psych ch. 5-8

When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?

association

Classical and operant conditioning do NOT take into account the powerful role of ____________ in the learning process.

association ??????

A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts

associative network

Which of the following is true about explicit memory?

Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.

Which psychologist coined the term preconscious?

Freud

Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis?

Hypnotized people are in reality awake

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins?

Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence?

In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.

What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate?

It is a real activity that the brain experiences

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

It is driven by attention

Which of the following is true about effortful processing?

It is the basis of semantic memory

Which of the following scenarios best depicts spontaneous recovery?

Months ago, Dora stopped having panic attacks when crossing bridges. However, she had a panic attack today when crossing a large bridge.

What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal?

Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes.

Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training?

Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.

EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal:

abnormality in sleep spindles.

"ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

acronym

______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly.

alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy?

amphetamines

Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness?

When the various sensory elements get integrated.

Which of the following statements is true regarding association?

When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur.

Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter?

White matter is made up of the axons and myelin.

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

Yes, because negative reinforcers decrease desired behaviors ???

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________.

18

By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's.

3 or 4

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?

Auditory

Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy."

are depressed or anxious

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________

associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

__________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped.

cell assemblies

In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus.

central executive

One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________.

engage in thrill-seeking behaviors

___________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.

ethology

Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited:

excellent memories

In operant conditioning, ____________ occurs when a behavior stops being reinforced

extinction ???

Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is:

extremely drunk

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):

false memory

The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception.

fetal

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop?

formal operational

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not.

gained significantly more weight

Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________.

generativity versus stagnation

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________.

gray matter WRONG ANSWER

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

growth of new neurons

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.

habituation

Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

hallucination

During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain.

heart

Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is:

highly mindful

Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of:

increased energy

Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks?

increased heart rate

Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress?

increased heart rate

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________.

integrity and despair

Which of the following is true of REM?

it is characterized by active dreaming

Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's:

lack of conservation

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________.

latent learning 305

Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings?

melatonin

People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:

minimally conscious

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication.

myelinated

The removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior is known as ___________.

negative reinforcement 294

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________.

neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a:

node

When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as:

object permanence

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________.

observational learning 306

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.

operant conditioning

During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________.

overload their frontal lobes

_________ is a well known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks.

parallel distributed processing

A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that:

people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer.

Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing

phonemic

Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature?

pituitary

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6.

preoperational

The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage.

primacy

___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli.

priming

What does REM stand for?

rapid eye movement

A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory.

recovered

Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):

recovered memory

Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?

rehearsing the stored process

When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________.

reinforced

Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will:

relive an extremely traumatic event over and over

If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life.

schizophrenia

During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer?

semantic

In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing.

semantic processing

____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory.

sensation

3. In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop?

sensorimotor

Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor

From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called:

serial position effect

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.

shaping

_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand.

short-term

By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help.

six

_____________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy.

television

According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times?

texting

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when:

the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the secondary reinforcer?

the treat 294

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________.

theory of mind

The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work.

theory of mind

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.

unable to form new memories

Since dogs always salivate at the sight of food, salivation in this case would be called a(n) ___________.

unconditioned response (UCR)

A tap just below your kneecap will cause your leg to jerk forth. This is an example of a(n) ___________.

unconditioned stimulus

In a ____________, the number of responses needed for reinforcement differs from time to time and it produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement.

variable-ratio schedule 300

Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the:

visuospatial sketch pad

Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of:

wakefulness and awareness

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________.

wisdom

According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma?

"Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."

The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC.

0.08

Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect?

A person who receives a reply that is more interesting than an ongoing lecture is more likely to keep on texting. 292

4. Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Question 5 options:

During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.

What did B. F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?

Reinforcements are more effective than punishments for modifying behavior.

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?

There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia?

They are more likely to be iron deficient.

Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience?

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they:

boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage.

concrete operational

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence.

crystallized

A(n) ____________ is a previously neutral input that an organism leans to associate with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus (CS) 289

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________.

conditioning of reflexes

The second stage of long-term memory formation is

consolidation

Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition.

contact

What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device?

decrease in parietal lobe activity

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable.

easy

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________.

embryo

meditation:

stabilizes attention

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______.

stimulus generalization ???

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of ___________.

strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument 316

Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the:

subcortex (273)

The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.

synapses ???

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

the cocktail party effect

Thorndike's law of effect states that ___________

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention?

the dichotic listening test

According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them?

the growth of new neurons was inhibited

To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that ___________.

the learner wants

Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior?

the perceptual load theory

Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which:

the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient