Psych Ch. 8 - 10 Questions
Jake just turned 25, and Joseph just turned 30. Jake teases Joseph about being an "old man" and tells him that since he's 30, "it's all downhill" for him. Evidently, 25-year-old Jake feels that he is presently exempt from the mental and physical decline associated with aging and that, for Joseph, it has already started. Which of the following statements could Joseph correctly employ in his defense?
"Between the ages of 20 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, so you're probably already headed downhill right along with me."
Baby Resa is able to stand while holding on to something for support but cannot crawl or walk yet. According to what is known about average ages for the acquisition of motor skills, about how old is Resa?
9 months
Which of the following is true about representations?
A mental map is a combination of analogical and symbolic representations.
Which of the following is true according to studies on the theory of mind?
Infants and preschoolers demonstrate some awareness of others' intentions and limitations.
Harper's mother always told him that, even if he felt sad, if he smiled, he would soon feel happier. Which theory of emotion best aligns with this advice?
James-Lange theory
When choosing a roommate, your housing adviser suggests that you choose someone with a similar optimal level of arousal to yours. If you follow her advice, whom will you choose to live with?
Meredith, who enjoys the occasional party but mostly likes to hang out in small groups watching movies and playing board games, just like you.
Among the following people, who is likely to experience the greatest life satisfaction and the best health?
Moses, who is happily married
Family court judges generally do not consider children's preferences in custody disputes until they are at least age 12. What would Piaget say about this guideline?
Piaget would agree, since most children develop logical and abstract reasoning around age 12.
Donna, Roxanne, and Millie are all drug users; Donna uses nicotine, Roxanne uses opiates, and Millie uses alcohol. If they continue to use these drugs while pregnant, which of the women is putting her child at the greatest risk of sudden infant death?
Roxanne
Which of these is an example of classical conditioning influencing eating habits?
Sarah always feels hungry shortly after she leaves work-right in time for dinner.
Your text describes research on how many more women have joined orchestras since the blind audition process, where candidates audition behind a curtain and their names are withheld from judges, was introduced. What was the role of schemas in limiting the number of women on orchestras before the blind audition process was introduced?
Schemas are used to assign social roles in various social situations. The blind audition process prevented women from being overlooked because of cultural assumptions that their social role is that of caregiving.
According to the notion of general intelligence, if Cici is very good at math, how would you expect her to do in other subjects, such as writing?
She would perform relatively as well in writing as she does in math.
Shawna needs to decide whether or not to breast-feed her baby. In light of the known relation between breast-feeding and cognitive development, what would you advise her to do?
Since breast-feeding is associated with enhanced cognitive development, Shawna should strongly consider breast-feeding her baby.
Many parents of teenagers lament that their children do not think before they act. What is the biological reason for this apparent failure to think?
The amygdala develops much faster than the frontal lobe.
Becky's boss is in a bad mood today, so Becky decides to wait until tomorrow to submit a request for time off. After all, according to this theory, her boss's bad mood might affect whether or not she lets Becky go on vacation.
affect-as-information
Which of the following is true about dyslexia and dyslexics?
all of these are true
Peipei's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to see a new doctor. Peipei's mother leaves the room, and Peipei is momentarily left alone with the doctor. When Peipei's mother returns and hugs Peipei, Peipei looks at her mother and smiles, but at the same time she yells and pushes her mother away. Peipei has most likely formed a(n) __________ attachment to her mother.
ambivalent
Because of its role in both emotion and memory, this part of the brain helps emotions like fear strengthen memories-which could be helpful for avoiding future harmful situations.
amygdala
Patient I.K. has a normal IQ, has functional memory and attention, and does well in school. However, she shows no fear conditioning. Even though she can tell you that a certain noise is associated with a painful electric shock, her body shows no physical signs of fear when she hears the noise. Which part of her brain is most likely to be damaged?
amygdala
To figure out how many students attended an Introductory Psychology class on a given day, your professor could count the exact number of students in the room. Alternatively she could break the class into four equal groups and estimate the number of students in one group and multiply that number by four. Your professor would be using __________ to calculate attendance in the first case and __________ in the second case.
an algorithm; a heuristic
When Kathy thinks of a lemon and imagines biting one, her mouth begins to water. In this example, the picture of the lemon in her mind is an example of a(n) __________ representation.
analogical
According to Sternberg's theory of multiple intelligences, Vicky, who is an accomplished theoretical physicist, would likely score high in __________ intelligence, whereas Doug, a successful politician, would probably score high in __________ intelligence.
analytical; practical
Maquinna takes the SAT, a test designed to assess his potential to do well in college. Sayen takes an Advanced Placement English literature test, which is designed to assess how much she has learned in that subject. Maquinna is taking an __________ test, while Sayen is taking an __________ test.
aptitude; achievement
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Boris, who is an accomplished dancer, would likely be higher in __________ intelligence, whereas Amber, a successful computer scientist, would probably be higher in __________ intelligence.
athletic; mathematical/logical
A baby who shows little interest in her caregiver would likely be classified as having a(n) __________ attachment style.
avoidant
Courtney is a highly intelligent person and also a successful attorney. She is thankful that both of her parents not only had very high IQs but also gave her an experience-filled and educationally rich childhood. Generally speaking, Courtney's high intelligence can be attributed to the
contributions of nature and nurture.
While walking home, Danny finds a wallet containing $100. He then turns in the wallet and money at the police station. He thinks that he did the right thing because it is what his parents and others would have expected him to do. According to Kohlberg, Danny is at the __________ level of moral reasoning.
conventional
Many people who are isolated in the wilderness are surrounded by sources of nourishment that they are too squeamish to eat, such as crickets and worms. In other words, these people are unable to overcome which of the following types of learning?
cultural factors
When Steve wanted to bake a pumpkin pie, Brett pointed out that it was the middle of the summer - not the time of year for pumpkin pie. Steve told Brett that she was being overly influenced by which of the following?
cultural factors
Chuck tells his son Jeff that a triangle is "a three-sided figure with three angles in its interior." Chuck has explained this concept in terms of the
defining attribute model
Although it is difficult to tease apart nature and nurture, there is evidence that North American women display emotions more easily. To the extent that this is based on culture and not biology, how and when we express emotions is governed by which of the following?
display rules
When Natalie studied abroad in Taiwan, a waitress dropped her drink and started giggling. A few other times, Natalie noticed someone smiling or giggling when he or she made a mistake. These were not signs that people thought their mistakes were funny but rather signs of a cross-cultural difference in which of the following?
display rules
Morris is 85 years old. Which of the following tasks would you expect him to have the most difficulty with?
driving while listening to the radio
Baby Kwame has been able to stand for a while but cannot walk yet. Today, his dad gives him a small toy shopping cart. He stands holding on to the handle, but when he leans his weight on the cart, it rolls forward and Kwame takes a step. It rolls again, and he takes another step. Soon, he is using the cart to walk all around the house. This is an example of
dynamic systems theory
The most important time for the physical development of a baby's spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs is the __________ period.
embryonic
At six weeks of pregnancy, the developing baby is in the __________ period, which is the most important time for physical development of the __________.
embryonic; internal organs
Oranges and apples are __________ for the category of __________.
exemplars; fruit
While Joey hopes his painting will win a prize at an upcoming art show, Colin has dozens of full sketchbooks that he never plans to show anybody. In doing artwork, Joey experiences __________, while Colin experiences __________.
extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
Ryan and Katie both like games, but Ryan prefers to play solitary games, like sudoku or crossword puzzles, whereas Katie likes contests, such as trivia or strategy games. Katie's motivation is __________, while Ryan's is __________.
extrinsic; intrinsic
Inez, who is five months pregnant, is thrilled when she begins to feel her baby move inside her. At which stage of prenatal development is her baby?
fetal
Bernice has just discovered that she is pregnant. She should expect to be able to feel her baby's movements in around
five months
Corinne performs well at the word game Scrabble because she is good at problem solving and rearranging letters to form many words, which demonstrates her __________ intelligence. However, she is also good at Scrabble because she has a large vocabulary, which demonstrates her __________ intelligence.
fluid; crystallized
Terry was making a multilayered wedding cake. While trying to figure out a way to make the cake so it did not collapse, he remembered a bridge he once saw that had an interesting support system. That bridge gave him an idea of how to put the cake together. Terry solved this problem by
forming an appropriate analogy.
Which barrier to problem solving are you overcoming when you use a paper clip as a temporary replacement for the screw that fell out of your glasses?
functional fixedness
Devon worked for a major corporation for 20 years but recently switched jobs because she wanted to make a larger contribution to her community and help young people who are disadvantaged. Now she works for a nonprofit organization that promotes public awareness of teenage runaways. According to Erikson, Devon is working through the developmental stage of
generativity versus stagnation
Given its role in controlling the release of sex hormones into the bloodstream, this region of the brain is considered to be the most important for stimulating sexual behavior.
hypothalamus
According to Erikson, what is the primary task of adolescence?
identity
Seventeen-year-old Juan thinks he wants to be a preschool teacher, but he also wants to be a professional boxer. According to Erikson, Juan is most likely experiencing the major psychosocial crisis known as
identity versus role confusion.
Mary started menstruating six months earlier than all the other girls in her class. A possible explanation could be that Mary is
in a high-stress environment.
Francine is 85 and looks back on her life with some satisfaction regarding her choice of work, her family values, and her community involvement. But she also has a few regrets. Her reflections on her life represent which of Erikson's developmental stage crises?
integrity versus despair
Which barrier to problem solving are you failing to overcome when you continue to push on a door to get to the next room when what you really need to do (according to the sign on the door) is pull on it?
mental set
One-year-old Finster seems to believe that his father is intentionally trying to frustrate him, because he shows signs of irritation when his father teases him. This means Finster has likely developed a theory of
mind.
Which theory of intelligence includes musical intelligence?
multiple intelligences
After dating for only two months, Joel and Natalie broke up. Joel had always wanted to run off to the next party or club, while Natalie was happier staying home and reading mystery novels. Which motivational factor was out of sync?
optimal level of arousal
Children learn language in which order?
phonemes, basic words, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations
According to the text, the interaction of what three developmental domains shapes human development?
physical, cognitive, socioemotional
Vico is about to get evicted from her apartment, so she does not have the energy to return a call from a friend wanting to make lunch plans. According to Maslow's need hierarchy, Vico's _______ needs must be satisfied before higher needs such as _______.
physiological; belonging and love
In deciding whether or not he should return a wallet he found in the street to its owner, Timmy thinks, "Wow, there's $50 in this wallet. No one will even know if I just take the money and throw the wallet in the river." Timmy's thinking about what action to take suggests he is at which stage of moral reasoning?
preconventional
Julie does not know what a "clunker" is, so her friend Bob says, "You know that old car Fred has? That is a great example of a clunker." Bob is describing the "clunker" concept in terms of the
prototype model
The process of carefully considering the information that would test the validity of a claim is a form of thought called
reasoning
Coleman is currently 30 years old. He took the WAIS and was told that his score was 110. If the test is __________, when Coleman retakes the same intelligence test again at age 50, his score will likely still be 110.
reliable
Ken, now in his 70s, finds all of the following tasks more difficult than when he was younger, except
remembering events that occurred when he was a child.
Joe has a horrible pain on his right side, a symptom that is prototypical of appendicitis. Even though he does not have any of the other symptoms of appendicitis, Joe is convinced he has it and goes to the emergency room. He is mortified to learn that he just has a bad case of gas. Because Joe's error was based on the prototype of the symptom he had, he relied on which heuristic?
representativeness
To try to get her newborn baby to feed, which of the following should Jackie attempt to trigger in him?
rooting reflex
This quotation is an example of which of the answer choices? "First, you need to drive to your date's house, bring her flowers, and talk to her parents. Then, ask her where she would like to go to eat. Afterward, take her to the movies. Then, be sure to drive her back to her house and walk her to the door, and be back home by midnight."
script
After Theo turned 13, he noticed that his voice deepened and the hair on his arms and legs grew thicker and darker. Both of these physical changes are considered to be typical changes in boys' __________ that occur during puberty.
secondary sex characteristics
One-year-old Jerome is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. Thus, when his mother shows Jerome a ball and then hides it behind her back, we would expect him to __________.
sensorimotor; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it
Which developmental behavior do most babies experience at about 1 year of age when their parent is out of sight or when they are with a nonparent caregiver?
separation anxiety
Mercedes takes her 14-month-old son, Justice, to a playground. While in the sandbox, a stranger begins to play with him, and Justice seems to prefer playing with the stranger to playing with his mother. When Mercedes leaves Justice to play in the sandbox and takes a seat on a nearby bench, Justice does not become upset. Justice's behavior indicates that he and Mercedes
share an avoidant attachment relationship.
Attempts to use cognitive training strategies to reduce memory deficits in the elderly
show some ability to delay the memory problems associated with aging.
Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen standing in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles. They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worse on the exam than other groups of people, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of
stereotype threat.
The sound of the word "cow" is a(n) __________ for a cow, while the sound of the word "moo" is a(n) __________ for the sound a cow makes.
symbolic representation; analogical representation
The word crow is a(n) __________ for a type of bird, while the word caw is a(n) __________ for the sound a crow makes.
symbolic representation; analogical representation
When Beatrice was a baby, her first word was mama. When she was 10 years old and her thinking was more complex, she was able to solve a puzzle by picturing the solution in her mind. In this example, the word mama is a(n) __________ representation, and the pictured solution is a(n) __________ representation.
symbolic; analogical
Children have more neural connections as infants than at 10 years old. Why?
synaptic pruning
Adolescent girls with higher than average __________ are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse.
testosterone
Jenny's best friend Doris got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Mexican restaurant. For weeks afterward, every time Jenny spent time with her, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Mexican food, because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called
the availability heuristic
Sarah and Imani strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Imani thinks Sarah is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Sarah tells Imani that she works at an elementary school, Imani assumes that Sarah is a teacher, but Sarah is actually the secretary. Imani used which of the following to form her incorrect conclusion?
the representativeness heuristic
The word reframed has
three morphemes and seven phonemes.
Speech is produced in which of the following areas of the brain?
Broca's area
Which of these stories is difficult for Maslow's hierarchy of needs to explain?
Clarissa has taken a pledge to spend the night alone under a downtown bridge in order to draw attention to the problem of homelessness in her community.
Which story is most consistent with the affect-as-information theory?
Colonel Star has been in a bad mood all day, ever since she had a flat tire on the freeway. She is evaluating her employees today, and without realizing it, she ranks them all a bit lower than she did last year.
Lewis completes a test that assesses his current skills and knowledge. Alice completes a test that assesses her ability to learn in the future. In these examples, Lewis has probably completed an __________ test, and Alice has probably completed an __________ test.
achievement; aptitude
Julia is 83 and participates in a seniors' exercise group. Mark and Maria, who are the same age as Julia, participate in a book club and meet twice a week with friends for coffee. Bob, also 83, spends most of his time watching television. All else being equal, who among them is most likely to develop dementia?
Bob
After nearly hitting a deer with her car, Nadia's heart began to race, and her palms started sweating. Which of the following responses is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?
After she noticed her racing heart and sweaty palms, Nadia concluded that she was scared.
Brenda and Dan both drink beer and smoke cigarettes. Since they want to eventually start a family, Brenda tells Dan that they both need to stop drinking and smoking now to avoid potential drug-related birth defects. Dan argues that since Brenda is the one who will carry the child, he can keep drinking and smoking as long as he does not expose her to either substance. Which of the following arguments would best support Brenda's point of view?
Alcohol consumption and smoking can affect men's sperm and are associated with known birth defects.
How does assimilation differ from accommodation?
Assimilation is the process of storing new experiences into existing ways of thinking. Accommodation is the process of creating a new way of thinking based on new experiences.
Beth takes a test that she believes men typically score higher than women on. Marta takes the same test, but she does not hold such a belief. All else being equal, which of the following outcomes is most likely?
Beth will score lower than Marta because of stereotype threat.
The case of Bruce Reimer-the boy who underwent gender reassignment surgery after a botched circumcision-illustrates which of the following?
Biology strongly influences both gender identity and gender roles.
Dr. Cisneros found in her research that people who score high in mathematical ability are usually gifted musicians. For which theory of intelligence is this a problematic finding?
Gardner
According to one study, parental warmth is associated with greater feelings of guilt in children. This finding suggests which of the following?
Guilt arises in healthy and happy relationships.
Abrahim, a sophomore in college, is in Erikson's "identity versus role confusion" stage. According to Erikson's theory, which of the following behaviors might we expect Abrahim to exhibit?
He considers changing his major every few months.
Instead of worrying about how to find his future dream job, Dan breaks a big problem down into smaller, more manageable parts by doing which of the following?
He forms subgoals: visiting the career center, researching occupational salaries, and talking to people in professions he is considering.
Rena is pregnant and also drinks a lot of alcohol. If she continues to drink during her pregnancy, it may affect her baby. Which of the below is the most likely impact it will have on her child?
Her baby's abnormalities may include a small head and malformations of the face and limbs.
Family court judges generally do not consider children's preferences in custody disputes until they are at least age 12. In contrast to Piaget, what would Vygotsky say about this guideline?
Higher-level thinking develops as a child's experiences expand and his or her language abilities grow. Once the child develops inner speech (such as telling oneself to do something while playing), that child has developed higher-level cognition and should be allowed to have a voice in custody cases.
Around the world, most people eat lunch at about the same time of day. Why is this?
We are classically conditioned to eat at midday.
Whole-language instruction advocates assert that humans should learn to read the way they talk and breaking down words into phonemes is unnatural. Given this and everything else you know about whole-language instruction, which of the following is a possible critique of the whole-language approach?
When children learn to talk, they learn phonemes before they learn words. If learning to read should be modeled on how children learn to speak, then breaking words down into phonemes is, indeed, natural.
Which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins?
Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings.
Ming's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Ming kept trying the same solution that worked the last few times his computer crashed, even though it did not fix his computer. Ming's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to
a mental set
Patients with Alzheimer's disease have low levels of which neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
