Psych Ch1

What is the difference between a theory and an opinion?

A theory is falsifiable, whereas an opinion is not.

Neuroscience

Behavioral neuroscience is the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior.

Which of these are considered contemporary approaches to psychology?

Cognitive Behavioral Sociocultural Humanistic

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a _____.

Correlation coefficiant

The goals of the science of psychology are which of the following?

Describing behavior Explaining behavior Predicting behavior

Curious Scientific Attitude

Do you scientist noticed things in the world and want to know why its that way

When researchers gather evidence an examine it logically, they re using ____ method.

Empirical

Which of these are types of psychological research? (Select all that apply.)

Experimental Correlational Descriptive

Empirical

Gaining knowledge by observing events, collecting data, and reasoning logically. Basically waiting to see what evidence tells them rather than just going with their instincts

one way to analyze statistical data

Meta-analyses

Which of the following are true of survey research? (Select all that apply.)

People are asked to self-report. A disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly.

This is a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders.

Psychoanalysis

Which psychological perspective emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between the biological instincts and society's demands, and early family experiences?

Psychodynamic approach

________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

of research refers to the ability to repeat a study and get results similar to those of the original research.

Replication

countertuitive

Research that comes back unexpected in human behavior

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

SAT scores are related to GPA.

______ is concerned with the components of the mind, whereas ______ is concerned with the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment.

Structuralism, functionalism

mental processes

The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly

Functionalism had its roots in the thoughts of ______.

William james

Wundt

_____ created the first psychology laboratory and found structuralism

William James

_____ led the functionalist movement.

Hall

________ opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States, founded the American Psychological Association, and started the first psychological journal.

Freud

_________ is the founding father of the psychodynamic approach and developed psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis

a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders.

Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of the physical processes, such as brain and nervous system functioning?

biological

True or false: If two variables are correlated, then one of them must cause the other.

false

For a theory to be scientific, there must be some way to prove it wrong. In other words, the theory must be

falsifiable

For a theory to be scientific, there must be some way to prove it wrong. In other words, the theory must be .

falsifiable

Cognitive Approach

focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing; how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

The theory of natural selection in explaining adaptations is most consistent with _____.

functionalism

suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior

humanistic perspective

An idea that is arrived at logically from a theory

hypothesis

June attempts to study the structure of her mental processes by thinking carefully about the experience of sunlight warming her skin. June is practicing ______.

introspection

Pedro is thinking deeply about his feelings and monitoring how he responds to common stimuli. Pedro is engaging in _______________ which is also an approach used by the structuralists in the history of psychology.

introspection

This is a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when exposed to a stimulus.

introspection

A behaviorist might study

learning through conditioning

An operational definition is an objective description of how a research variable is going to be ______ and observed.

measured

Like functionalism, structuralism focuses on ______.

mental processes

The functionalists focused on _____.

mental processes and the purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment

Critical Thinking Scientific Attitude

process of thinking deeply and actively asking questions, evaluating evidence. These people test what others call "facts"

Operational definitions are important to research because they _____.

provide clarity in explanation and measurement of a phenomenon

Freud developed what?

psychoanalysis

argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness

psychodynamic perspective

A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected

random sample

_____ means that a researcher has been able to reproduce a study and get similar results as a previous researcher.

replication

A subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study

sample

Psychology is the _______ study of all human behaviors.

scientific

refer to the mathematical analyses to describe and interpret data in research.

statistics

________ of consciousness is the term used by James to describe the natural flow of thought.

stream

______ is a 19th-century school of psychology that argued that breaking down mental processes into elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.

structuralism

cognitive

studies how we perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.

The behavioral perspective _____.

suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study

Evolution

the branch of psychology that considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance and the principle of natural selection.

The defining feature that makes psychology a science is

the use of systematic methods to gather data and form conclusions

a broad idea that can be used to make predictions about future observations.

theory

When a relationship between two variables is due to an extraneous variable that has not been measured, this is known as the variable _____ problem.

third

Objective Scientific Attitude

tries to see things as they really are- being open to new things

T or F Psychology has its roots in both philosophy and the natural sciences.

true

Correlational research involves gathering data on _____.

two sets of variables

Structuralism

used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

anything that can change

variable

Correlational research involves studies that are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more ________ in order to describe how they change together.

variables

When you are doing observational research you must know: (Select all that apply.)

when and where you will observe, whom you are observing, how you will make the observation

Scores on an exam go down as the time spent studying goes down. This is an example of _____.

positive correlation

__________ is the approach that focuses exclusively on observable behavior. The mind is not important to the behaviorist perspective.

behaviorism

What is a theory?

A broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including Observing some phenomenon Formulating hypothesis and predictions Testing through empirical research Drawing conclusions Evaluating conclusions

What is survey research?

A standard set of questions used to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic

What is the difference between a behavior and a mental process?

behaviors can be observed but mental cannot because its your internal feelings

Most psychologists work in ______.

academic settings

Psychodynamic

aimed at uncovering unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems.

Psychologists study

behavior and mental processes

suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study

behavioral approach

an ______ study is an in-depth analysis of an individual or small group of people.

case

An in-depth investigation of an individual person would be _____.

case study

Skeptical Scientific Attitude

challenge wether a supposed fact is actually true- questioning what "everyone knows"

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a

correlational coefficient.

The four core attitudes in the scientific approach are

critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

Louis is watching two people at the cafe where he is drinking a cup of tea, and he wonders how he can recognize that they are flirting with each other without being able to hear what they are saying. Louis's observation is a good example of which attitude in the scientific approach?

curiosity

________ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information.

descriptive

behavior

everything we do that can be directly observed

What is a psychological perspective that uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors?

evolutionary

Darwin's principle of ____ is an evolutionary process in which organisms best adapted to their surroundings will survive and produce offspring.

natural selection

_______ is an evolutionary process in which organisms best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring.

natural selection

The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and ________ system.

nervous

considers how people and nonhumans function biologically

neuroscience perspective

An objective description of how a research variable is going to be measured and observed

operational definition

When a researcher wants to correlate tension with depression, she develops tests that measure these two emotional states. The tests are her _________ of the variables she is interested in.

opperational definitions

The field of psychology has its roots in _____.

philosophy, biology, and physiology

If two variables have a correlation of +.98, the two variables have a strong, _________ relationship. In other words, as the value of one variable increase, the value of the other also increases.

positive