Psych Ch. 7

Explain transience, blocking, and absentmindedness

transience-forgetting over time bc of interference of other info (proactive and retroactive) blocking-failure of retrieval, temporary, the info is there but you just cant' seem to get it when you need it absentmindedness-Shallow encoding of events, Largely due to inattention, Remember attention is important to move from sensory to short-term memory processing

Describe working memory and chunking

working memory-Multiple memory systems that actively process temporary information, Information stays for ~20-30 seconds, Unrehearsed information is lost Chunking- breaking down information into meaningful units helps

Discuss the levels of processing model.

-The more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has and the better it is remembered. -Different types of rehearsal: 1) maintenance rehearsal: just repeating 2) elaborative rehearsal: more meaningful, think conceptually, decide what it means to you

Identify retrieval cues.

-anything that helps a person recall a memory. -smells, songs, familiar buildings, etc.; ANYTHING -Any stimulus encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of the experience Associative learning

Define memory

Capacity to retain and retrieve skills and knowledge

Describe the processes of consolidation and reconsolidation.

Consolidation-During memory storage, neurons that support the memory fire together, form new synapses and become more connected. Reconsolidation-Each time a memory is accessed, it needs to be consolidated again, alters memory

Describe the three phases of memory.

Encoding: Acquiring information and turning it into neural code Storage: Information is stored in the brain Retrieval: Information is accessed when needed

Explain how information is transferred from working memory to long-term memory

Information is most likely to be transferred from working memory to long-term memory if it is... Repeatedly retrieved Deeply processed Helps us adapt to an environment.

Distinguish between sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Memory systems vary in capacity and duration Sensory memory-Briefly stores sensory information, A fraction of a second, Experience world as continuous stream Short-term memory-Attention helps move info from sensory memory to short-term memory Long-term memory-Relatively permanent storage of information, Comprises most of your memories, Nursery Rhymes, facts, embarrassing moments.. Serial Position Effect: People tend to better remember what comes first and last on a list, Effect provides evidence for a difference in long-term and working(short-term) memory systems

Distinguish between retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Retrograde: loss of past memories Anterograde: loss of the ability to form new memories

Describe spreading activation models of memory

Stimuli activate nodes; those nodes spread to other nodes which spread to other nodes. -increases the ease of access to that material and thus makes retrieval easier.

Generate examples of each of these types of memory.

episodic- That time I taught without shoes on... semantic-How you make $$$$$ on Jeopardy procedural- riding a bike

Distinguish between explicit, episodic, semantic, implicit, and procedural memories

explicit memory-Requires conscious effort, Often can be verbally described, Further divided into episodic and semantic memory episodic memory-Personally experienced events Semantic memory- Facts and Knowledge implicit memory-Does NOT require conscious effort, Often CAN'T be verbally described, Further divided into classical conditioning and procedural memory procedural memory-Motor skills and habits

Define flashbulb memory, memory bias, and source misattribution

flashbulb memory- Vivid episodic memories when people first learn about surprising, consequential, or emotional events memory bias-when memories change over time to fit with current beliefs or attitudes source misattribution-Memory distortions that occur when people misremember time, place, person, or circumstances

Identify brain regions involved in learning and memory.

prefrontal cortex: working memory hippocampus: spatial memory temporal lobe: declarative memory amygdala: fear learning cerebellum: motor action learning and memory memories live in neuron connections