PSYCH CH 5
Children in the _____ percentile are considered obese 85th 96th 94th 97th
97th
What part of the brain grows at the highest rate in early childhood (between the ages of 3 and 6)? Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe
Which of the following is a government program that provides lower socioeconomic status children in the United States with skills for school success? Head Start Montessori Reggio Emilia No Child Left Behind
Head Start
Regarding growth in early childhood, which of the following statements are true? Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy. There is slow, steady increase in the percentage of body fat. There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat. Girls are significantly smaller than boys in early childhood.
Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy. There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat.
piaget's theory, children will construct knowledge by doing which of the following? Organizing and collaborating Transforming and socializing Transforming and organizing Organizing and socializing
Transforming and organizing
Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ______ development in order to meet all of a child's needs. cultural socioemotional physical nutritional
socioemotional
Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and ______________develop independently before merging.
thought
Students who attended the Perry Preschool program, an alternative to the Head Start programs, were found to have which of the following long-term outcomes, when compared to a control group from the same background who did not attend Perry? A greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40 Higher high school graduation rates Fewer teen pregnancies Higher juvenile arrest rates
A greater likelihood of being in the workplace after age 40 Higher high school graduation rates Fewer teen pregnancies
Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens? Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens downplay firsthand experiences. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.
Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned. Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play.
According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true? Children communicate externally before developing internal speech. Children communicate internally before developing external speech. The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing.
Children communicate externally before developing internal speech. The transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age. When self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing.
Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? (Select all that apply) Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children are able to understand the concept of reversibility. Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs.
Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs.
Identify each of the key factors in vocabulary developments in young children. Children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected. Children learn words of items that interest them. Children learn words they hear frequently. Passive learners acquire vocabulary more effectively.
Children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected. Children learn words of items that interest them. Children learn words they hear frequently.
Which of the following is NOT a key principle in young children's vocabulary development? Children learn the words they hear most often. Children learn words for things and events that interest them. Children learn best when they access clear information about word meanings. Children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar.
Children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar.
______ habits are important aspects of development during early childhood that affect skeletal growth, body shape, and susceptibility to disease. Study Reading Eating
Eating
Which of the following elements did Vygotsky emphasize and Piaget minimize as playing a role in shaping thought? Education Language Sociocultural context Cognition
Education Language Sociocultural context
What are the two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood? Novel attention Extended attention Executive attention Sustained attention
Executive attention Sustained attention
______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention. Joint; executive Executive; sustained Sustained; executive Joint; sustained
Executive; sustained
True or false: When children are demonstrating knowledge of the rules of morphology, overgeneralization DOES NOT occur. True False
False (think goed to the store)
The __________________ approach emphasizes children's free choice and spontaneity when engaging in educational activities.
Montessori
Which of the following statements are true about the Montessori approach to early childhood education? Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities. The philosophy of the Montessori approach has gained popularity in the United States. A Montessori teacher has a dual role as director and facilitator. Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers.
Montessori programs encourage children to move freely between activities. The philosophy of the Montessori approach has gained popularity in the United States. Montessori children are encouraged to become self-regulating problem solvers.
Which of the following statements best describe the curriculum controversy in early childhood education? One side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach. Some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach. Some experts believe the programs do not put enough pressure on children to achieve. Some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development.
One side advocates for a focus on academics through the direct instruction approach. Some experts advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach. Some experts advocate for a focus on a both cognitive and socioemotional development, not just cognitive development.
Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years? Reggio Emilia's theory Piaget's theory Vygotsky's theory Information processing theory
Piaget's theory Vygotsky's theory Information processing theory
Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children? Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine Allowing the child to bring a favorite toy to the table Modeling healthy eating habits Having the television on during dinner
Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine Modeling healthy eating habits
Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood? Running Climbing Assembling a simple jig-saw puzzle Jumping
Running Climbing Jumping
Nutrition and eating habits affect which of the following aspects in early childhood? Skeletal growth Body shape Susceptibility to disease Parental attachment
Skeletal growth Body shape Susceptibility to disease
What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech.
Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children are able to present competent narratives.
What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children? Scaffolding Social learning of modeling Zone of proximal development Reciprocal dialog
Zone of proximal development
The main cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 is ______. accidents deformations congenital malformations chromosomal abnormalities
accidents
Rank the following causes of death among young children from the highest incidence to lowest, with the cause having the highest incidence at the top. cancer, accidents, cardiovascular disease
accidents, cancer, cardiovascular disease
The focusing of mental resources on select information is called ______. information processing centration attention executive function
attention
The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as ______. preoperational thought centration conservation preoccupation
conservation
Child- _________________ kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional needs.
centered
The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called _____________(Watch your spelling!)
centration
The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called ______________
centration
The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood. psychoanalytic evolutionary cognitive physiological
cognitive
arly education programs for disadvantaged children positively affect the children's social and cognitive (physical/cognitive) development.
cognitive
Children who understand morphology rules use all of the following parts of speech, EXCEPT possessive nouns. articles. conjunctions. plural nouns.
conjunctions.
The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as ______. centration preoccupation conservation preoperational thought
conservation
As a preschool child grows older, the increase in the child's weight and height each year in terms of percentage ______. remains steady increases decreases shows no clear pattern
decreases
True or false: By 3 years of age, children have improved their fine motor skills enough to complete a jigsaw puzzle without forcing the pieces. True False
false
A five-year-old child's ability to move his or her hand, arm, and body with accurate eye coordination demonstrates improved fine motor skills. large motor skills. practice. gross motor skills.
fine motor skills.
In children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid brain growth takes place in the ______________ lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks.
frontal
Literacy development among children is helped when children have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening. can learn to read and write in supportive environments. already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write. practice reading only at school with trained literacy professionals and never at home.
have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening. can learn to read and write in supportive environments. already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write.
Project __________ ____________ is a U.S. government-funded program that provides education for low-income children to acquire the necessary skills for success in school.
head start
During their preschool years, young children demonstrate ______. increasing attention spans no change in attention spans decreasing attention spans
increasing attention spans
The Input Field _________________approach is a cognitive model that focuses on children's attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities.
information processing
The contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called behavioral processing. social-cultural processing. problem-solving. information processing.
information processing.
Vygotsky asserted that language and thought ______. initially develop independently of each other and then merge are initially merged and then differentiate themselves from one another remain independent of one another throughout development remain merged throughout development
initially develop independently of each other and then merge
The process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system is known as ______________
myelination
Television watching during mealtimes has a ______ effect on a child's eating habits. positive negative unknown neutral
negative
Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of systems. practicality. pragmatics. structure.
pragmatics.
Children and adolescents above the BMI's 97th percentile are classified as _____________, whereas children and adolescents in the 95th or 96th percentile are considered overweight.
obese
The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the formal operational stage. preoperational stage. sensorimotor stage. concrete operational stage.
preoperational stage.
The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the sensorimotor stage. formal operational stage. concrete operational stage. preoperational stage.
preoperational stage.
As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of ________. scaffolding frameworking appropriate limiting proximal assistance
scaffolding
The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to________________, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.
scaffolding
Vygotsky believed that ______ is central to the transition from external to internal speech. conservation self-talk scaffolding joint attention
self-talk
An increase in height and an increase in ____________are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.
weight
The two most obvious physical changes seen in early childhood include a growth in height and an increase in _________
weight
