Psych Ch 4/5
self-concepts
A psychology instructor asks his class to write down all of their thoughts and feelings about themselves. This exercise is a way to describe their:
rite of passage.
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a:
lacks self-recognition.
A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. The child points to the rouge on the mirror's reflected image. From this example one can conclude that the child:
cognition
A student knows the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development and is recalling the name of the second one. They are communicating their knowledge by writing "preoperational" in a blank on a test paper. Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to all the mental activities involved in thinking.
cross-sectional
A study that compares people of different ages at the same point in time is a(n) _____ study.
longitudinal; cross-sectional
A study that follows and retests the same people over time is a(n) _____ study, whereas a study that compares people of different ages at the same point in time is a(n) _____ study.
the imaginary audience.
A thirteen-year-old refuses to go to school because they have a pimple. They are convinced that everyone will notice the blemish and make fun of them. The student's behavior is an example of:
a hierarchy of needs
According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated through:
identification
According to Freud, _____ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.
Secure attachment
Ainsworth's term for infants who derive comfort and confidence from close contact with their caregiver, and show distress when the caregiver leaves
Insecure attachment
Ainsworth's term for infants who don't seem to be comforted by contact with their caregiver; they cling nervously while the caregiver is present, but show little distress when the caregiver leaves
secure
Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Which term BEST describes Derek's attachment style?
determining if the information is meaningful.
All of these are difficult for older adults EXCEPT:
vocabulary.
All of these are difficult for older adults EXCEPT:
90
Almost _____ percent of people in Western cultures would like to be more extraverted.
despair
Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity versus _____.
touch or hold the child
Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, what is the MOST helpful thing a person can do for a frightened infant or child?
middle
Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.
frontal lobe
Between the ages of 3 and 6 years, the number of neural connections increases MOST dramatically in the _____ lobe.
1. Acceptance 2. Genuineness 3.Empathy
Carl Rogers' believed that a growth-promoting social climate provides:
preoperational
Children develop a theory of mind during Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.
75 to 80
Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in?
factors
Clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together are called:
unconditional positive regard.
Darius' friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:
physical, cognitive, and social changes across the life span.
Developmental psychology investigates:
developmental
Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
a teratogen.
Dr. Joachim warns a pregnant patient that her recreational use of a particular drug may cause harm to her fetus. The drug is classified as:
fetal
Due to complications from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order to save her life. In which stage of prenatal development did Molly have the termination?
at least the first 10 years of their life
Emerson was born preterm. Skin-to-skin contact with their parents as an infant may improve Emerson's cognitive development for:
assimilation; accommodation
Even as adults, people sometimes find that new experiences fit easily into their "mental boxes," their knowledge frameworks. Other times, new experiences may force people to "think outside the box" and expand their mental frameworks. These two sentences align with Piaget's concepts of _____ and _____, respectively.
rooting
Every time Mrs. Thomas touches her baby's left cheek, the baby turns that cheek toward her mother and opens her mouth. The reflex that is triggered by the mother's touch is known as the _____ reflex.
certain consistencies in a person's behavior may reflect some sort of inner psychological quality.
Gordon Allport was the first to determine that:
authoritarian; authoritative
Hailey's parents demand her strict obedience; back talk is not tolerated. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In Baumrind's terms, Hailey's parents are _____; Isabella's are _____.
Conscious:
In Freud's theory, the part of an individual's personality and memory that is currently part of that individual's awareness
Social-cognitive
In comparing the major personality theories, which argues that our behavior in one situation is best predicted by considering our past behavior in similar situations?
frontal lobe; limbic system
In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _____ than in its _____.
altruism
In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective does NOT emphasize:
weak ego.
Jaydon does not realize that his alcohol abuse and family neglect are leading to the destruction of both his family and his career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon is showing signs of a:
cognitive
Jean Piaget proposed a stage theory of _____ development.
identity; role confusion
Jeremy is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and various hair colors Jeremy tries. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Jeremy is in the stage of development called _____ versus _____.
adolescence
Karen is 13 years old. She is in the middle of puberty. Karen is in a stage of development called
identity
Keith is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Keith is in the stage of development called _____ versus role confusion.
This is actually rare as most babies do not start walking until around their first birthday.
Lee is an 8-month-old infant who is already walking and even running around his house. What would his pediatrician MOST likely say to Lee's parents?
formal operational
Leslie is in the tenth grade and is currently taking calculus. She is doing very well and has even earned an A in the class. Leslie is MOST likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
cross-sectional
Maneesha is studying cognitive development during adulthood. She administers several memory and problem-solving tasks to a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 40-year-olds, and a group of 70-year-olds. Maneesha is using a _____ research design.
become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies.
Marquis is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marquis was placed in a foster home where he was abused. He was never adopted. It is MOST likely that Marquis will:
biological
Maturation refers mainly to _____ development.
embryo
Norma lost her baby during her eighth week of pregnancy. During which stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?
10
Olivia and Abigail are sisters. Olivia began walking when she was 10 months old. Their mother can expect Abigail to begin walking at _____ months of age.
gender identity develops, even without the presence of the same-sex parent.
One challenge to Freud's theory that gender identity forms as the child resolves the Oedipus complex is that:
20
Only a small proportion, about _____ percent, of U.S. teens wish they were someone else.
self-serving bias
People tend to perceive themselves favorably. This is known as:
Jean Piaget
Psychologists often mention B. F. Skinner when asked to name the most influential psychologist of the twentieth century. Based on a survey of British psychologists, _____ is another worthy contender for the title.
attachment
Psychologists use the word _____ to refer to an individual's close emotional bond with another person.
teratogen
Scientists have found that nicotine can be passed through the placenta. For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n):
formal operational
Several survivors of a 2018 school shooting in Parkland, Florida, have become nationally recognized advocates for gun control. These students' ability to think abstractly about a complex topic reflects Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.
Alfred Adler
Steve struggles with feelings of inferiority that in turn drive him to seek superiority and power. Which neo-Freudian theorist was MOST concerned with cases like Steve's condition?
studies show that these descriptions show up over a wide range of cultures.
The Big Five model seems to best capture personality because:
social-cognitive
The _____ perspective proposes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations, and that the way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.
authoritarian
The children of ______ parents may develop brains that overreact when they make mistakes.
while some characteristics are stable, both stability and change are part of development.
The conclusion of many researchers regarding the stability versus change developmental issue is that:
embryo
The correct order of prenatal development is zygote, _____, and, finally, fetus.
recognize that they have changed over the years, but fail to consider that they will change in the future.
The end of history illusion suggests that people:
Piaget
The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar:
humanistic
The life story approach to personality assessment is MOST likely to be practiced by a _____ psychologist.
The child is upset but not clinging fearfully.
The mother of a securely attached, 13-month-old child is in the process of leaving the child in an unfamiliar room. How does the child react?
B. The child ignores the mother's departure. C. The child clings fearfully to the mother
The mother of an insecurely attached, 13-month-old child is in the process of leaving the child in an unfamiliar room. How does the child react?
B. The child clings to the mother for fear that she may leave again. C. The child ignores the mother.
The mother returns. Now how does this insecurely attached child react?
The child greets the mother happily, then returns to exploring the interesting toys in the room.
The mother returns. Now how does this securely attached child react?
menarche.
The point at which menstruation begins is called:
extraversion
The tendency to be social, happy, and cheerful is an example of which of the factors in the Big Five model of personality?
menopause
When a woman stops ovulating and becomes incapable of reproduction, she experiences _____.
Authoritarian
Which parenting style is characterized by parents being coercive by imposing rules and expecting obedience?
"Big Five"
Which set of personality factors/theories, considered to be today's "common currency for personality psychology," is our best approximation of the basic trait dimensions?
competition between similar words
While campaigning for reelection, a congressman makes headlines when he slips and says, "I do not want to do that; it is a lot of brothel." Many news pundits speculate that it might be a Freudian slip. Many psychological researchers today would argue that slips of the tongue are:
concrete operational; formal operational
With respect to Piaget's theory, conservation is to abstract logic as the _____ stage of cognitive development is to the _____ stage.
Piaget's sequence of cognitive development is valid across many cultures.
With respect to the evaluation of Piaget's theory, contemporary research has revealed that:
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Critical period
a period of time, or "window of opportunity," during which outside factors can influence development
Strange Situation
a special research procedure used by Ainsworth to study the attachment relationship between an infant and the primary caregiver
Attachment
a strong social bond formed between two individuals; typically refers to the special bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
Id:
according to Freud, an unconscious component of the personality; present from birth, it is the repository of the sexual and aggressive urges that help humans survive
Fixation:
according to Freud, being stuck at a particular stage of pyschosexual development
Libido:
according to Freud, the "life force" or "psychic energy" that drives human behavior
Superego:
according to Freud, the component of the personality that holds our moral values and societal standards; develops during the phallic stage as the child identifies with the same-sex parent and takes on that parent's values
Psychosexual stages
according to Freud, the five stages of personality development from infancy to adulthood
Ego:
according to Freud, the self that we know; mediates between the demands of the id and the moral ideals of the superego
Collective unconscious:
according to Jung, an inherited set of shared memories from the experiences of our ancestors
accommodation
adapting our current understanding to incorporate new information
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Trait perspective:
an approach to studying personality that focuses on the enduring characteristics of each individual that remain stable across different situations
Theory:
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
Five-factor model of personality:
an important theory of personality based on the "Big Five" factors that emerged from research on personality traits
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Developmental psychology
branch of psychology that studies how people typically change physically, cognitively, and socially as they move through the chronological periods of the life span
Trait:
characteristic of a person's behavior across situations; used to describe personality
Hormones
chemical messengers of the endocrine system; travel to their target through the bloodstream
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus. their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Separation distress
depressed, anxious behavior that infants often display when the primary caregiver leaves
Basic trust
earliest stage in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; if an infant's needs are met on a reliable basis, the infant will develop a sense that the world is a trustworthy place
Environment:
external influences from the physical and social world
Stranger anxiety
fear that infants show in the presence of an unfamiliar person; most common between about 8 to 12 months of age
Unconscious:
in Freud's theory, the part of our personality and memory that is not available to our ordinary conscious awareness
Imprinting
in some animals, an instinct-based attachment formed very early in life during a critical period for this process
Imprinting
in some animals, an instinct-based attachment formed very early in life during a critical period for this process. doesn't occur in human infants
inferiority complex.
jerry was frequently ill as a child, which led him to miss out on many of the activities that his peers experienced. Adler would predict that Jerry would develop a(n):
Conscientiousness:
personality tendency to act in careful, responsible ways and to value achievement
Openness:
personality tendency to appreciate new imaginative ideas and creative actions
Agreeableness:
personality tendency to be compassionate and cooperative toward others
Extraversion:
personality tendency to prefer social interaction and a high level of activity
Emotional stability
personality tendency toward calm, predictable behavior and positive emotions, along with good stress management
Neuroticism:
personality tendency toward negative emotionality (such as anger, anxiety, depression), emotional instability, along with an inability to cope with stress
Trait theory:
personality theory that emphasizes enduring characteristics of a person's behavior, thoughts, and emotions across situations
Social-cognitive theory:
personality theory that emphasizes the interaction between a person's individual characteristics and the social environment
Psychoanalytic theory:
personality theory that emphasizes unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood sexuality; proposed by Freud
Psychodynamic theory:
personality theory that focuses on the conscious and unconscious forces that control present behavior and experiences; based on Freud's ideas
Humanistic theory:
personality theory that recognizes the full richness of each individual human, including the potential for personal growth
Developmental psychology
researchers typically study the attachment relationship between an infant and the parents, especially the parent who is the primary caregiver.
Gene:
segment of a DNA molecule that can synthesize a protein; located on chromosomes
Interaction:
the combined result of influences from two or more factors; typically, the presence of one factor changes the impact of the other factor
Self-actualization:
the desire for self-fulfillment; to reach one's full potential as a human being; sometimes treated as Maslow's highest level of motivation
Personality:
the enduring characteristics of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people
Reciprocal determinism:
the interaction, or two-directional influences, among an individual's personality and cognition, the individual's social environment, and the individual's behavior
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Self-concept:
the way in which a person thinks about himself/herself and the kind of person she/he is
