Psych CH 11: Motivated Behaviors

According to Goal Setting Theory, performance improves most when goals are ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___

-Specific -Difficult -Achievable -Commitment = high -Feedback provided

Goal orientation differences in goal setting

...

homeostasis view of motivation

A drive theory in which an organism expends energy to maintain an optimum state. Problem: Overlooks the power of new stimuli to arouse behavior.

Need for Achievement (nAch)

An intrinsic motivation toward accomplishment and excellence. Higher nAch is related to... -promotion vs. prevention -choice of difficult but possible goals -effort increase after feedback

Leadership Style

Balances two qualities: -Initiating structure (also called task-orientation) -Consideration (also called (relationship-orientation) Best leaders combine both

T/F: Most of us would not be distressed if we had no further goals.

FALSE

True or False: Motivated behavior is unintentional

False

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire for reward. Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome, whether or not that activity is also intrinsically motivated. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual.

Performance goal orientation

Persons with performance approach orientation seek positive reinforcement and feedback. These individuals don't want to put forth a lot of effort unless they will be positively evaluated, and tend to avoid tasks were they may make mistakes and therefore be poorly evaluated (Extrinsic).

T/F: Similar to drives such as hunger, the motivation for achievement is complicated by the fact that there is usually a point of satiation.

Similar to drives... FALSE

T/F: Challenging goals benefit from intrinsic motivation.

TRUE

T/F: People who achieve major goals tend to set new ones and begin striving for them.

TRUE

Job Design & Work Motivation - Should jobs be designed to be challenging and interesting, or simple and foolproof?

Theory X (scientific management approach) Theory Y (human relations approach) -We now view job satisfaction as an interaction between characteristics of the job, and characteristics of the person (personality)

Learning (mastery) goal orientation

These individuals focus on improving skills and acquiring knowledge, and are less concerned with making mistakes(Intrinsic).

True or False: Motivated Behavior is goal directed - motivated individuals keep working until they reach their goals

True

A drive is [drive theory]

a state of unrest or irritation that energizes behavior until the irritation is removed Problems: -Organisms do not appear to strive for inactivity. -Humans adjust current behavior in anticipation of future needs. -ignores the role of external stimulation

Instinct Theory[motivation]

all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive. This theory suggests that all behaviors are driven by instincts.

Motivation

can be thought of as the process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome

Transformational Leadership theory

distinguishes between transactional leadership and transformational leadership

Incentive Theories[motivation]

emphasize motivations that are external to the organism. Incentives are external stimuli that pull us toward certain actions. -Most motivated behaviors are controlled by a combination of (internal) drives and (external) incentives.

Drive Theories [motivation]

emphasize motivations that are internal to the organism.

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

focuses on the quality of the 1-to-1 relationship between a specific leader and a specific follower

Later research examined ____

leadership style (behavior)

Early research on leadership focused on leaders' ____

personalities

Overjustification

predicts that if people (and some animals) are given more extrinsic motivation than needed to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines.

Drive-reduction theory[motivation]

theory proposes that animals strive to reduce their drives as much as possible.