Psych

Which of the following falls within the visible range of light?

523 nanometers

James is releasing a pheromone without even being aware of it. Which pheromone is he likely releasing?

Androstadiene

Stacey is staring at a green star. Once it is removed and she is looking at a blank screen, what will she see?

Apparent-distance theory

Which of the following is the oldest and best-known explanation for the moon-illusion?

Apparent-distance theory

What are the two initial steps that must be determined when shaping behavior?

Identify what the respondent can do and the desired behavior.

Recently, studies with genetically modified mice and guinea pigs have found that deleting a specific gene permits the new growth of _____.

Inner ear hair cells

Martina's parents take away her iPad for one month after they discover that she downloaded an application that they had forbidden her from using. This is an example of which of the following?

Negative punishment

What increases the probability of the behavior it follows?

Reinforcer

Which is the more common of the two main types of hearing impairment?

Sensorineural hearing loss

Michael has just moved into a new apartment and is irritated by the sound of the air conditioning unit. After a week or so, however, he doesn't even notice it anymore. What phenomenon explains this change?

Sensory adaptation

As Brad is driving to work, he turns on his blinker to move into the next lane, checks his side mirrors, and begins to merge. He suddenly hears a horn honking and turns his head to see a car in the lane. The reason he did not see the car when he checked his side mirrors is because:

The car was in his blind spot

Zach is 4 years old and wets the bed at night. His mother has decided to try a new technique to help him at night. She sets an alarm in his room (and hers) for 2 a.m. and then wakes Zach and takes him to the potty. After a few weeks of this, Zach wakes himself up at 2 a.m. each night to use the bathroom and no longer wets the bed. Zach urinating at night is the _____.

UCR

In a study of women undergoing treatment for ovarian cancer, researchers found that, following several chemotherapy sessions, the patients' immune systems were weakened as soon as they entered the hospital-in anticipation of the treatment. What had the hospital setting become?

a conditioned stimulus

Jennifer is driving and sees a yellow sign about pedestrian crossing. What determines the color she sees in the sign?

a medium sized wavelength

Jeremy was in an automobile accident that left him injured and hospitalized for 3 weeks. Now, he refuses to ride in any car. He has developed _____.

a phobia

Connor is playing a slot machine and he wins some money back on his 9th spin, his 13th spin, and then consecutively on his 16th, 17th, and 18th spins. This machine appears to be operating on which of the following?

a variable-ratio schedule

Sound amplitude is measured in ________.

decibels

Which part of the ear vibrates in sequence with sound waves?

eardrum

Healing techniques for pain, such as acupuncture or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), stimulate the release of _______.

endorphins

Which cells in the visual cortex respond only to a highly specific characteristic of a visual stimulus, such as an angle, straight edge, spot movement, or brightness?

feature detectors

Malika tries very hard in her college math class, but despite her best efforts she continues getting poor grades. As a result, she has stopped studying. When she is asked why she doesn't try anymore, she says, "What is the difference? Even when I try, I just get F's, so why am I wasting my time?" Malika seems to be falling prey to which of the following?

learned helplessness

As Brenda focuses on an object far away, her _____ stretches.

lens

Linear perspective is to _____ as interposition is to ____

parallel lines; partially blocked

While tasting a pancake, you recognize the flavors of blueberries in the cake and maple syrup on the top of the cake. What is this process of sensation and interpretation called?

perception

Based on his experience in Watson and Rayner's experiment on classical conditioning, Little Albert developed a(n) ____ to white rats.

phobia

Sleep is an example of a _____ reinforcer.

primary

The kinesthetic and vestibular senses are both part of the ________ system.

proprioceptive

The two basic kinds of receptor neurons, or photoreceptors, located in the retina are

rods and cones

If Claire has only one functioning ear, she will most likely have difficulty with which of the following?

sound localization

Max has had some difficulties with his behavior lately and his parents have been ignoring the behavior. Eventually, his misbehavior stops. Several months later, his behavioral issues show up again. This demonstrates _______.

spontaneous recovery

The organ of Corti contains how many receptors for hearing?

16,000â€"20,000 hair cells

To communicate their territorial boundaries, social status, and readiness to sexually reproduce, many species rely on the production of what chemicals?

Pheromones

Jennifer is driving and sees a yellow sign about pedestrian crossing. What determines the color she sees in the sign?

A medium sized wavelength

Stacey is staring at a green star. Once it is removed and she is looking at a blank screen, what will she see?

A red star

In classical conditioning, what does an organism, person, or animal learn?

A stimulus signals the occurrence of a second stimulus.

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a nonspecific, changing number of nonreinforced responses is known as which of the following?

A variable-ratio schedule

Connor is playing a slot machine and he wins some money back on his 9th spin, his 13th spin, and then consecutively on his 16th, 17th, and 18th spins. This machine appears to be operating on which of the following?

A variable-ratio schedule

Sven is watching a 3-D movie with friends. The use of _____ creates the illusion of depth by presenting each eye with slightly different views of the same image.

Binocular cues

The finding that learning generally occurs only in forward conditioning is consistent with the hypothesis that classical conditioning is which of the following?

Biologically adaptive

While you are reading this question, imagine that your brain first looks at the letters, then it forms them into words and sentences. What is this sort of "building" process of sensation and perception analogous to?

Bottom-up

Catherine is dining out with her family. As she eats her meal, which sense is heightened?

Gustation

Most sensorineural hearing loss occurs because hair cells in which area are damaged either by disease, injury, or aging?

Cochlea

You wear a yellow shirt to a party where there are lights of different colors. What explains the fact that you continue to perceive the shirt as yellow even though it is now reflecting different colors?

Color constancy

In Pavlov's experiment, after several pairings of food with the metronome's sound, what did the dogs' act of salivating at the sound of the metronome become?

Conditioned response

Marianne suffers from a disease that causes color blindness. Which kind of cell does this disease attack?

Cones

John is reading his textbook in the dark and his eyes begin to hurt. Which of the following causes his eye strain?

Convergence

Jason enjoys watching superhero movies and identifies with the "bad" guys. What can be expected of Jason later in life?

He may have increased aggression

If form perception is the process of how we organize sensations into meaningful shapes and patterns, what is the process of perceiving objects three dimensionally?

Depth perception

What theory of color perception proposed that there are three different opposing processes-black/white, red/green, and blue/yellow-that explain color vision and the existence of visual afterimages?

Hering's opponent-process theory

Sound frequency is measured in cycles per second known as _____.

Hertz

Which researchers developed the visual cliff exercise to study the development of depth perception in infants?

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk

Some people believe that we can also perceive events in the world without using the normal sensory receptors. What is this called?

Extrasensory perception

What phenomenon allows you to pick out the red shirt that you want when it is hanging in a closet full of green, white, and blue shirts?

Figure-ground

What is the area of central focus near the center of the retina?

Fovea

Jane is in a lot of pain, which originated in _____ in her skin.

Free nerve endings

The monocular distance cue and perceptual phenomenon of motion parallax led Max Wertheimer to found which perspective in psychology?

Gestalt

The minimum amount of difference in the sweetness of two soft drinks that you can detect is an example of which principle?

Just-noticeable difference

The premise in social learning theory that you are most likely to imitate a model whose actions you see rewarded, and you are least likely to imitate behavior that is punished, is consistent with which of the following?

Law of effect

While you are reading your psychology textbook, how does light enter your eye?

Light enters the eye through the cornea.

Researchers have found that when people observe another person performing an action, the observer experiences firing of similar neural circuits as the person performing the action. These neurons are called?

Mirror neurons

Which of the following groups of people have no functioning cones?

Monochromats

Vince had his leg amputated after a car accident but still feels pain in his missing leg. What is this called?

Phantom limb pain

Which of the following sensory systems goes directly from the sense organ to the cerebral cortex without passing through the thalamus?

Olfaction

Brenda is ready to potty train her son, Michael. She puts underwear on him, reads him a book about using the potty, and shows him his new potty. For the rest of the day, Michael uses his potty. He does the same the following day. It appears as though Michael has experienced _____, which is rather rare.

One-trial learning

What is the type of learning in which your actions produce consequences?

Operant conditioning

After leaving the cones, visual information is processed in terms of the opposing colors by certain bipolar and ganglion cells in the retina and certain cells in the thalamus. What are these cells collectively known as?

Opponent cells

Janice developed taste aversion after eating pineapples and getting a stomach virus. Based on classical conditioning, what was the conditioned stimulus?

Pineapples

What does the physical quality of sound frequency roughly correspond to in the psychological experience?

Pitch

What is the alleged ability to control objects through mental manipulation, such as causing a chair to move or a flipped coin to land either "heads" or "tails?"

Psychokinesis

In the local newspaper, you read an article about a very unique individual who has demonstrated his ability to see light in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum. What field of psychology might be interested in this individual?

Psychophysics

You are at a party when you overhear two women whispering about the attractive man that just entered. You can hear some of what they are saying, and your attention is directed to that man to see what they are interested in. What field of psychology might be interested in this phenomenon?

Psychophysics

Which of the following was Skinner highly opposed to the use of to shape behavior?

Punishment

The repeated rejections young Skinner received from publishers during his "dark year" not only reduced the amount of time he spent writing fiction but he also stopped reading fiction and poetry, and even avoided the theater for three years. What best explains this scenario?

Punishment may unexpectedly shape a behavior other than the target behavior.

Baby Jordan is sitting on the floor of his bedroom playing with his toys. All of the sudden, his older sister, who is playing in the hallways, drops her book, and it makes a loud sound when it hits the floor. When he hears this, Jordan reflexively turns his head to the doorway from where the sound came. This ability to locate the origin of an auditory stimulus is explained by which of the following?

Sound localization

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic test sensations?

Spicy

Clay is a veteran who suffers from PTSD. He has received treatment and currently does not have symptoms. Yesterday he went to see a war related movie with a friend and had a panic attack during the movie. What happened?

Spontaneous recovery

What do we call the illusion of movement produced by a rapid pattern of stimulation on different parts of the retina?

Stroboscopic movement

What is the term used to describe stimulation that occurs just below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness?

Subliminal stimulation

You are visiting a home improvement store to buy paint for your new kitchen. As you are standing in front of the display that has thousands of color options, you playfully think to yourself, "I wonder what would happen if I just combined every single color into a single paint." If you did this, what is the principle of color mixing called that would result in a black paint?

Subtractive

Which of the following is a potential problem involving the use of physical punishment to teach children proper ways of behaving?

Such punishment does not teach more desirable forms of behavior.

Jason touched Katie's hand. Katie felt the touch as a combination of all of the following EXCEPT:

Taste

Shelly opens the door to go outside and is met with a bright sunny day. What causes her pupils to constrict, letting in less light?

The Iris

Of the following, which are the two most important considerations when evaluating the validity of signal detection theory in psychophysics?

The observer's expectations and the consequences of stimulus detection

What happens to your pupils when you are psychologically aroused or interested in something?

The pupils dilate.

Visual acuity is the term for which of the following?

The sharpness of a visual image at the retina

What happens when the axons of the ganglion cells that make up the optic nerve leave the eyes?

They separate, and half of them cross to the other side of the head at the optic chiasm.

____ theory best explains high-frequency sounds, while ____ theory best explains low-frequency sounds.

Wavelength; amplitude

You are at the gym lifting weights. As you lift 100 pounds, a friend comes up and sneaks an extra 10 pounds onto the bar while you're not looking. You immediately notice the difference. If, however, you had been lifting 300 pounds, you probably would not have noticed the difference. This can be explained by which of the following?

Weber's Law

Which of the following sequences defines backward conditioning?

When the CS comes after the UCS

The type of learning that occurs due to ____ helps you prepare for future events but seldom allows you to change those events.

classical conditioning

Clayton has a difficult time differentiating between the colors red and green. This is an example of _____.

color blindness

Research indicates which of the following works best when objects of many colors surround an object?

color constancy

Brandon has an autism spectrum disorder. Research suggests that he may have deficits in _____.

mirror neurons

Brandon is drinking hot cocoa. Receptor cells in his _____ produce the flavor he experiences.

mouth and nose

Brad did not do his chores this week, so his parents have told him he cannot go to the football game this weekend. This is an example of a _____.

negative punisher

Jason, who is only 11 years old, watches as his 15-year-old brother Marcus earn money by mowing lawns for neighbors. As soon as his father says he is old enough, Jason starts asking neighbors if he can do the same. Jason has learned to earn money this way through the process of ______.

vicarious conditioning

While you are reading the text on the pages in your psychology, the _____ is (are) the figure and the _____ is (are) the ground.

words you are reading; white surrounding the words