cow's stomach

What does the word gist mean as it was used in referring to memory? A) the essence B) a prank C) the fringe D) a movement

What hormone seems to be related to transience in memory? A) testosterone B) estrogen C) oxytocin D) insulin

What is benign senescent forgetting? A) the normal decline of memory with aging B) a form of Alzheimer's disease C) a type of forgetting brought on by trauma D) memory loss due to inattention

What is the Latin term for word-for-word memory? A) memoria rerum B) memoria verborum C) topos D) ad herrenium

What part of the brain is used for executive functions? A) parietal lobes B) frontal lobes C) temporal lobes D)

Which of the following is an example of the Sin of Absent-mindedness? A) misplacing your car keys B) forgetting someone you met at an event two months ago C) being unable to recall someone's name, but knowing the first letter and the number of syllables D) modifying a memory to fit your fit more recent events

Which of the following was not a stage in Sternberg's model of the search process? A) encoding B) search C) storage D) decision E) motor response formation

Which type of sensory memory has the longest duration? A) iconic B) echoic C) heptic D) episodic

Which type of study isused to detect changes in blood flow or cerebral metabolism in the brain? A) PET B) EEG C) fMRI D) TMS

According to Foer's coach Ed Cooke, how much off his best performance should he expect to be when he was in a public competition? A) 5% B) 10% C) 20% D) 30% E) none of the above

According to Hyman, what is the part of our cognition that is the culprit in suggested memories? A) repression B) memory conjunction C) overgeneralized memories D) visual imagery

According to Narens & Nelson's model of metamemory, Jane's judgment that she has learned the material and is ready for the midterm occurs during which stage(s) of memory? A) Acquisition. B) Acquisition and Retention. C) Acquisition and Retrieval. D) Retention and Retrieval.

According to Pavio's work on imageability of words, which of these words would be easier to remember? A) truth B) reality C) beauty D) horse

According to Turner and Engle, the highest correlations with measures of comprehension such as SAT scores are found with A) digit span. B) sentence digit span. C) operation word span. D) letter span.

According to fMRI studies, activity in which parts of the brain determine how long a memory lasts? A) temporal lobes and hippocampus B) temporal lobes and amygdala C) parietal lobes and cerebellum D) frontal lobes and parahippocampal gyrus

According to the Major System, what is the translation of the number 530? A) LMS B) MNR C) FAD D) RLN Foer

According to the legend, when was the art of memory born? A. when the first person painted a picture on the wall of a cave in Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc B. when the first person devised an alphabet C. when the banquet hall collapsed and Simonides recalled where people were sitting D. when Mnemosyne brought it to the mortals from the gods by creating a spring--anyone who drank from the spring was given the gift of memory

According to the typicality effect, which of these sentences will produce the quickest response? a pillow is furniture B) a wastebasket is furniture C) a chair is furniture D) an oven is furniture

According to the video clip, Schacter used a PET scan to show that true memories differed from false memories in that false memories did NOT show any activation in the _____________ while true memories did. A) Visual cortex B) Hippocampus C) Amygdala D) Auditory cortex

After a delay of a week, what type of memories of a particular day's activity at work do you have? A) a general description of a typical day B) a verbatim recall of specific activities C) a fairly detailed memory of most events D) a detailed memory of all unusual events

After going over her lecture notes, Kristin asked herself questions about the role of attention in memory and couldn't come up with any answers, so she went over her notes a second time. This best characterizes: A) Feeling of Knowing B) RJR technique C) Judgments of Learning D) Cue Familiarity

Angelica was laughing and talking to friends after getting off a ride at the fair when she received a text that her dog had been killed by a coyote. A year later, she out having a great time with friends and suddenly had a series of memories of hearing about her dog's death. What phenomena is this related to? A) hindsight bias B) mood congruence C) mood dependence D) amnesia

As the result of Alzheimer's, Diane has incurred damage to the medial prefrontal cortex of her brain. It is likely that she would have a problem _________. A) recognizing faces. B) recognizing the effects of the damage. C) hearing. D) remembering events in the recent past.

. E.P., whom Foer termed "the most forgetful man in the world", has problems with all of the following forms of memory EXCEPT: A) Declarative memory B) Retrograde memory C) Implicit memory D) Spatial memory

. Which of the following are warning signs of Alzheimer's Disease? A) Difficulty performing familiar tasks C) Problems with abstract thinking B) Changes in personality D) All of the above

100. When a bystander to a crime has a weak memory for the face of the criminal but a strong memory for the gun he was holding, it is an example of ________________. A) facial feature blending B) weapon focus C) distinctiveness heuristic D) cryptomnesia

100. Which of these is NOT true of the Fells Acres children, who made accusations of horrible abuse? A) some of them had reported the events to their parents B) initially all denied being abused when questioned C) abuse reports emerged after questioning D) no physical evidence of the events was found

102. Schacter ties the various sins of memory to processes of evolution. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of evolutionary development he uses to describe features of the human mind? A) adaptations B) vestigiality C) exaptations D) spandrels

102. What is the name for models that propose activation of multiple lexical entries simultaneously? A) ordered access models B) serial search models C) random implementation models D) parallel access models

103. In the Word Frequency task, which of these is an independent variable (what is varied by the experimenter) in the word/non-word task? A) how fast the words are presented C) your response time B) letter string category

103. What is the term for features that now enhance fitness, but were not built by natural selection for their current role? A) exaptation B) alternation of generations C) coadaptation D) molecular mimicry

104. In a task involving identifying words and non-words, which set of words do you expect to have the longest response times? A) unprimed low-frequency words C) primed low-frequency words B) unprimed high-frequency words D) primed high-frequency words

105. How many morphemes are there in the word "boys"? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

105. On average, how much more negative than positive material do depressed patients recall? A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) more than 30%

106. In experiments on the Fan Effect, which of the conditions produces the longest average reaction times to the true/false judgments about the sentences? A) a location with only one person, and that person is only at that location B) a location that has two people, and those people are only at that location C) a location with only one person, and that person is at two locations D) a location that has two people, and those people are each at two locations

106. What is the type of memory test in which you are asked to recall stimulus words in any order some time after their presentation? A) serial recall B) free recall C) cued recall D) yes-no recall

107. What is the tendency to take longer to retrieve information about facts or concepts that have more relational links? A) fan effect B) expert delay paradox C) nodal activation duration D) sentence superiority phenomena

108. What assumption is essential to Anderson's explanation of the fan effect? A) that once learned, the associations will remain in LTM for at least a week B) that there is a limited total amount of activation C) that the participants in the experiment are familiar with associative networks D) that this phenomena can only be demonstrated in participants who have spent many years developing their expertise

109. The study in which divers either learned words underwater or on land and were tested either underwater or on land was concerned with which memory phenomenon? A) mood congruence B) emotional contagion C) mood induction D) encoding specificity

109. What is the dependent variable (what is measured) in the Fan Effect experiment? A) number of people at a location C) reaction time B) number of locations a where a person is D) number of sentences studied

11. In the video, Alfred Kaszniak lists different neurological diseases that contain metamemory deficits and emphasizes that the diseases are very different from each other. However, what does Kazniak claim is something they all have in common? A) Damage to the prefrontal lobe C) Damage to the amygdala B) Damage to the hippocampus

110. What is the term for unconscious learning of one or more rules? A) subliminal messaging B) subconscious learning C) implicit learning D) backward masking

110. What term is used for a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing? A) prejudice B) patterned paradigm C) cliche D) stereotype

111. What were the critical trials for the IAT for gender stereotypes? (These are the trials that were compared in your results.) A) trials in which you selected between male and female for various names B) trials in which you selected either family or career for various items C) trials pairing woman with career (man with family) and trials pairing man with career (woman with family) D) all of the above

111. Why was your reaction time supposed to increase in the Implicit Learning experiment after a number of trials? A) because the pattern changed B) because your mind wandered C) because you were transferring your explicit knowledge to implicit knowledge D) because you were transferring your implicit knowledge to explicit knowledge

112. If you held stereotyped beliefs about men having careers and women being responsible for families, what response times would you have? A) you would respond more quickly when woman was paired with career and man was paired with family B) you would respond more quickly when man was paired with career and woman was paired with family C) you would respond more quickly when you were presented with male names than with female names D) you would respond more quickly to names than to career terms

112. Which of the following areas of memory was most intact in E.P.? A) memory for faces B) semantic learning C) episodic memory D) implicit memory

113. How do they suggest you differentiate between the motor hypothesis and the representation of sequence hypothesis in explaining performance on the serial reaction-time task? A) see if you can explicitly state the rule you are following B) cross your hands on the keyboard and run the task again, comparing times C) do the task again and see if it is getting easier D) change the keys you press to correspond to the squares

113. What did research using the IAT reveal about associations between high-fat food words and positive/negative words? A) they showed faster response time when high-fat food words were paired with negative words B) they showed slower response times when high-fat food words were paired with negative words C) they showed faster response times when high-fat food words were paired with positive words D) there was no difference in their response times between pairing high-fat food words with positive or negative words

114. What is the term for a person's conscious views toward people, objects, or concepts? A) prejudice B) stereotype C) implicit attitude D) explicit attitude

115. Our class data on the Implicit Association Test (Race) showed that A) on average, we responded more quickly to the stereotype congruent condition. B) there was a significant difference between students of different ethnicities in the difference in their reaction times for stereotype congruent and stereotype incongruent conditions. C) there was a significant difference between male and female students in the difference in their reaction times for stereotype congruent and stereotype incongruent conditions. D) all of the above are true.

115. What is a schema? A) a plan or program of action B) a study of the meaning or significance, particularly involving signs C) a knowledge structure that contains information about a familiar concept or event D) an abbreviated account of a particular occurrence

116. In Loftus' experiment involving a car crash, which question prompted the participants to give the highest estimate of car speed? A) How fast was the car going when it bumped the other car? B) How fast was the car going when it hit the other car? C) How fast was the car going when it collided with the other car? D) How fast was the car going when it smashed the other car?

116. What type of process is word recognition? A) controlled B) subliminal C) effortful D) automated

117. When the Stroop test is given to English-Spanish bilinguals, which combination produces the longest response time? A) the word rojo, written in green, and named as "green" B) the word azul, written in red, and named as "rojo" C) the word blue, written in blue, and named as "azul" D) the word green, written in red, and named as "rojo"

118. In the ZAP on False Memory, into how many groups were your responses classified for purpose of displaying your data? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

118. In the original Stroop effect study (as described in lecture), what did Stroop use as control conditions? A) color words written in black and colored boxes B) color words written in black and color words written in the corresponding color C) color words written in incongruent colors and colored boxes D) color words written in incongruent colors and color words written in black

119. Stroop interference is asymmetrical implies which of the following? A) reading the word "cat" when posted over the image of a dog will not be slower than reading the word "cat" when posted over the image of a cat B) identifying a cat when the word above it is "dog" will take a different amount of time than identifying a dog when the word above it is "cat" C) identifying a cat when the word above it is "dog" will the same amount of time as identifying a cat when the word above it is "cat" D) reading the word "cat" when posted over a dog will take longer than reading the word "dog" when posted over a cat

12. In real life, older adults typically perform ___________ compared to younger adults on time-based prospective memory tasks. A) Better B) Worse C) About equal D) Prospective memory cannot be tested

120. What is semantic priming? A) the measure of uniqueness or novelty of a word B) the arousal that occurs when a word is real, as opposed to the lack of arousal occurring following a non-word C) the activation of related words when a word and its meaning are activated D) actuation of the syntactic system

121. A single visit to a new place is easier to remember than a particular visit to a place we go to often because of ____________________. A) distinctiveness B) episodic retrieval C) distractions D) decay

121. Based on Meyer and Schvaneveldt's work, which of these words would you expect to show the quickest lexical decision time when preceded by the word "dark"? A) record B) light C) bark D) drink

122. The type of search we use when locating an item in short-term memory is _______________________. A) parallel B) serial self-terminating C) serial exhaustive D) hierarchical

122. What is a way to increase the semantic priming of other meanings of the word in a lexical decision task? A) present the related word immediately after the first word B) use unrelated words or very uncommon words C) use words that rhyme with the target word D) introduce syntactically related words

123. What is the term for a psychological experiment that serves as a model for the type of studies needed to examine certain phenomena in cognitive psychology and that is the basis for a different experiments devised from variants on the original experiment? A) Gedanken experiment B) multi-baseline design C) paradigmatic task D) conceptual model

124. In terms of Signal Detection Theory, saying the suspect is absent when he is present is a ______________. A) hit B) miss C) false alarm D) correct rejection

124. What is the term for the process of acquiring and storing information in memory? A) learning B) retrieval C) storage D) encoding

125. After studying a list of paired words, in which stick-dog is a pair, stick is a better cue for dog, even though cat is more closely associated with dog. What does this reflect? A) semantic priming C) the availability heuristic B) the encoding specificity principle D) the information processing approach

125. Using Signal Detection Theory terminology, if a doctor views a X-ray photograph and fails to see the tumor, it is a __________________. A) hit B) miss C) false alarm D) correct rejection

126. You are presented with the word pair "sofa-horse" to remember. During the recall task, which of the following would serve as the best memory cue for the word HORSE? A) sofa B) saddle C) cowboy D) coarse

127. You are presented with the word pair "car-truck" to remember. During the recall task, which of the following would serve as the best memory cue for the word TRUCK? A) camper B) car C) wheels D) train

127. You are trying to find a date for your cousin's wedding. If you see an attractive potential dates at a party, but decide not to flirt with them because they look attached. You later find out that they are in a relationship. In the terms of signal detection theory, this was a _____________. A) hit B) miss C) false alarm D) correct rejection

128. What is the term for trials that are inserted between the trials you are studying to prevent response bias? A) clinical trials B) critical trials C) filler trials D) screening trials

129. What did Godden and Baddeley find in their experiment with scuba divers learning words on land and in the water? A) words learned on land were always recalled better B) words learned underwater were always recalled better C) words learned on land were better recalled underwater D) there was no difference in recognition no matter where learning and recognition occurred

129. What is the name for a context effect found in hearing which can be demonstrated by the tendency of people to fill in missing phonemic information with a sound that makes a word consistent with the meaning of the rest of the phrase? A) configural superiority effect C) phonemic restoration effect B) object-superiority effect D) phonetic context effect

13. What did Martin et al. find in their study on the impact of the complexity of a distractor task has on prospective memory? A) Low complexity tasks had more severe effects on younger adults. B) Complexity had devastating effects on older adults, while they did not impact performance for the younger adults. C) Complexity did not significantly impact performance on prospective memory. D) High complexity tasks led to a more severe drop off in performance for older adults, than in younger adults.

130. Words encoded in a happy mood are better remembered in a happy mood, words encoded in a sad mood are better remembered in a sad mood. This is known as __________________. A) state dependence B) the mood-congruency effect C) empathetic memory D) the framing effect

131. What is illustrated by your ability to read the paragraph below? Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at an Elingsh uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, olny taht the frist and lsat ltteres are at the rghit pcleas. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by ilstef, but the wrod as a wlohe. A) top-down processing B) bottom-up processing C) context effects D) word superiority effect

133. What is the name for the phenomenon in which people are quicker and more accurate at recognizing letters that are in words than letters presented by themselves? A) name letter effect B) phonemic restoration effect C) Ponzo illusion D) word superiority effect

134. The Brown University Corpus of English used in the word frequency studies included counts of A) spoken words. B) written words. C) Internet (virtual) words. D) all three of these.

135. What happened in the critical trial on the ZAP involving implicit learning? A) the display had added noise so that the stimuli were obscured B) the color of the stimuli was changed from blue to red C) the sequence of appearance of the dots was changed D) you were primed to enable you to respond faster

136. In a study with two independent variables, such as the word frequency study, the when one variable (such as priming) affects the other variable (such as word frequency) differently depending of the value of the second variable, it is called a/an ______________. A) main effect B) accuracy manifestation C) confounding variable D) interaction

136. In the ZAP on Memory Bias, what was the independent variable? A) the distracter task B) the mood that was induced C) the response time D) the type of word to study

137. Based on the graph shown in lecture, how did our results in the Serial Position ZAP differ from the expected results? A) we had a greater primacy effect than the reference data B) we had a smaller recency effect than the reference data C) both A and B D) none of the above

137. Why were there two dependent variables in the Memory Bias ZAP? A) because there was a distracter task separating the stimuli from the responses B) because there were two independent variables C) because there were actually two tasks D) because a researcher would be interested in studying the interaction as well as the main effects

138. In the lecture about How to Learn, it was recommended that you study as if ____________________. A) you are an expert learner and capable of anything C) the exam is only an hour away B) you have to teach the material D) you are going to live forever

138. What are the two levels of the independent variable in the Implicit Association Task? A) stereotype congruent and stereotype incongruent D) both b and c B) man and woman E) none of the above C) career and family

139. People with Highly Superior Autobiographic Memories like Jill Price and Marilu Henner were used as subjects in an experiment about false memories using the DRM paradigm. Which of the following is true of the results? A) The people with HSAM did perform significantly better than controls on recognizing items that had been presented earlier. B) The people with HSAM did perform significantly better than controls in correctly rejecting the critical lures. C) The people with HSAM made more errors in identifying the unrelated words that were serving as distractors in the testing phase. D) People with HSAM who had the highest scores in Autobiographical Memory Ability were significantly less susceptible to the critical lures that those with HSAM who had lower scores in Autobiographical Memory Ability.

139. What is the dependent variable in the Implicit Association Task? A) items matched B) response time C) number of errors D) number of words recalled

14. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Asperger's syndrome? A) socially inappropriate behavior C) repetitive behaviors B) peculiarities of speech D) short stature relative to family

140. For the IAT (Race) would a plot of the Congruent Response Times (y-axis) against the Incongruent Response Times (x-axis) look like if people in the class had no biases (or their implicit associations were the same for both conditions)? A) Response times would be below a straight line drawn so that x=y. B) Response times would be above a straight line drawn so that x=y. C) Response times would fall along a straight line that is drawn so that x=y. D) Response times would show no pattern as they vary depending on the individual.

140. In 2014 study of beliefs about repressed memories, which of the following statements about memory did the largest percentage of undergraduates agree with? A) With effort, we can remember events back to birth. B) Some people have true "photographic memories." C) Repressed memories can be retrieved in therapy accurately. D) Hypnosis can accurately retrieve memories that previously were not known to the person.

141. Distinguished UCI Professor, Dr. Elizabeth Loftus, was able to implant false memories in her research subjects by A) hypnotizing them. B) unconsciously priming them. C) utilizing therapeutic suggestibility techniques. D) claiming their families had told her about a false childhood event.

141. For the Implicit Association Task (Race) study, the results of which explicit measure of attitude conflicted with the results of the IAT? A) Prejudice B) Bias C) Warmth D) Preference

142. In her TED talk, Dr. Elizabeth Loftus addresses the issue of whether laboratory simulation of an event is really as stressful as the type of harrowing experience that is often associated with eyewitness testimony. The recently published study that she cites to counter this criticism involved subjects that A) had actually been victims of sexual abuse. B) had been witnesses to violent physical attacks which lead to great bodily harm or death of immediate family members. C) had been subjected to a US military training exercise replicating the experience of being captured as a prisoner of war. D) had been hypnotized and lead through a guided imagery exercise which closely matched the experience of being kidnapped.

142. What is the independent variable in the form of the Stroop experiment that we used in ZAP 17? A) whether the color of the word matched the actual word or not B) which color the word was written in C) which color word was used D) the number of letters in the actual word displayed E) none of the above

143. In any experiment with two independent variables, such as ZAP 19 Encoding Specificity, how many scientific hypotheses would an experimenter make about the results? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

143. Why did critics accuse Loftus of advocating lying to children? A) She suggested that implanting false memories in children could fight obesity. B) She advocated planting false memories of happy childhood experiences to modify memories of abuse. C) She told subjects that they had been lost in a mall when they were children. D) She endorsed a questioning method for child who had been victims of crime that used very gentle terms to describe the violence.

144. Which of the following contributors to the field of memory has not had a direct affiliation with UCI? A) Elizabeth Loftus B) Gordon Bower C) George Sperling D) Ross Quillian

145. Why are false trials included in an experiment such as Sentence Verification? A) to force the subjects to actually read the sentences B) to make the statistical analysis easier C) to prevent the subjects from rehearsing the material D) to generate data about the typicality of examples of a category

16. A patient with difficulty forming new memories is first presented a list of 24 words. Later they are shown them again along with others words not shown and asked to determine which were presented earlier. This is an example of a _________ test. A) two alternative forced recognition C) two alternative forced recall B) yes-no recognition D) yes-no recall

17. What language did Daniel Tammet learn to speak in one week for the television documentary? A) Chinese B) Russian C) Icelandic D) French

19. Though E.P. has many memory deficits, which of the following tasks can he still perform? A) Recalling recently learned word pairs. B) List different routes from the house he grew up in to the theatre. C) Recognizing fear in someone's face. D) Telling you what he ate for dinner last weekend.

2. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon has been used to study all of the following EXCEPT: A) The relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind. B) The mechanics of language. C) Signal detection. D) Metamemory

20. Jason is shown a list of words, one of which is "college". He then is prompted to say the first word that comes to mind that starts with "col" and actually reports "college". This best exemplifies: A) Semantic memory B) Retrograde memory C) Priming D) Plasticity

21. Thorough examination and study of patients like E.P. are invaluable because: A) They provide a unique opportunity to learn which abilities are lost and which are retained after damage to a specific part of the brain. B) It is the only way we can learn and study the functions of the different parts of the brain. C) These case studies provide the most reliable and representative results. D) They encourage us to appreciate how complex the brain is and value the things we take for granted, such as recalling what we ate for dinner yesterday.

23. In the video on Ronald Cotton, we saw that Jennifer Thompson's error misattribution was reinforced when she was told that the man she chose in the physical lineup was the same man in the photo lineup. Which of the following was suggested to eliminate this reinforcement? A) Present the photos and individuals simultaneously. B) Have an independent person who doesn't know who the suspect is administer the lineups. C) Make sure that the eyewitness spends equally long studying the individuals in the physical lineup as they do in the photo lineup. D) All of the above.

24. You are selected to serve on a jury for a case where a man is being convicted of stealing the UCI mascot and throwing it into a pit filled with countless fire ants. Because you have taken Psych 46A, you know that before accepting eyewitness testimony as truth, we should remember that _____________. A) Eyewitness testimony is frequently unreliable and very persuasive to jurors. B) Eyewitness testimony alone is the best tool the justice system has for determining an individual's innocence or guilt. C) Memory functions like a videotape and we need to assess if the eyewitness can accurately "replay" the scene in their mind before we accept their testimony. D) Although memory can be malleable, witnessing traumatic events produces precise memories of the scene.

25. What procedure was involved in the potential new Alzheimer's test found in 2009 by Leslie Shaw and shown in a news video A) testing of spinal fluid B) testing of blood C) performing a fine needle biopsy on hippocampal brain tissue D) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

25. Which of the following factors was NOT suggested as contributing to Jennifer Thompson mistakenly identifying Ronald Cotton as her attacker? A) During the photo lineup the pictures were presented sequentially rather than simultaneously. B) The police officers present provided reinforcing feedback when Jennifer picked Ronald out of a lineup. C) Bobby Pool looked a lot like Ronald Cotton. D) The police officers involved were convinced they had arrested the right man.

26. According to the theory of unconscious transference, Joe is likely to incorrectly identify a person in police lineup as being the culprit of a crime when: A) the person happened to be at the scene of the crime. B) the interviewing police officer provides feedback that they have chosen correctly. C) the person's body language implicates their guilt. D) the individuals in the lineup are wearing clothing similar to that of the culprit.

26. What sport was Chris Nowinski participating in when he sustained his worst head injuries and concussions? A) wrestling B) football C) rugby D) soccer

27. Eyewitness recognition of culprits in a police lineup has been shown to be aided if: A) the individuals in the lineup are presented simultaneously. B) the individuals in the lineup are presented sequentially. C) the eyewitness is told that the culprit is in the lineup. D) the eyewitness is told to carefully study each individual before making a decision.

27. How did Dave Duerson, former NFL star, die after developing CTE? A) he shot himself in the chest B) he suffered a fatal brain injury during a game C) he wandered in front of a train while hallucinating D) he died from a drug overdose

28. What job does Mike, the amnesic from the video Living with Amnesia, hold? A) outboard motor repairman B) postal sorting clerk C) wiring technician D) injection molding operator

28. When using the cognitive interview technique one should avoid: A) asking follow up questions. B) sticking to predetermined questions. C) asking the subject to recall the events in reverse chronological order. D) asking the subject to recall unusual aspects of events.

29. The presence of violence during an incident has been shown to _________. A) enhance memory of both peripheral and central aspects of the event. B) reduce memory of both peripheral and central aspects of the event. C) enhance memory peripheral aspects of the event. D) enhance memory of central aspects of the event.

3. In the midst of telling a story, Rebecca couldn't recall the word "encode" and instead could only think of words like "unload" and "explode". Rebecca is most likely suffering from _______________. A) aphasia B) dysarthria C) stuttering D) tip of the tongue phenomenon

30. Lindsay has no memories of ever going to Disneyland; however, she has a strong sense of familiarity when she looks at pictures of the theme park. This best illustrates: A) Implicit vs explicit memory C) Anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia B) Remembering vs knowing D) Encoding specificity vs recall

30. Which of these is NOT a difference between laboratory settings and real-life settings in studying eyewitness testimony? A) inaccurate information in the laboratory carries little weight of penalty B) in the laboratory, the eyewitness is not the victim C) laboratory settings provide a single, passive perspective D) laboratory settings are more stressful than real-life settings

31. Given the list of words (bed rest awake tired dream wake snooze) a person is likely to recall the word "sleep" because of the __________ illusion. A) missing word B) Deese-Roediger-McDermott C) Russell-Jenkins D) cryptomnesia

34. Among adults that recall being sexually abused as children, research suggests that the least trustworthy accounts come from individuals that: A) continuously remembered the abuse. B) spontaneously remembered the abuse. C) spontaneously remembered the abuse during therapy. D) spontaneously remembered the abuse in a dream.

34. What diagnostic criteria for PTSD was clearly lacking in the patient with the elevator experience as described by Dr. Metloff of the San Diego VA ? A) irritability, hyper-vigilance, or hyper-arousal C) experience outside normal human experience B) flashbacks or other re-experiencing D) social isolation

35. Geraerts et al. (2007) study demonstrated that we should be very careful and suspect of claims of childhood sexual abuse when they were: A) Recovered in therapy. C) Corroborated by other witnesses. B) Recovered spontaneously. D) Abused by one of their own parents.

35. In the video, Why Memories Last, Dr. Larry Cahill of UCI is shown in a lab where a woman is being shown emotional images. Following the exposure, her hand and forearm are plunged into ice water. What is the purpose of the ice water? A) to activate stress hormones B) to distract her from rehearsal C) to lower her body temperature and thus her response rate D) to condition her to avoid remembering the images

36. According to the video on PTSD from the UCSD group that featured a psychologist and social worker from the Veterans Administration in San Diego, what percentage of men who are raped experience PTSD? A) 10% B) 30% C) 50% D) over 60%

36. The stories of Paul Ingram, Nadean Cool, and Meredith Maran stress which of the following facts about false memories? A) The damage false memories can have on a person's life. B) The power and danger of guided imagery, hypnosis, and other suggestive techniques. C) The significance of the method in which the person recovers these forgotten memories. D) All of the above

37. How did Wade, Garry, Read, and Lindsay (2002) implant false memories in their participants in their hot air balloon study? A) Hypnosis B) Playing recordings of the events while the participants slept C) Doctored photos D) All of the above

37. In the video The Memory Pill, Beatrice was treated in the emergency room by Dr. Roger Pitman using a pill to help her with PTSD. What trauma had she experienced? A) she witnessed her family being murdered B) she was riding a bus that was taken over by terrorists C) she was tied up and raped by a stranger D) a man jumped in front of her subway train

38. Jarob Walsh was wounded in an ambush in Iraq and was diagnosed with PTSD when he returned to the US. How did he describe his symptoms of PTSD? A) depression and sadness C) obsessions and compulsions B) confusion and hallucinations D) irritability and impatience

39. All of the following statements are true of PTSD EXCEPT: A) In the United States, men are more likely to develop PTSD than women. B) Not all people who experience trauma will develop PTSD. C) Reminders can trigger memories of the trauma. D) All statements are true.

4. Identify the true statement about the Tip of the Tongue (TOT) phenomenon. A) It is only found in oral language. B) You can experience TOT even if you don't know the actual word you are trying to get to. C) It occurs more often in older adults than in younger adults. D) All of the above

40. Propranolol is a drug that is being considered as a potential treatment for people with PTSD. Which of the statements best capture the rationale of administering this drug to effectively treat PTSD? A) Increasing adrenaline will weaken memory consolidation. B) Decreasing adrenaline will weaken memory consolidation. C) PTSD patients need to confront their trauma and the drug increases the emotional impact of memories. D) Decreasing adrenaline will completely remove all memory traces of the original trauma.

41. In Dr. Roger Pitman's experiment, half of the participants received the drug Propranolol and the other half received a placebo. In addition, Dr. Pitman did not know if the patients were in the experimental group or the control group. This type of experimental method is called: A) Two alternative force choice C) Signal detection theory B) Single-blind procedure D) Double-blind procedure

42. Ryan fell down a step and broke his leg when he was 2 years old, but he has no memories of it happening. This is best described as: A) Source confusion B) Retrieval failure C) Infantile Amnesia D) Anterograde Amnesia

42. What did Bernsten and Rubin (2008) find in their study on involuntary memories? A) The intensity of recurrent memories declines as age increases. B) Frequency and intensity of recurrent memories increase with age. C) Valence and intensity of recurrent memories increase with age, but frequency decreases as people get older. D) Valence, intensity, and frequency of recurrent dreams all increase as age increases.

43. In the video, Why Memories Last, Dr. McGaugh placed rats in a water maze and they had to explore the maze to find a platform. Rats that received an injection to stimulate their _____________ were significantly faster at finding the platform. A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Visual cortex D) Frontal lobe

43. Natalie wants to make sure the memory she is studying for her experiment is declarative and not implicit. Which of the following tests would you recommend her running to ensure she is measuring declarative memory? A) If she runs patients with anterograde amnesia in the study and if they successfully do the task, then it is declarative . B) If she tries reducing the retention interval and performance on the task improves, it is evidence it is declarative. C) If she extends the time for studying and performance decreases, the task is probably declarative. D) If she adds more context cues and the performance does not improve, then the task is declarative.

44. Which of the following best explains why younger children commit less false recall errors in the DRM paradigm than older children? A) Younger children are not as good at semantic processing and thus the related words do not produce as much activation of the target (category) word. B) Younger children are good at categorizing the words in the list and thus the target word becomes highly active. C) Younger children have more developed declarative memories and thus are able to recall most words on the list causing them to make very few false recall errors. D) Older children commit less false recognition errors while younger children commit less false recall errors.

45. In the video on autobiographical memory in infancy, what did they conclude from the study that had kids look into mirrors and later tested if they could remember where a stuffed animal lion was placed? A) The age range in which a child develops a sense of self varies greatly. B) Infants lacked the cognitive ability to store memories of events, such as the lion being placed in the cabinet. C) Autobiographical memories are a precursor to the onset of a sense of self. D) A sense of self is necessary to develop autobiographical memories

45. What is was Bartlett's most significant contribution to memory? A) the mathematics for describing two-item forced choice tests B) connecting the hippocampus with memory C) the notion of a schema D) developing an associative model

46. Ken Norman of the University of Colorado, Boulder, gave an analogy in the False Memories film between the parts of the memories of an event and a set of balloons on strings. In the analogy, what part of the brain serves as the hand that holds all the strings of the balloons to unite them? A) the prefrontal cortex B) the hippocampus C) the occipital lobe D) the amygdala

47. Bartlett found that when participants were asked to repeat the story "War of the Ghosts", they tended to: A) Omitted unfamiliar details of the story. B) Preserved a few trivial details for no apparent reason. C) Adjusted or added in details to make the story more logical and rational. D) All of the above

47. What was the event that led Nadean Cool to realize that she had created a whole new past for herself? A) one of the her over 100 personalities told her the truth B) she received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) C) her therapist moved away D) a new medication was prescribed for her

48. According to Penfield's homunculus, which of the following body parts would be drawn largest in size? A) Shoulder B) Lips C) Toes D) Hip

48. Who influenced Paul Ingram's daughter to accuse him of sexually molesting her? A) her therapist, after hypnotizing her B) other members of the police force who served with her father C) one of her teachers at school D) her counselor at church camp

49. The tendency for people to recall information that is consistent with their own views better than inconsistent information is known as: A) Hindsight bias B) Egocentric bias C) Consistency bias D) Change bias

49. Which of these was not one of the memories that Stephanie Slater was able to report after her kidnapping? A) the sound of church bells in the distance B) the sound of a bell ringing whenever a door opened C) the sound of a radio in another room D) that she heard a motorcycle whenever her kidnapper left

5. If you showed Joe, the split-brain patient, the following picture on the right side of the screen, which word would he choose? A) face B) smile C) vegetables D) he could not identify it at all

5. What did Karin Humphreys discover in her research on the Tip of the Tongue (TOT) phenomenon? A) When participants struggled for longer periods of time during a TOT state, they were more likely to fall into a TOT state when tested the next day. B) Allowing participants to struggle with TOT for only a short time actually increased the likelihood that they would experience TOT again the next day. C) There was no evidence to suggest that participants were learning how to be in a TOT state. D) It is always beneficial to spend more time trying to think of answers rather than looking them up while studying for classes.

50. Craig and John attended the NCAA Championship basketball game 10 years ago. Craig claims that fans rushed onto the court after the game, while John stresses that the fans did not rush onto the court. What fact of memory best supports how two people can have different recollections of the same event? A) Some people have bigger hippocampi and thus are better at converting memories from short-term to long-term. B) Memories are stored and maintained in complete form without distortions, but whether a person can retrieve the memories depends on the individual. C) Memories are constructed by bits and pieces from the past, which leave holes that the person must fill. D) Individuals vary in how well they are able to utilize the mind palace technique.

50. Which of the following is a limitation of schema theories? A) Unable to explain why memories can be distorted. B) Little evidence to demonstrate we even have schemas. C) Schema theories underestimate the complexity of memory representations. D) All of the above

51. According to the Hierarchical Network Model, which of the following items would be highest in the network? A) Shark B) Animal C) Halibut D) Fish

51. Ken and Jennifer have cooked countless meals together. When asked to recall times that they have cooked together, we would expect which of the following? A) Their memory for specific details will be superior, while their memory for the general procedures will be poor. B) They will be able to recall accurate accounts of the general procedure, but have very poor memory for the specific details. C) They will have detailed accounts of only a few occurrences, while having no memories for the remaining times they cooked together. D) They will have accurate memories for both the specifics and general procedures.

52. According to the Spreading Activation Model, which of the following would receive the least amount of activation after hearing the word "RED"? A) Street B) Fire truck C) Cherries D) Green

52. After Loftus was told that she was the one who found her mother's dead body, which of the following did she experience? A) Visualize the entire scene of herself by the poolside. B) In her mind's eye, she could see the police cars with their lights flashing. C) She began to fit other facts with this new idea that she found her mother's dead body. D) All of the above

53. According to Socrates, which Egyptian god was the inventor of writing? A) Thamus B) Theuth C) Phaedrus D) Xenophon

53. The video discusses how the ___________ processes source information and if it is damaged, it may lead to confabulations. A) Frontal Lobe B) Hippocampus C) Amygdala D) Temporal lobe

54. After many sessions of hypnosis by her therapist, Nadean Cool experienced recalling all of the following false memories EXCEPT: A) She was a famous actress. B) Her family was in a satanic cult. C) She was sexually abused by her father. D) All of the above.

54. Who invented punctuation marks? A) Pyrrhus, the Greek general B) St. Augustine, the Christian theologian C) Socrates, the Greek philosopher D) Aristophanes, the director of the Library of Alexandria

55. Nadean Cool's past was replaced by false memories. Which disorder did Nadean soon experience after the onset of these false memories? A) Bipolar Disorder C) Multiple Personality Disorder B) ADHD D) Antisocial Personality Disorder

55. Which of the following was not a characteristic of scriptio continua? A) words were not separated by spaces B) capital letters and lower case letters were intermixed C) there was no punctuation D) each letter signified a sound

56. What did Loftus discover in her study in which subjects were asked to imagine falling and cutting their hands? A) Participants who visualized cutting their hand on broken glass were confident that their memory of the event was accurate. B) False memories could not be implanted about something that had happened so long ago. C) Participants were clear of the source of the memory of the event and aware it was not an actual event of their childhood. D) Visualization did not increase the likelihood of creating a false memory.

56. When did silent reading become common? A) second century B.C. B) fourth century A.D. C) ninth century A.D. D) twelfth century A.D.

57. In the experiment by Saul Kassin, _______ of the participants signed a form stating that they committed the "crime" of pressing the "alt" key. Of the participants, _________ recalled textured memories of pressing the key. A) All; two-thirds B) Two-thirds; all C) Three-fourths; all D) All; one-third

58. Connor witnessed a murder at a drum line competition. When he was brought in for questioning, the detective calmed Connor down and asked him to recall everything that he had seen. The detective was very patient and never interrupted Connor. At the end of the interview, he had Connor recall the last event of the crime and work backwards from that point (tell the story backwards). In this case, the detective is using which of the following techniques of interrogation? A) Standard B) Psychoanalysis C) Client-centered D) Cognitive

59. How did Nadean Cool get better and come to realize that all these memories she was recalling didn't actually happen. A) Her therapist used the Cognitive Interview technique. B) She realized they were false memories through hypnosis. C) Her doctor left town and she stopped taking her medications. D) Drawing her dreams on paper helped her confront the memories she was repressing

6. When Joe, the split-brain patient, sees a figure on the ___________ side of the screen, he cannot name it, but he can draw it with his __________ hand. A) right; right B)left; left C)left; right D)right; left

60. Who wrote Physiological Memory: The Instantaneous Art of Never Forgetting? A) Professor Alphonse Loisette C) Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) B) G. S. Fellows D) Campo dei Fiori

61. What is lifelogging? A) archiving all of one's life in an external memory B) writing a detailed history of one's life C) keeping track of the number of people alive at any instant in history D) one of the many memory techniques introduced by Mark Twain

62. For many years, the four-minute mile was an immovable barrier. How long after Roger Bannister ran a sub-four minute mile did another runner accomplish the same feat? A) two years B) one year C) six weeks D) three days

63. How long does it take to complete the Zen-Nippon Chick Sexing School program? A) 6 months B) 1 year C) 2 years D) 5 years

63. Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies used by top-achievers to keep out of the autonomous stage while practicing? A) stay goal-oriented B) avoid failure C) get constant and immediate feedback on performance D) focus on technique

64. How many chicks must a student of chick sexing work through before becoming at all proficient? A) 10,000 B) 100,000 C) 250,000 D) 500,000

64. Which of the following is a part of the PAO, the technique used by most mental athletes? A) object B) place C) odor D) anthromorphic

65. After two years of practice, approximately what was SF's digit span? A) 70 B) 150 C) 500 D) 1000

65. Why don't mammographers improve with time like surgeons do? A) surgeons tend to be at the top of their classes in medical school B) the technology in mammography progresses at such a rate, mammographers are constantly changing their skill set C) the feedback they receive is weeks or months later D) each case is so different, they cannot extract a pattern

66. What name is given to decreasing the number of items to remember by increasing the size of each (combining items)? A) mnemonics B) combinatorics C) associating D) chunking

66. Which of the following is NOT a stage of skill acquisition described by Fitts and Posner? A) cognitive stage B) manual stage C) associative stage D) autonomous stage

67. How did Freud explain infantile amnesia? A) transference of early childhood memories to other family members B) displacement of the memories to be memories later in life C) regression of the memories into a pre-birth state D) repression of the hypersexualized memories of early childhood

68. When chess pieces are randomly arranged on a chess board, how many positions can the average chess master remember? A) five B) seven C) twelve D) all of them Foer Chapter 4

68. Who gave the diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome to Daniel Tammet ? A) K. Anders Ericsson B) Simon Baron-Cohen C) Darold Treffert D) V. S. Ramachandran

69. Why was surgery performed on HM? A) to sever his corpus callosum B) to remove brain tissue damaged by herpes simplex C) he had severe epileptic seizures D) he had herpes encephalitis

7. If you perform a lexical decision task which is interrupted by a prospective memory task how does the specification specificity affect the results? A) the ill-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the well-specified tasks; the event-based tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the time-based tasks B) the well-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the ill-specified tasks; the time-based tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the event-based tasks C) the well-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the ill-specified tasks; the event-based tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the time-based tasks D) the well-specified tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the ill-specified tasks; the time-based tasks do not slow the lexical decision task as much as the event-based tasks

7. If you were given material to study in a short amount of time, your retention of the material would be best if you spent more time studying ___________. A) items that you find difficult. B) items that you find easy. C) items of medium difficulty. D) both the medium and difficult items in equal proportions.

70. What is Ribot's Law? A) that you can hold seven plus or minus two items in working memory B) memories that are inconsistent with self-concept will be forgotten C) memories that are older are less subject to disruption D) memories are lost as an exponential funtion of time

71. Long ago, which of the following were NOT considered centerpieces of the classical education in the language arts? A) memory B) grammar C) composition D) rhetoric

72. In spite of this amazing store of knowledge, what was Kim Peek's IQ? A) 52 B) 66 C) 87 D) 100

73. How did Ed Cooke suggest to Joshua Foer that he make the word "e-mail" concrete? A) imagine typing an email on a computer C) imagine a mail box with a large E on it B) imagine a nude woman reading an email D) imagine a she-male sending an email

73. Which was the only savant skill that Daniel Tammet was will to perform in front of Foer? A) calendar calculating B) mental mathematical calculation C) using his left and right eyes separately to simultaneously read different pages of a book D) reciting the prime numbers to 100,000

74. The word "savant" originally meant A) idiot, person with a mental disability. B) man of learning, expert. C) employee, underling. D) napkin, handkerchief.

74. What is the point of memory techniques? A) to exercise our memories so that they are more fit B) to allow us the hyperfocus on the material we are trying to learn C) to transform memories into forms that we easily can remember D) to create new synaptic connections between neurons in our cortices

76. How did Foer prepare for the event involving people giving personal information about themselves? A) He constructed five new imaginary buildings. B) He made family and friends make up fictional biographies. C) He had his girlfriend adopt

76. Metrodorus of Scepsis devised a system to see the unseeable as an aid in memorizing. His shorthand system contributed ways to image all of the following except _______________. A) conjunctions B) adjectives C) articles D) syntactical connectors

77. How did Foer spend his last week before the championship? A) He trained extra hard on his weakest event. B) He meditated. C) He cleaned out his memory palaces. D) He tested himself and replaced weak images with stronger associations.

77. What do actors call the units that they break their lines into? A) chunks B) acts C) scenes D) beats Schacter

78. The Baker/baker paradox asks: A) Why should recall for the same word differ as a function of whether it is treated as a proper name or an occupation? B) Why is the name Baker often confused with the name Butcher, while the occupation baker is not confused with the occupation butcher? C) Why do we confuse the occupations of many people, while we are not confused by the many prominent people with the same last name? D) Why can we remember obscure occupations but have problems remembering common names?

78. What did Maurice Stoll say that the enemy of memory is? A) inattention B) alcohol consumption C) lack of sleep D) weak visualization

79. At what level in the Burke-MacKay theory do the proper name Baker and the occupation baker differ the most? A) visual representation C) lexical representation B) conceptual representation D) phonological representation

8. In the video clip we viewed, Mark McDaniel and Gilles Einstein discuss their prospective memory studies and describe the age differences. What did they find? A) no age differences on either the time-based or event-based tasks B) large age difference on the event-based task, no age difference on the time-based task C) no age difference on the event-based task, large age difference on the time-based task D) large age differences on both the time-based and event-based tasks

8. Metamemory is ____________ A) Our knowledge and awareness of our own cognitive processes. B) Our knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes. C) Our ability to reflect and become aware of what we know and don't know. D) Our ability to regulate our learning or retrieval based upon our monitoring.

80. What is the trophy for the U.S. Memory Championship? A) a deck of cards in Lucite B) a scale model of Buckingham Palace C) an elephant with a string tied around its leg D) a silver hand with gold nail polish

80. Which of the following is not suggested as a reason that blocking on names of familiar people is more common as we age? A) we know more people B) the speed of neural transmission slows down C) the link between the lexical representation and the phonological representation is weakened as we age D) older people are more likely to encounter people that they haven't seen in a while

81. In the twenty-year longitudinal study of wives' feelings about marriage by Kearney and Coombs, when wives reflected back over their first ten years of marriage, what type of bias did they show? A) consistency B) egocentric C) change D) hindsight

82. Remembering our own past triggers a variety of processes which may distort memory. Which of the following is not related to egocentric memory biases? A) deprecating past selves C) telescoping effect B) selective recall D) exaggerating past difficulties

82. What is the term for the inability to remember names of familiar people? A) psychogenic amnesia B) proper name anomia C) directed amnesia D) tip-of-the-tongue state

83. Which of the memory biases show how our theories about ourselves can lead us to reconstruct the past to be overly similar or different from the present? A) consistency and change B) hindsight C) egocentric D) stereotypical

84. What procedure did Brown and McNeill introduce to induce TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) experiences? A) present definitions of uncommon words and ask for the words B) hypnosis C) rapid-fire questioning about current events D) present pictures of landmarks and ask for identification

85. Which of the following is not mentioned by Brown and McNeill (and others) as something frequently known by someone in the TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) state about the blocked word? A) the first letter B) the last letter C) the number of syllables D) a rhyming word

86. What does the term "ugly sister" refer to? A) the word that is blocked that results in the TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) state B) a word that has similar sounds to a blocked word C) a word that pops out of nowhere to resolve the TOT (tip-of-the tongue) state D) an intrusion produced on the DRM task

87. You are given a list of common words to recall, then tested on the list with the experimenter furnishing you with some of the words on the list. What will happen to your recall compared to if you were tested without the experimenter furnishing you with any words? A) your recall will be better B) your recall will be the same C) your recall will be worse D) you will be better at remembering the order of the words

88. What typically precedes psychogenic amnesia? A) head trauma B) psychological stresses C) loss of consciousness D) drug or alcohol abuse

88. When students complete a program designed to enhance their study skills and are asked to remember their initial level of skill, they tend to report it as being lower that they had said before they began the program. What memory bias does this illustrate? A) consistency B) change C) egocentric D) stereotypical

9. Christopher becomes aware that he does not know the difference between short-term memory and working memory. This awareness best describes which of the following? A) Metacognition B) Cognition C) Monitoring D) Control

9. Why is it surprising that Mahzarin Banaji shows a strong implicit association man and career and a much lower association between woman and career? A) because she if a professor at Harvard C) because she is an activist for home-schooling B) because she has been able to practice on the task D) because she only works with other women

90. When a Lakers fan thought at the beginning of the playoffs in 2011 that the Lakers would win the playoffs for a three-peat, then after the playoffs said that she had expected them to be eliminated in the second round of the playoffs, she is showing __________________________. A) change bias B) consistency bias C) stereotypical bias D) hindsight bias

93. Remembering our own past triggers a variety of processes which may distort memory. Which of the following is not related to egocentric memory biases? A) deprecating past selves C) telescoping effect B) selective recall D) exaggerating past difficulties

93. What explanation did Schacter give for the improved performance on the DRM paradigm when pictures of each of the words in the list were shown? A) representativeness heuristic C) availability effect B) word-superiority effect D) distinctiveness heuristic

94. What is cryptomnesia? A) loss of memory for writing C) inadvertent plagiarism B) amnesia for faces D) inability to remember words

97. What did Wegner show about attempts to suppress unwanted thoughts? A) it is effective over time in completely forgetting the thoughts B) it can have a rebound effect C) it can result in repression, where the thoughts only appear as dreams D) it can create a habituation to the suppression

97. When participants viewed a security video of a man entering a store, then were asked to identify him from photos, in what was were those who received confirming feedback NOT different from those who received disconfirming or no feedback? A) they claimed higher confidence and trust in their memories B) they claimed that they saw a weapon C) they claimed a better view and clearer recollection of the man D) they claimed heightened recall of facial details

98. How was the critical information that led to the identification of the criminals that perpetrated the Chowchilla school bus kidnapping obtained? A) through hypnosis C) using a lie-detector test B) through mental time travel D) by administering truth serum

98. What is the term for obsessive recycling of thoughts and memories regarding one's current mood or situation? A) hyperfocus B) cognitive dissonance C) rumination D) mental magnification

A chronic perception of oneself as an inadequate or flawed individual is the result of __________________. A) a negative self-schema C) post-traumatic stress disorder B) egocentric bias D) depressive ruminations

A person who uses a device such as a memory palace to accomplish feats of memory is A) autistic B) a mnemonist C) a savant D) hyperthymestic

A study in the 1970s used a picture recognition test (subjects were looked at a series of pictures, each for half a second, had a 30 minute break, then were asked to choose which of a pair of pictures they had seen before). For how many pictures is correct performance at 80%? A) 30 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 10,000

A task in which a participant is asked to spontaneously retrieve material is a ________________________. A) Sternberg search B) serial recall C) forced choice recognition D) free recall

At what age does problems with word recall typically begin? A) in your forties B) in your fifties C) in your sixties D) in your seventies

Bill sustained a head injury and while his memory seems fine in other respects, he cannot remember names of familiar people. He probably sustained damage to A) the right cerebral hemisphere B) the left temporal lobe C) the amygdala D) the hippocampus

Clive Wearing has suffered from almost complete anterograde and fairly complete retrograde amnesia since about 1985. Which types his memories are surprisingly intact? A) memories related to music B) memories for the geography of the town he grew up in C) memories for images D) memories for faces

Damage to what part of the brain disrupts fear conditioning? A) prefrontal cortex B) the hippocampus C) the amygdala D) cerebellum

E.P. could easily provide directions for landmarks near his childhood home, but could not do the same for the neighborhood he currently lived in. His inability has been attributed to the damage that occurred to his ___________. A) temporal lobes. B) hippocampus. C) occipital lobes. D) cerebellum.

From what area did the Gestalt psychologists transfer their findings to memory? A. sensation B. development C. perception D. psychophysics

From what roots did psychology originate? A. biology and logic B. physiology and philosophy C. physics and epistemology D. theology and etymology

Generating alternative scenarios of what might have been or should have been is _________________________. counterfactual thinking B) daydreaming C) magical hallucinations D) social ascription

Generating alternative scenarios of what might have been or should have been is _________________________. A) counterfactual thinking B) daydreaming C) magical hallucinations D) social ascription

How did Jill Bolte Taylor find her office phone number after her stroke? A) she had written it on her hand C) in the phonebook B) on her cellphone D) on her business card

How did memory grandmaster Ed Cooke describe photographic memory when Foer asked him if he had it? A) it's a detestable myth B) it is very common at these championships C) it must be developed with practice D) it's a horrendous burden

How did our results in the Serial Position ZAP differ from the expected results? A) we had a greater primacy effect than the reference data B) we had a smaller recency effect than the reference data C) both A and B D) none of the above

How long did Willem Wagenaar keep his diary before beginning to test himself? A) 6months B) 1 year C) 2 years D) 4 years or more

How long does theecholastintestsofechoicmemory? A) 1/3 of a second B) 2 seconds C) 4 seconds D) indefinitely, if there are no other sounds

How much of the list he had learned did Ebbinghaus find that he had forgotten after nine hours? A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) 80%

If short-term memory searches ended when the target was found, what would be the relationship between search times in the target-present condition and the search times in the target-absent condition? A) search times in the target-present condition would be on average the same as search times in the target-absent condition B) search times in the target-present condition would be on average shorter than search times in the target-absent condition C) search times in the target-present condition would be on average longer than search times in the target-absent condition D) the search times would be independent of the size of the memory set

If you are presented with an array composed of 15 copies letter "O" and one letter "Q", the Q jumps out at you and you see it instantly. What type of search does this suggest? A) parallel B) serial, self-terminating C) serial, exhaustive D) conjunctive

If you search through a deck of cards one at a time, stopping when you find the ace of clubs, what type of search are you performing? A) parallel, exhaustive B) parallel, self-terminating C) serial, exhaustive D) serial, self-terminating

In Baddeley's working memory model, what is the name of the slave system that maintains information by representing a word or picture in a visual manner? A) the visuo-spatial sketchpad B)the articulatory loop C) the central executive D) the short-term store

In Baddeley's working memory model, what is the name of the slave system where information is rehearsed in a verbal form? A) the visuo-spatial sketchpad B) the articulatory loop C) the central executive D) the short-term store

In a Depth of Processing study, what type of encoding is assumed for the question "Does the word dog correctly complete the sentence 'Betty works out at the _________'"? A) phonemic B) semantic C) graphemic D) orthographic

In a memory span task, why would you expect letters with different sounds to be recalled better than letters with the same sound (that rhyme with each other)? A) Letters with different sounds also tend to have very distinct appearance. B) Short-term memory relies primarily on acoustic encoding. C) The retrieval of letters with different sounds is aided by self-generated hints. D) Short-term memory retrieval is a parallel process which retrieves the most common letters first.

In a network, what is the term for applying a feature to all levels below it in a hierarchy? typicality effect B) principle of inheritance C) spreading activation D) semantic distance effect

In addition to memory impairments, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease requires at least two other deficits. Which of the following are deficits that would contribute to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease? A) Executive function B) Language C) Motor control D) All of the above

In perceptuals can experiments such as Sperling's experiment, what was the average number of items reproduced in the Full Report condition when people very briefly viewed a 3 x 3 matrix of items? A) 3 B) 3.5 C) 4 D) 4.5

In the patient PN, who lost 19 years of memories, what area of the brain was active when he looked at photographs from those 19 years? A) the amygdala B) the medial-temporal lobes C) the frontal lobes D) the precuneus Schacter

In the terms used in Signal Detection Theory, saying an enemy plane is on the radar screen when it isn't is a ____________________. A) hit B) miss C) false alarm D) correct rejection

In the video about EP, he jokes with the experimenter about how to make a task he was asked to do a little harder. What type of memory was this joke based on? A) implicit memory B) metamemory C) iconic memory D) semantic memory

In the video on amnesia, we are introduced to Mike. Damage to his hippocampus caused him to have ____________. A) Anterograde amnesia C) Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia B) Retrograde amnesia D) Post traumatic amnesia

In which event did Foer set a U.S. record at the U.S. Memory championship in 2006? A) Names and Faces B) Speed Numbers C) Random Words D) Speed Cards

James suffered brain damage in a car accident and has memory deficits. During an examination, he is asked a series of questions like "What did you do on your birthday last year" and "Tell me about a time when did a favor for a friend". These questions are designed to investigate if James has ___________. A) Developmental amnesia B) Autism C) Anterograde amnesia D) Retrograde amnesia

John is an elderly man in his 80s. From what we know about divided attention, which of the following would John have most difficulty accomplishing? A) Recalling where and when he last saw his grandchildren. B) Solving algebra problems. C) Going through photographs and answering if he has visited those locations. D) Formulating complex sentences.

Jon has suffered from anterograde amnesia from infancy on. Which of these cognitive deficits does he have? A) great difficulty with implicit memory B) below average intelligence C) impaired episodic learning and recall D) impaired semantic memory skills

KF was presented as a counterpoint to HM. What was KF's numerical digit span? A) 1 B) 5 C) 7 D) 15

Lindsay is watching the classic film Old Yeller and is struck with grief when she recollects the passing of her own dog. Which of the following brain areas would show the most activity during this recollection? A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Sensory cortex D) Fusiform gyrus

Luria studied "S," for many years. What of the following was not a problem for S? A) extracting the gist from material B) understanding metaphors C)reading while eating D)remembering long lists of nonsense syllables

Metamemory deficits have been found in all of the following EXCEPT: A) Korsakoff's Syndrome B) Alzheimer's Disease C) Multiple Sclerosis D) Schizophrenia

Patient E.P. suffered damage to all of the following brain areas EXCEPT: A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Frontal lobe D) Temporal lobe

Six-month-old Zachary has learned to kick when his leg is attached to a mobile positioned over his head. Psychologists would suggest that this demonstrates the development of _________ memories. A) declarative B) procedural C) implicit D) autobiographical

Smilek et al. found a student in a class who excelled at digit span. experiment subsequently conducted on the student? Which of these was not a condition in the A) white digits on black B) congruent color digits C) incongruent color digits D) black digits

Some students in my class conducted a survey on self-esteem. What type of study was this? A) relational B) causal C) descriptive D) statistical

Stephen Wiltshire is an unique case of a savant because: A) Not many savants have a specialized skill of drawing. B) His social development started much later in life. C) He has more than one specialized skill—he also has extraordinary musical skills. D) All of the above

Temple Grandin is autistic and has A) been composing original jazz music since the age of four. B) memorized over 12,000 books. C) remembers every day since being hit in the head by a baseball. D) designed over 50% of all facilities in the cattle industry.

Ten months after the event, what percentage of the participants in a Dutch study falsely remembered watching tapes of a cargo plane crashing into an apartment building? A) 10 B) 35 C) 55 D) 75

The ___________ has been called the "index of memory" and is largely responsible for converting information from short-term memory to long-term memory. A) amygdala B) hippocampus C) motor cortex D) occipital lobe

The new event introduced at the 2006 U.S. Memory Championship, which actually resembled a test of real world memory skills was __________________. A) Three Strikes and You're Out of the Tea Party C) Let's Play Las Vegas Card Sharks B) Moonwalking with Einstein D) Fly Me to the Moon and Walk Me Back

The sins of transience, absent-mindedness, misattribution, and suggestibility are all associated with which are a of the brain? A) Occipital lobe B) Amygdala C) Frontal lobe D) Hippocampus

The term for irrelevant stimuli is _____________. A) distractions B) noise C) perturbations D) interference

Thomas reminds himself that he needs to go to the bank after work to take out cash. This is an example of: A) Retrospective memory B) Prospective memory C) Procedural memory D) Implicit memory

What Gestalt principle is illustrated by this figure? A. similarity B. continuation C. anomally D. closure

What approach is being used by beginning readers when they examine each letter and sound out the words? A) top-down processing B) bottom-up processing C) context effects D) word superiority effects

What are the two components of artificial memory, according to Ad Herennium? images and places C) places and encodings mnemonics and images D) topography and mnemonics

What bias was shown in the study of ballplayers predicting where the virtual ball would go after they hit it? hindsight B) consistency C) change D) egocentric

What bias was shown in the study when people at a college reunion were asked to recall their college grades? A) hindsight B) egocentric C) consistency D) stereotype

What book may have provided Ebbinghaus with inspiration for using nonsense syllables as his stimuli? A) "Through the Looking Glass" by Lewis Carroll B) "Elemente der Psychophysik" by Gustuv Fechner C) "System der Philosophie" by Wilhelm Wundt D) "Anatomia comparata nervi sympathici" by Ernst Weber

What can be predicted by tests of the phonological loop? A) ease of vocabulary acquisition B) age of onset of difficulty with word recall C) likelihood of developing dementia D) vividness of imagery

What can we conclude from Simons' studies on Change Blindness? A) We are very poor at recognizing the faces of strangers. B) It is difficult to detect even large changes when there is an occlusion or something that blocks our vision for a brief moment. C) We lack the attentional resources necessary to encode a person's face, clothes, height, and other details needed to detect changes in a person. D) Our attention is focused on the factors that bring meaning to the scene and if a change does not alter the meaning of the scene, we are unlikely to detect it.

What did Betsy Sparrow find about memory when she studied how people use the internet to handle information? A) people are very good at indicating which file they put information into B) people are getting better and better at locating information on the internet C) easy access to so much information is causing us to store much more trivia in our memories D) people are becoming much more efficient at typing things into computers

What did Ramachandran have Tammet do to check his imagery for consistency? A) paint pictures of what he visualized when he thought about numbers B) performed a fMRI on him while he thought about certain numbers C) create models of numbers out of modeling clay D) asked him to perform calculations while flashing pictures at him to create interference

What explanation has Baddeley given for why Chinese people are usually faster and more accurate at solving math problems? A) The Chinese education system stresses the rote memorization of arithmetic facts so that they are overlearned and can be accessed more quickly. B) Because the Chinese symbols are logosyllabic rather than alphabetic, they are more readily encoded into the visuo- spatial processing loop. C) Chinese numbers have a shorter pronunciation time, so require less processing capacity leading to faster solutions. D) Chinese students are introduced to the abacus at a young age and consequently process math both visually and auditorily leading to a faster and more accurate performance.

What illusion is illustrated by the following figure? A) spoke B) Ponzo C) moon D) Muller-Lyer

What insight did Minsky, a founder of artificial intelligence, gain from Bartlett's book? A) that memory is malleable C) that culture has effects on memory B) that memory includes top-down patterns D) that even professors can forget things

What is a schema? A. a trick used to improve memory B. a mental structure that represents some aspect of the world C. a set of colors chosen to be used together in some media D. a proof that a particular model can produce appropriate data

What is a widely suggested method for proofreading papers that eliminates some top-down processing effects? A) read the paper off the computer screen B) move to another room to read the paper C) read the paper backward D) turn the paper upside down to read it

What is an example of bottom-up processing? A) missing spelling errors in a paper because of reading the words you expect to see B) seeing the panda on the Gestalt Psychology slide in Lecture 2 C) movements in comics shown by lines and puffs of dust drawn near shoes D) turning your attention to a car backfire outside your apartment

What is evidence that interference is a major cause of forgetting? A)intervening tasks that are visual tend to interrupt auditory memory B)intervening tasks that involve listening tend to interrupt visual memory C)the more similar the intervening task is to the information you are trying to hold in memory, the more you forget D)paradigmatic tasks cannot be used in memory studies

What is having no problem reading 325567 and DE55ERT an example of? A) top-down processing B) the attentional bottleneck C) bottom-up processing D) diurnal processing

What is the Baker/baker paradox? A) when a call number is preceded by two words, such as Baker/baker, it is better remember it in an hour then when just the number is given B) when a business has a name that repeats itself, such as "Baker-Baker Furniture," people are much more likely to recall it several days later than if the name is "Baker Furniture" C) when shown the same photograph of a man, subjects told that his name is Baker are less likely to remember it several days later than subjects told that he is a baker D) if subjects are read a sentence with the same word used twice, but in two different ways, such as "Mr. Baker was buying a cake from the baker," they are much more likely to remember it several days later than if they are given the same sentence with different words, such as "Mr. Green was buying a cake from the baker"

What is the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test used to assess? A) the memory component of the IQ Test B) practical memory problems C) the presence of Alzheimer's disease D) the beginnings of senile dementia

What is the cocktail party effect? A) the difficulty experienced in encoding new memories when under the influence of alcohol B) the ability to focus on one conversation when several are going on simultaneously C) the interference that produces an inability to remember names when too many are presented in rapid succession, such as at a party D) the retention of many more memories when experiencing a stimulating environment

What is the difference between Shiffrin and Atkinson's short-term memory and Baddeley's working memory? A) short-term memory was just for storage, working memory is for both storage and processing B) short-term memory is briefer than working memory C) short-term memory feeds directly into long-term memory, there working memory cannot feed directly into long- term memory D) short-term memory has limited capacity, working memory does not

What is the feature of the Baddeley and Hitch Model of memory that sets it apart from other models? A) sensory memory B) short-term memory C) long-term memory D) working memory

What is the maximum number of dots that are actually used in a Braille letter? A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10

What is the most likely way that our mental lexicon is arranged? A) alphabetically B) by part of speech C) by frequency of use D) by meaning

What is the name for a procedure used in psychology in which the dependent variable (what is measured) is response time to determining whether the stimulus is a word or non-word? A) two-item forced choice recognition B) cued shadowing C) lexical decision task D) uncued recall

What is the name for merging items into meaningful units (e.g.,merging the twelve items FBITWASUVNPR into four items FBI-TWA-SUV-NPR)? A) chunking B) blending C) partitioning D) abbreviating

What is the name for the tendency to best remember the first few items on a list? A) recency effect B) word superiority effect C) lexigraphic effect D)primacy effect

What is the name given to any object or change in the environment that affects the external or internal state of an organism? A) a stimulus B) a variable C) a context D) a reinforcement

What is the name given to the effect in which the likelihood a piece of information will be remembered is based on where in the list it appears? A) word-frequency effect B) modality effect C) serial position effect D) encoding specificity effect

What is the name given to the influence of prior knowledge or expectations on our perception of incoming stimuli? A) memory B) context effects C) modality effects D) filtering

What is the name of the area of psychology that studies human intelligence and information processing? A) human factors psychology B) neuropsychology C) cognitive psychology D) clinical psychology

What is the semantic distance in "a fish breathes?" A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

What is the tendency to best remember the last few items in a list because these items are still in STM(short-term memory)? A) recency effect B) primacy effect C) word frequency effect D) word superiority effect

What is the term for a deficit in encoding, storing, or retrieving new events occurring after a trauma? A) retrograde amnesia B) anterograde amnesia C) agnosia D) apraxia

What is the term for a loss of access to events that happened in the past? A) retrograde amnesia C) transient global amnesia B) anterograde amnesia D) post-traumatic amnesia

What is the term for the feeling of already having experienced an event? A) aphasia B) dream reenactment C) deja vu D) dissociation

What is the term for the psychological discomfort that results from conflicting thoughts and feelings? A) hindsight bias B) buyer's remorse C) cognitive dissonance D) adaptive bias

What is the term used by psychologists for the linking process of gluing together the various components of an experience into a unitary whole? A) source confusion B) memory binding C) confabulation D) information confounding

What is the type of misattribution that can result in combining two words, such as spaniel and varnish, into Spanish? A) memory conjunction error B) interweaving stimuli effect C) cryptomnesia D) deja vu

What key criteria for a prospective memory aid does a string tied around your finger lack? A) availability B) informativeness C) distinctiveness D) uniqueness

What part of the brain is involved in processing emotional reactions? A) amygdala B) occipital lobes C) motor cortex D) parietal lobes

What part of the brain registers and processes body touch and movement? A) temporal lobes B) the amygdala C) occipital lobes D) sensory cortex

What part of the brain was enlarged in the brains of London cabbies when Eleanor Maguire examined them using an MRI scanner? A) left parahippocampal gyrus B) right posterior hippocampus C) right visual cortex D) the corpus callosum

What prompted the neurosurgeon to operate on HM? A) epilepsy B) a stroke C) an aneurysm D) a tumor

What scientist imprinted just-hatched goslings onto himself? A) Jean Van de Velde B) Marc Hauser C) Steve Pinker D) Konrad Lorenz

What tradition of studying memory originated with Ebbinghaus' work? A. gestalt psychology B. verbal learning C. Bartlett's schemas D. information processing

What type of memory can infants display immediately after birth? A) procedural B) implicit C) episodic D) semantic

What type of memory has been studied using a random dot stereogram? A) iconic B) implicit C) visual D) eidetic

What type of memory is demonstrated by the image of the flash left after someone takes a flash photo? A) iconic B) echoic C) haptic D) olfactory

What type of memory is memory for doing things in the future? A) episodic memory B) semantic memory C) expectency memory D) prospective memory

What type of memory is superior in people with hyperthymestic syndrome? A) prospective B) autobiographical C) semantic D) implicit

What type of study measures brain waves? A) TMS B) MRI C) PET D) EEG

What was concluded from the "Mythbusters" experiment comparing drunk driving with talking on a cellphone while driving? A) While talking on a cell phone while driving is bad, drunk driving is worse. B) Talking on a cell phone and drunk driving produced equally bad results. C) Both actions produced impairments in driving, but talking on the cell phone caused significantly more errors. D) No negative effects were found in either condition.

What was shown in the cellphone experiment by Strayer and Johnson? A) listening to the radio while driving is as disruptive as talking on a cellphone B) talking on a cellphone slows down reaction times and makes missing a signal more likely C) talking on a cellphone affects the probability of missing a signal, but doesn't affect reaction times D) talking on a cellphone only slows down reaction times, but doesn't affect the probability of missing a signal

What was the dependent variable in the Visual Search ZAP? A) number of items in display B) whether a green circle was present or not C)response time D)type of search

What was the form of written texts in the time of Socrates? A) clay tablets B) wax tablets C) scrolls D) books

What was the independent variable in Schacter's affiliation experiment? A) fear B) affiliation C) strength of preference D)random assignment

What was the subject of Fechner's book that Ebbinghaus found in Paris? A) explorations of the mind B) a theoretical account of how the study of the inner person could be approached as a science C) visual illusions D) experimental methods for studying sensory perception

What was the task in the original Brown-Peterson experiment? A) a vowel/consonant judgment task B) count backwards by threes from some number C) detect a tone in white noise D) detect a "toh" syllable among "doh" syllables

What was the title of a fifteenth-century Italian book on memory training? A) Da Romano B) Phaedrus C) Scriptio Continua D) Phoenix

What word was John Prescott looking for when he was asked about the Millennium Dome? A) Greenwich B) raffles C) football D) lottery

When Alan Alda falsely remembered some scenes from the picnic after viewing photographs, he experienced the sin of ______________. A) persistence B) suggestibility C) blocking D) absent-mindedness

When Daniel Tammet described his synesthesia for numbers, how did each number up to 10,000 map onto his senses? A) shape B) color C) texture D) emotional tone E) all of the above

When Daphne hears the word "couch," she tastes licorice. Many words are associated with tastes for her. What is the name for her condition? A) hyperthymesia B) prosopagnosia C) anosmia D) synesthesia

When Joseph Bogen discusses his translation of the French term that he translated as "alien hand," he says he should have translated it as: A) ambidextrous hand B) autonomous hand C) defiant hand D) diffident hand

When Stephen Wiltshire begins his drawing of Rome, which building does he draw first? A) the Forum B) the Pantheon C) the Roman Colosseum D) the Church of St. Peter

When a bystander to a crime has a weak memory for the face of the criminal but a strong memory for the gun he was holding, it is an example of ________________. A) facial feature blending B) weapon focus C) distinctiveness heuristic D) cryptomnesia

When college students attempt to remember high school grades, they are much more accurate in remembering grades of A than grades of D. This reflects __________________ . A) hindsight bias B) cognitive dissonance C) change bias D) egocentric bias

When patients who experience chronic pain are experiencing high levels of pain in the present, they are biased to recall similarly high levels of pain in the past. What bias does this illustrate? A) consistency B) hindsight C) egocentric D) stereotypical

Where in the Baddeley and Hitch Model of Memory does rehearsal of auditory stimuli occur? A) in the central executive B) in the visuo-spatial sketchpad C) in the phonological loop D) in the episodic buffer

Where is our knowledge of categories stored? A) long-term memory B) short-term memory C) iconic memory D) implicit memory

Which artist painted Persistence of Memory? A) Paul Cézanne B) Salvador Dalí C) Vincent van Gogh D) Max Earnst

Which group is most likely to have eidetic memory? A) Alzheimer's patients B) people with temporal lobe lesions C) children D) the elderly

Which is not a standard characteristic of the brain of an Alzheimer's patient? A) precancerous tumors B) senile plaques C) deposits of amyloid D) neurofibrillary tangles

Which memory system would contain your knowledge of how to punctuate a sentence? A) episodic B) implicit C) semantic D) working

Which memory system would contain your memories of how to cut with scissors? A) implicit B) explicit C) episodic D) declarative

Which of the following best describes the role of attention in memory? A) Attention is a major factor at the encoding stage. B) The central executive operates more efficiently if attention is focused. C) When attention is divided, information is encoded at a shallower level. D) All of the above

Which of the following disrupt the visual sketchpad's ability to remember figures? A) counting backwards by threes from some number B) identifying a "toh" syllable among "doh" syllables C) detecting a tone in white noise D) viewing static on the computer screen

Which of the following is NOT a mood induction technique? A) Music Mood Induction Procedure C) mirror-writing B) hypnosis D) Velten Mood Induction Procedure

Which of the following is a time-based prospective memory task? A) remembering to give Lauren a message when you see her next B) remembering to drop a birthday card into the next mailbox you pass C) remembering to push a button when a particular light comes on D) remembering to log on to the online study session when it starts

Which of the following is an event-based prospective memory task? A) remembering to call your friend back in twenty minutes B) remembering to make a payment by the due date C) remembering to be at the doctor's office when you are scheduled D) remembering to pick up milk when you see a CVS

Which of the following is an example of the type of study done in psychophysics? A) using Zener cards to test the number of correct responses a subject makes to identifying card symbols compared to the number expected by chance B) examining nervous system reactions found in newborn infants such as stroking newborn's foot producing the fanning of the toes (the Babinski Sign) C) testing children of different ages on their understanding of physical phenomena in the world such as gravity and force D) examining the relationship between the weight of an object and the amount of weight that must be added for the subject to detect a difference

Which of the following is not a purpose of a scientific model? A) provide an exact replica of the subject B) give a framework to explanation C) anticipate events D) encourage reasoning

Which of the following is not one of the three major types of study? A) psychoanalytic B) relational C) descriptive D) causal

Which of the following is one of the key criteria for a cue to prevent prospective memory failures? A) simplicity in encoding B) availability at the time of retrieval C) vividness D) concreteness in form

Which of the following is typically performed while "operating on automatic?" A) learning to drive B) writing questions for a new exam C) navigating an unfamiliar city D) playing a well-rehearsed trumpet solo

Which of the following statements best describes the advantage of the fMRI over the PET scan? A) The fMRI is significantly less expensive. B) The fMRI produces great spatial localization. C) Data and analyses are not as complex compared to the PET scan. D) All of the above.

Which of the following types of studies requires the injection or ingestion of radioactive material? A)PET B)MRI C)EEG D)TMS

Which of the following types of studies temporarily disrupts local neuronal activity? A) PET B) EEG C) fMRI D) TMS

Which of the following was part of the Atkinson Shiffrin Information-Processing Model of memory? A) working memory B) procedural memory C) short-term memory D) implicit memory

Which of the memory biases demonstrate how generic memories shape interpretation of the world, even when we are unaware of their existence or influence? A) consistency and change B) hindsight C) egocentric D) stereotypical

Which of the memory biases illustrate the powerful role of the self in orchestrating perceptions and memories of reality? consistency and change B) hindsight C) egocentric D) stereotypical

Which of the memory biases reveal that recollections of past events are filtered by current knowledge? A) consistency and change B) hindsight C) egocentric D) stereotypical

Which of these does not cause suggestibility of young children as witnesses? social incompetence C) neutral interviews inability to source monitor D) limitations on language abilities

Which of these is NOT one of Ekman's basic facial expressions? A) sleepy B) joy C) disgust D) surprise

Which of these is not a synonym for "memory palace"? A) ars memorativa B) journey method C) method of loci D) acrostic

Which of these is not one of the three components of memory that were recognized when the information age started? A. encoding B. storage C. processing D. retrieval

Which of these statements will have the longest response time? a rose is a dog B) a rose is a palm C) a rose is a trout D) a rose is a tulip

Which of these was not an event at the 2005 U.S.MemoryChampionship? A) Leaning an unpublished poem B) Memorizing 1000 digits of pi, starting at a random place C) Learning the order of a shuffled deck of playing cards D) Memorizing first and last names of 99 photographs

Which of these was not true of Kim Peek, who was the source of Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie "Rainman"? A) his head was abnormally large when he was an infant B) he had memorized thousands of books C) he was socially awkward D) he had an IQ over 140

Which part of the brain does Snyder use TMS to turn off in order to induce temporary savant-like artistic skills in normal people? A) the dorsal parietal peritoneum B) the hippocampus and amygdala C) the occipital regions D) the left frontotemporal lobe

Which part of the memory process is most affected by attention? A) encoding B) storage C) retrieval D) processing occipital lobes

Which type of memory both stores and simultaneously processes information? A) declarative memory B) implicit memory C) sensory memory D) working memory

Which type of memory was Jevon's studying with black beans on the white box? A. iconic memory B. episodic memory C. short-term memory D. flashbulb memory

Who is credited with first noting in writing that people can generally repeat no more than seven to ten figures of letters? A) Hermann Ebbinghaus B) Joseph Jacobs C) Francis Galton D) Oliver W. Holmes

Who tried to build a real wooden building that would be a "Theater of Memory"? A) King Francis I of France B) Giulio Camillo C) Titian D) Giordano Bruno

Why does Rovee-Collier change the task from the mobile to the train with older babies? A) older infants lose interest in the mobile C) older infants can grab the mobile B) the older infants expect trains to move D) young infants are not interested in trains

Why was an intervening task considered necessary in the Brown-Peterson task? A) to keep the participant's attention B) to prevent the trigram from fading C) to prevent rehearsal D) to disrupt the visuo-spatial sketchpad

____________ is when you fail to notice something obvious in your visual scene because you are focused on someone or something else. ___________ is a failure to notice a difference between something now and a moment ago. A) Change blindness; Inattentional blindness B) Inattentional blindness; Change blindness C) Selective attention; Divided attention D) Divided attention; Selective attention

Psych 46A Final Exam

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