PSYCH CH 15

In the Mankato Nun Study, ______ early in adulthood were linked to longevity. positive emotions positive relationships good nutrition physical activity

positive emotions

True or false: The hormonal stress theory of aging states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and increases the likelihood of disease. True False

True

Which of the following statements regarding sleep in late adulthood is FALSE? Poor sleep can result in earlier death. Using behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments to improve older adults' sleep causes more harm than good. Staying active during the day will improve older adults' sleep. More time in sleep benefits older adults' memory and their cognitive skills.

Using behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments to improve older adults' sleep causes more harm than good.

Which of the following is characterized by good judgment and exceptional insight into life's pragmatic concerns and human conditions? Sustained attention Wisdom Intelligence Mental agilit

Wisdom

In the Mankato Nun Study, the researcher used the concept of idea density, which is ______. an experimental technique in which the accuracy of each idea is evaluated a measure of linguistic ability a measure of grammatical complexity the number of ideas the nuns could generate with in an hour

a measure of linguistic ability

Evidence suggests that training cognitive skills is ______. ineffective for older adults effective for a minority of older adults effective for many older adults harmful to older adults

effective for many older adults

Sustained attention is defined as ______. focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings focused and extended engagement with an object, task, or some other aspect of the environment concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

focused and extended engagement with an object, task, or some other aspect of the environment

Selective attention is defined as ______. focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant concentrating on more than one activity at the same time focused and extended engagement with an object, task, or some other aspect of the environment retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings

focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant

Compared with younger adults, older adults show greater activity in the ______ and parietal regions of the brain while engaging in tasks such as attention. executive frontal midbrain hindbrain

frontal

Memory without conscious recollection is called ______ memory. perceptual long-term associative implicit

implicit

The formation of new neurons is called _______

neurogenesis

____________ disease is a chronic, progressive type of dementia characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movements, and partial facial paralysis.

parkinsons

To compensate for declines in attention, memory, and language, older adults use ______ of the brain. the right hemisphere the left hemisphere both hemispheres neither the right nor the left hemisphere

both hemispheres

The field of science that studies the links between the brain and cognitive functioning is called developmental ____________ __________

cognitive neuroscience

Use it or lose it is a component of the engagement model of the __________ ___________ approach, which emphasizes the role of social and intellectual engagement in protecting against declines in intellectual development.

cognitive optimization

The receiving portion of the neuron is the ____________. Researchers have found that growth in these areas can occur even in older adults.

dendrite

Which theory of aging supports the idea that if Alzheimer disease occurred earlier in development, it might have been eliminated many centuries ago? evolutionary theory Cellular clock theory Free-radical theory Mitochondrial theory

evolutionary theory

Which of the following are biological theories of aging? evolutionary theory Okinawan approach theory compression of morbidity theory hormonal stress theory genetic/cellular process theories

evolutionary theory hormonal stress theory genetic/cellular process theories

__________stress theory states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and disease.

hormonal

The two most common chronic disorders in late adulthood are arthritis and -----------

hypertension

Recent research on cellular clock theory has determined that the tips of chromosomes called _____________ become shorter each time a cell divides, after about 70 or 80 divisions, they are dramatically reduced, and the cell can no longer reproduce.

telomeres

Many studies suggest that declines in cognitive functioning occur in the years just before a person's death, regardless of their age. This is known as____________ decline

terminal

Many studies suggest that declines in cognitive functioning occur in the years just before a person's death, regardless of their age. This is known as ______. terminal decline dementia degenerative decay Alzheimer disease

terminal decline

Exercise can increase ___________ and ___________ mass and decrease_____________ fragility.

, bone, muscle, bone

Researchers have found that dendritic growth no longer occurs in people in their ______. 60s 90s 70s 80s

90s

The most common form of dementia is ______ disease, a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning. (Watch your spelling!) Alzheimer's Tay-Sachs macular degeneration Friedreich ataxia

Alzheimer's

According to recent research in healthy aging, what are the major causes of decrease in brain volume? Fewer synapses Extreme neuron loss Shorter axons Shrinkage of neurons

Fewer synapses Shorter axons Shrinkage of neurons

Regarding living arrangements and health care for the elderly, which of the following statements are TRUE? More than one-third of nursing homes and extended care facilities do not meet the federally mandated minimum standards. Due to the high cost of alternative care, there has been little change in the percentage of older adults living in nursing homes. One issue of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is that they are not given the lifestyle freedom within their range of abilities. Recently, home health care workers are having difficulty finding work due to the success of elder-care centers and preventative medicine clinics.

More than one-third of nursing homes and extended care facilities do not meet the federally mandated minimum standards. One issue of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is that they are not given the lifestyle freedom within their range of abilities.

What does the concept of use it or lose it refer to? The ability to recall and use knowledge on demand The difficulty older people experience when trying to learn a new language The feeling older people experience when they remember the distant past The fact that disuse may result in the atrophy of cognitive skills

The fact that disuse may result in the atrophy of cognitive skills

Regarding older adults and exercise, which of the following statements is FALSE? Exercise reduces the risk of developing mental health problems. Exercise has been shown to be effective in treating and preventing depression. Exercise is linked to improved brain functioning. The rate of exercise among older people has increased dramatically in recent years.

The rate of exercise among older people has increased dramatically in recent years.

Which statements about nursing homes are accurate? There are concerns about safety and care at over one-third of American nursing homes. Living there is typically less expensive than remaining at home. They are most appropriate for patients who can take care of themselves but want the company of same-age peers. Patients often feel depersonalized.

There are concerns about safety and care at over one-third of American nursing homes. Patients often feel depersonalized.

Older adults who adjust best to retirement have which of the following characteristics? They are active. They are well educated. They are less involved in social networks. They are healthy.

They are active. They are well educated. They are healthy.

True or false: Although there are individual differences, research shows that seeing, hearing, and other aspects of sensory functioning are linked with the ability to perform everyday activities. True false

True

True or false: For the oldest-old (those aged 85 and older), there is some loss of plasticity that may hinder training cognitive skills. True False

True

On average, the brain loses ______ of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90. 15 to 20% 5 to 10% 25 to 30% 1 to 2%

5 to 10%

According to research, ______ of people age 65 to 74 are sexually active. 23% 53% 75% 10%

53%

Which of the following are consequences of aging on the brain? A reduction in some neurotransmitters Reduced number of synapses Neurogenesis in all regions of the brain A slowing in the function of the brain and spinal cord

A reduction in some neurotransmitters Reduced number of synapses A slowing in the function of the brain and spinal cord

In 2015, the geographical area with the lowest estimated life expectancy was in ______. Africa Asia North America Europe

Africa

What are some factors identified in the New England Centenarian Study that contribute to longevity? Longevity genes Effective coping A glass of wine a day Being overweight

Longevity genes Effective coping

The _____ found that longevity genes and the ability to cope with stress are involved in longevity. Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study New England Centenarian Study Georgia Centenarian Study

New England Centenarian Study

Which of the following biological explanations for why women tend to outlive men are TRUE? Women have a longevity gene that men lack. The extra X chromosome may be associated with greater antibody production. Women have more resistance to degenerative diseases. Women have more resistance to infections.

The extra X chromosome may be associated with greater antibody production. Women have more resistance to degenerative diseases. Women have more resistance to infections.

In which of the following regions of the brain have researchers documented that neurogenesis occurs? The hippocampus The cingulate gyrus The amygdala The olfactory bulb

The hippocampus The olfactory bulb

The MOST common chronic disorder in late adulthood is ______. heart disease hypertension arthritis respiratory disease

arthritis

Researchers have found that exercise improves ___________ functioning in older adults. For example, a recent study revealed that telomere length was greater in white blood cells when older adults had a higher level of physical activity during leisure time.

cellular

Cellular ________ theory, also known as telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing.

clock

The field of ___________ ___________ relies on brain imaging techniques, such as fMRI, PET, and DTI to reveal areas of the brain that are activated when individuals engage in certain cognitive activities.

cognitive neuroscience

Focusing attention on a relevant piece of information while ignoring other, irrelevant information is known as ___________attention.

selective

Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment is called ____________attention.

sustained

expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters is called .

wisdom

Which of the following are reasons why projected growth in life expectancy is so much lower in the US than in South Korea? Americans are much more likely to be obese. Most South Koreans are vegetarian. The US has a much higher child and maternal mortality rate. The US has the world's highest homicide rate.

Americans are much more likely to be obese. The US has a much higher child and maternal mortality rate. The US has the world's highest homicide rate.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why men die sooner than women? Health habits Health attitudes Occupational differences Androgen production

Androgen production

Which of the following descriptions applies to telomeres? DNA sequences that cap chromosomes Unstable oxygen molecules Stress-related changes in DNA Tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for cell function and growth

DNA sequences that cap chromosomes

Which of the following are examples of adaptive features of the aging brain? Dendritic growth Decreased lateralization Neurogenesis Increased "noise"

Dendritic growth Decreased lateralization Neurogenesis

Which of the following are the characteristics of Alzheimer disease? Reversible brain damage Deterioration of physical functioning Gradual deterioration of language Gradual deterioration of memory

Deterioration of physical functioning Gradual deterioration of language Gradual deterioration of memory

Which of the following are some of the main dimensions of memory that have been studied in terms of aging? Deteriorated memory Episodic memory Source memory Selective memory Semantic memory

Episodic memory Source memory Semantic memory

Which of the following is not critical for wisdom to develop at a high level? Having wisdom-enhancing mentors Having above average intelligence Valuing others' welfare over one's own happiness Working in a field concerned with difficult life problems

Having above average intelligence

Exercise is linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning in older adults because it does which of the following? Increases activity in the amygdala Improves executive functioning Leads to improved memory Shortens telomeres

Improves executive functioning Leads to improved memory

Which of the following statements about differences in selective attention between younger and older adults is TRUE? Unfortunately, there is no good way to improve selective attention once declines occur. Practicing simple tasks has been associated with younger adults exceeding older adults in selective attention. In general, younger adults are more adept at selective attention than older adults. In general, younger and older adults do not differ in selective attention.

In general, younger adults are more adept at selective attention than older adults.

Which of the following statements is true? Older adults are more likely to experience declines in implicit memory compared to explicit memory. Older adults do not experience declines in explicit or implicit memory. Older adults are equally likely to experience declines in explicit and implicit memory. Older adults are more likely to experience declines in explicit memory compared to implicit memory.

Older adults are more likely to experience declines in explicit memory compared to implicit memory.

Adults who have the most difficulty adjusting to retirement also have which of the following? Little attachment to work Other stressors at the time they are retiring Poor health Inadequate income

Other stressors at the time they are retiring Poor health Inadequate income

what are the symptoms of Parkinson disease? Partial facial paralysis Muscle tremors Slowing of movements Increase in dopamine levels

Partial facial paralysis Muscle tremors Slowing of movements

What is the primary reason that some adults with partners do not have sex? Attitudes and beliefs Partner's poor physical health Decrease in sexual sensations Lack of sexual desire

Partner's poor physical health

Betty is an 85-year-old health educator. She walks every day because she recognizes that, according to research, regular walking helps with which of the following? Reducing functional limitations Decreasing the onset of physical disability Increasing the lifespan Preserving mobility

Reducing functional limitations Decreasing the onset of physical disability Preserving mobility

Which of the following are consequences of aging on the brain? Reduced branching in dendrites Slower reflexes Shorter axons Increased density of the myelin sheath

Slower reflexes Shorter axons

Which of the following sensory functions decline as the result of aging? Smell Affect Hearing Intelligence Vision

Smell Hearing Vision

Which factors are likely associated with the cause of Alzheimer disease? Smoking Family history of Alzheimer disease Obesity High cholesterol Stressful events Anorexia

Smoking Family history of Alzheimer disease Obesity High cholesterol

According to the evolutionary theory of aging, natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults because natural selection ______. enables the survival of free radicals is linked to reproductive fitness is limited as a theory that encompasses the life span causes our cells to stop dividing

is linked to reproductive fitness

Compared to explicit memory, implicit memory is _____ likely to be affected by age. not more equally less

less

The term _____ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live. age limit life limit life span life boundary

life span

Women are more likely than men to develop Alzheimer disease, primarily because they ______. have higher estrogen levels live longer are more likely to live alone are more likely to smoke

live longerc

A recent study revealed that higher levels of financial assets and job satisfaction were more strongly linked to ______ higher psychological well-being in retirement, while preretirement social contacts were more strongly related to ______ well-being in retirement. spouses; divorcees women's; mens divorcees; spouses men's; women's

men's; women's

In the United States, ______ are more likely than ______ to die from the leading causes of death associated with lifestyle. Whites; African Americans men; women women; men gays and lesbians; heterosexuals

men; women

Adaptive features of the aging brain include delateralization of the brain, dendritic growth, and ______. synaptic growth neurogenesis lengthening of axons increased neurotransmitter production

neurogenesis

All of the following personal characteristics have been associated with having wisdom EXCEPT ______. openness to experience generativity neuroticism creativity

neuroticism

The noncognitive influences on memory include all of the following, EXCEPT ______. neurotransmitters education socieconomic factors health

neurotransmitters

Research shows that regular physical activity helps improve older adults' ______ functioning. physical and cognitive physical, but not cognitive cognitive, but not physical

physical and cognitive

Which of the following are associated with increased risk of sleep problems? physical illness increased exercise being male depression

physical illness depression