Psych Ch. 11

Stereotype

A generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any differences. Pam's new friend is a librarian, so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. What does Pam's thinking on this describe?

Empathy

A key emotion involved in altruism and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another. A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person. Can produce altruistic behavior even toward members of rival groups.

Discrimination

A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group.

Agreeableness

A personality trait, most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors.

The-Foot-In-The-Door Technique

A persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale.

Ethnocentrism

A situation in which a person favors their own ethnic group over other groups. This does not simply mean taking pride in one's ethnic group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. Encouraging in-group/out-group thinking. Taking pride in one's group. Asserting one's group as superior over other groups.

Relational Aggression

Activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors. Involves harming the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors.

Which of the following summarizes the evolutionary psychology explanation of altruistic behavior?

Altruism is more likely to occur among family members, so helping a relative also means promoting the survival of the family's genes.

Prejudice

An unjustified negative attitude or a positive attitude toward an individual based on his or her group membership.

Observational Learning

Approach to aggression that emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive

Heuristics

Are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions, judgments, or choices rapidly.

Unstable Cause

Bill pays for Madeline's lunch and seems very happy. Madeline thinks to herself, "Bill must be in an unusually good mood today." Madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____.

Solomon Asch

Carried out the classic experiment on conformity.

Zimbardo's Standford Prison Example

Concluded that situational factors and social roles powerfully affect human behavior. Describes a process that occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility. One explanation for this is that being a group member gives us anonymity.

Overt Aggression

Directly physically or verbally harming another person. Hitting, punching, and kicking are examples of _____.

External Cause

Elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. Elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____.

Social/Observational Learning Approach

Emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

Attitudes

Evaluations of people behaviors, beliefs, and concepts.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Expectations about a future event or behavior that act to increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur. If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. What does this illustrate?

Which of the following faces did participants rate as most attractive?

Faces that were an "average" (composite) of several other faces

People with higher socioeconomic status tend to be more likely to help than those with lower socioeconomic status.

False

The Stanford prison experiment was halted after six days because the funding for the research study ran out early.

False

Altruism

Giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself. The expectation of reciprocity can encourage _____. Reciprocity is a key aspect of _____.

Egoism

Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring,

Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____ attitude change compared to those who are less attractive.

Greater

Posterior Cingulate Cortex

Greater volume in the ______ is positively associated with agreeableness.

Groupthink

Group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view. A powerful leader is surrounded by people of lower status. Occur when the group overestimates their power and morality.

_____ people are more likely to help others.

Happy

Attribution Theory

How we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are. The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior, theirs as well as others.

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

Identifies two ways by which a message can be persuasive.

65%

In Milgram's classic obedience study, what percentage of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator -- 450 volts -- to shock the learner?

Better Than

In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group (in-group) is _____ groups to which we don't belong (out-groups).

Impression

In one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form an _____ of the unfamiliar individual.

3 to 6 months

Infants as young as _____ showed a preference for looking at attractive faces.

Internal Cause

Matt sees a painting that Ben painted and says that the painting is good because Ben is a talented artist. Matt is attributing Ben's work on the painting.to a(n) _____.

Stable Cause

Noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "That guy is a mean jerk." Noah is attributing the man's behavior to a _____.

Risky Shift

Occurs when a decision is riskier when made by a group than by an individual.

Stereotype Threat

One's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group. A person who experiences ______ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

Neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones are associated with prosocial behavior.

Oxytocin Dopamine Serotonin

Decrease

Research consistently has shown that increasing the amount of interaction between people can _____ negative stereotypes.

Controllable Cause

Shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. Shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. Shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____.

Uncontrollable Cause

Sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. Sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____.

Several factors that contribute to attraction include?

Similarity Proximity Acquaintance

Social Identity Theory

States that we define ourselves in terms of our group memberships is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.

Prison Life

The Stanford prison experiment has been criticized because the advertisement mentioned specifically "_____".

Evolution Perspective of Reciprocity

The _____ is to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual isn't actually family.

Cognitive Dissonance

The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes. Modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce _____.

Self-Esteem

The degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves.

Informational Social Influence

The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct.

Person Perception

The processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Social Cognition

The way in which individuals think in social situations. The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others. How people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Helping others consistently leads to increased Positive mood.

True

Many experts insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children.

True

The physical attractiveness of an individual delivering a message can affect how persuasive the message is.

True

Persuasion

Trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior.

Which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would not expect attitudes to guide behavior?

When the person's attitudes changed recently.

Pain

When we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _____ are activated.

A person's artistic ability

Which of the following features was not one that participants were accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

A person's romantic interest in the participant A person's sexual orientation A person's propensity for violence

Which of the following features were participants accurate at detecting or determining, based on viewing a photograph, having a brief interaction, or only watching brief video clips?

Obedience

A change in behavior in response to the commands of others. Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority. Milgram's classic study involving teachers, learners, and electric shock was designed to examine the power of _____.

Conformity

A change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people. In Asch's famous research study, participants agreed with people making an incorrect choice in a line length judgment task. This study is a classic study of _____.

Prosocial Behavior

High levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin or oxytocin are associated with _____.

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation, in which Whites and Blacks attended separate schools, was unconstitutional. This illustrates which strategy to diminish the effects of prejudice and discrimination?

Increasing contact between majority and minority groups.

Self-Perception Theory

Individuals often make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior. Explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior.

The-Door-In-The-Face

Involves making a big pitch at the beginning of a sale.

Confederate

Is purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation the participants must engage in.

Milgram's Obedience Study

The famous study examining obedience to an experimenter, conducted by _____ raised serious ethical concerns and would be unlikely to be approved under today's ethical guidelines. Study in psychology raised serious ethical concerns. It ran for six days before halting due to participant safety concerns.

Normative Social Influence

The influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us. Miko has just transferred to a new high school and starts to dress and act like the popular students there because she wants them to like her. This is an example of_____.

Social Comparison

The process by which we compare ourselves to other people. Jon got a B on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using _____ to evaluate his performance.

Group Polarization Effect

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.

Social Psychology

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

The tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations. The tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation. The _____ may be explained by the fact that when making attributions about someone, the immediate environment is more stable and less attention-grabbing than the observed person's behavior. Antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner.

Individualistic Cultures

Value personal accomplishments and emphasize uniqueness, and have been associated with lower levels of conformity. Value personal accomplishments, differences, and uniqueness.

Collectivistic Cultures

Value the group; therefore, they have been associated with greater levels of conformity. Value the group and cooperation.

In-Group Out-Groups

We inflate the positive aspects of our _____ and at the same time devalue other_____.

When are attitudes more likely to guide behavior?

When a person is very aware of his or her own attitudes. When a person has strong attitudes. When a person rehearses and practices his or her strong attitudes.

Social Loafing

When an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the reduced accountability for individual effort. When several students are assigned to do a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as _____.

Social Facilitation

When an individual's performance improves due to the presence of others.

Deindividuation

When being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility.

Proximity Similarity

When considering the factors of attraction identified in the text, there is physical closeness, otherwise known as _____. There is also acquaintance, and _____.

Reward/Reinforcement Centers

When participants' brains were scanned as they judged pictures of people, the brain responded to judgments that were different from group judgments by experiencing less activation in the brain's _____.

Mistakes

When participants' brains were scanned as they judged pictures of people, the brain responded to judgments that were different from the group judgments as if they were _____.

Social Identity

When someone is asked to identify themselves and they answer with the religious or ethnic group affiliations, this is stating their _____. A way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.

In the context of gender and helping behavior, ______ are more likely to help in the context of interpersonal relationships or nurturing, whereas _____ are more likely to help in the context of perceived danger.

Women Men

Personal Responsibility

Zimbardo explained that when an authority figure removes _____, true evil can emerge.