Psych chap 6

A mother is trying to toilet train her child. Which of the following would produce better results, based on the research on operant conditioning?

-At the start of toilet training, reward the child with praise and something the child likes every time the child tries to use the toilet. -As toilet training continues, wait until the child goes half a day with dry pants before rewarding the child with praise and something the child likes.

Albert Bandura and his team followed up on their original Bobo doll experiment 2 years later. In the follow up study, separate groups of children saw the model either rewarded or punished for behaving aggressively. In the control condition, the model experienced no consequences. What were the key findings of this experiment?

-Children can learn by watching others being rewarded or punished for their behavior -children who saw the model punished for behaving aggressively were less likely than children in the other groups to behave aggressively when they played with the Bobo doll.

During the summer months, Jessica gets frustrated taking the main roads because it takes her 3x as long to get to her friends house with the tourist traffic. Jessica takes back roads to avoid the traffic. According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, why did Jessica modify her behavior as described?

-Jessica finds that taking the main roads during tourist season is frustrating, leading to an annoying state of affairs. -Jessica finds that taking the back roads is faster, resulting in a satisfying state of affairs

The highschool vice principal notices that too few students are in their classrooms when the first bell rings. To increase the number of students in classrooms before the first bell, the vice principal states that students who are in their classroom when the first bell rings will not have to do their homework. If more students are in their classrooms before the first bell, what are consequences and effects of the no-homework incentive?

-Negative (stimulus removal) -Reinforcement

Children at Happy Hills summer camp can earn tokens for "super awesome" behaviors like helping out another camper or pitching in to clean up. If they misbehave, then they lose a token. All the campers who end the week with at least 15 tokens get to stay at the pool and play games for an extra hour on Friday afternoon. The kind of reward system used by the counselors at Happy Hills is called a token economy. Which of the following elements of operant conditioning are at play here?

-Positive reinforcement -Negative punishment -Secondary reinforcement

Which of the following increases the strength of the reinforcer?

-the more dopamine is released, the stronger the effect of the reinforcer -the more one is deprived of the reinforcer, the stronger the effect.

Biology is constraining learning

An actor has a hard time learning how to trip and fall convincingly A preteen with diabetes is slow to learn how to give herself painful insulin injections despite her parent's encouragement

Learning the relationship between 2 pieces of information

Associative

Which school of psychology did Watson develop in order to counter popular approaches that focused on peoples own descriptions of their mental states?

Behaviorism

The dog runs to the kitchen when he hears the clock chime at 5:00, because that's when he always gets fed. This is what?

Classical Conditioning

When we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus

Classical Conditioning

Joseph has a pool in his backyard that everyone loves to play in, so the kids go to Joseph's house after school and not to other kids houses. This is?

Discrimination

Sandra only eats her mother's spaghetti sauce, because no other sauce tastes as delicious as her mothers. This is?

Discrimination

Spanking has been shown to be an effective means of positive punishment for improving behavior. True or false?

False

Tom has a substitute-teaching job on Monday's and Fridays. This is?

Fixed Interval

For every 25 newspapers delivered, Jacob gets paid $5. This is?

Fixed Ratio

The strongest conditioning occurs during acquisition, when a previously neutral stimulus is presented __________

Immediately before the unconditioned stimulus

José has a food allergy to almonds and gets very ill if he eats any food containing almonds. While at a wedding, José starts to eat a piece of cake, but when he gets it close to his nose he smells the presence of almonds and does not eat it. He later learns that there was almond extract used in the cake. Which of the following describe José's ability to detect even the slightest presence of almonds?

It's a classically conditioned response + It's an adaptive response + It's a prepared response

When watching a movie, we feel sorrow when the main character is sad and experience joy when he or she triumphs over adversity. What allows us to feel what the main character is experiencing?

Mirror Neurons & Empathy

An injured tennis player has to take a break from playing. While she is healing, she watches videos of other players. She pays special attention to the service mechanics of some of the top players in her league. When she plays her first post-recovery match, she is surprised at how well she can serve. Which of the following helped her tennis serve improve?

Mirror neurons + observational learning

Displaying a behavior that imitates a previously observed behavior.

Modeling

LaToya learns to throw a baseball by imitating her older brother. This is?

Modeling

Peter's recess is taken away to discourage him from getting into fights with the other children.

Negative Punishment

Ted increasingly pays his bills on time to avoid a late fee. What is this?

Negative Reinforcement

Anushka sees other kids happily playing on the playground and decides that she wants to join them. This is?

Observational Learning

Mee-Ae learns how to do a headstand by watching her friend Anne. What is this?

Observational Learning

When we learn or change a behavior after watching a person engage in that behavior

Observational Learning

At his new school, Ian sees the other children waiting in the cafeteria until the first bell rings, so Ian sits and waits too. What types of learning is Ian demonstrating?

Observational learning & modeling

Chef LeClair's prize-winning fancy chicken dish always gets many compliments. Andrew takes a cooking class with chef LeClair so that he can learn how to prepare this dish. Which types of learning is Andrew engaging in?

Observational learning + modeling + vicarious conditioning

When we learn that a behavior leads to a certain outcome

Operant Conditioning

Everytime a child says "please" she gets what she has requested. Now she says "please" constantly. What is this?

Operant conditioning

Janet stops parking in handicapped spaces after she gets a big parking ticket. What is this?

Positive Punishment

Selena's mom pays her a dollar for taking out the trash, so she starts taking out the trash every week. What is this?

Positive Reinforcement

The children at a day care are not allowed to hit or hurt each other in any way. Pete is 3 years old, and he hits children who have toys that he wants. What are the two best ways to change Pete's hitting behavior?

Praise Pete for asking to play with a toy (and not hitting), and then give him the toy - positive reinforcement Take the toy away from Pete when he gets it by hitting - negative punishment

Waiting for a phone call from a prospective employer, Kwame jumps each time he hears a ringing sound. What is this?

Sensitization

When our behavioral response to a stimulus increases

Sensitization

Annabel hasn't slept in two days. Her friends tell her they will buy her movie ticket if she goes out with them. Annabel chooses instead to go home and go to bed. Why does Annabel make this choice?

Sleep is necessary for survival + Sleep is a primary reinforcer, and Annabel was sleep deprived

A rat learns to press a lever in order to trigger a release of food pellets. What is the "operant" in this experiment?

The lever-pressing behavior

Susan never knows what day of the week she will be called to substitute teach and get paid. This is?

Variable Interval

Cal plays the slot machines in a casino. He never knows which pull of the lever will yield a payout. This is?

Variable Ratio

Benjamin watches as her older sisters teammates compliment her on her game-winning soccer goal and decides he too wants to play soccer. This is?

Vicarious Conditioning

Learning to engage in a behavior or not, after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action

Vicarious Conditioning

Ben travels the same route between home and work. One day the road he takes is closed with no detour signs. He easily makes his way back home, taking alternate roads that take him in the right direction. How is Ben able to find his way back home?

cognitive map & latent learning

Learning about a stimulus, such as a sight or a sound, in the external world

non-associative

According to Albert Bandura and others, which of the following will promote violent behavior based on the principle of observational learning?

-A child watches the coolest kid in school bully a classmate. -A child watches a mixed martial arts fight on TV. -A child watches a violent cartoon in which a cat squishes a mouse with a frying pan.

4 year old Jerome gets his finger pinched in the door of his family's car. Now he's afraid of all car doors. This is?

Generalization

Emilia waters her plant once a week and it grows well. When she gets 2 more plants, she decides to also water them once a week. This is?

Generalization

Having gotten used to his humming refrigerator, Hamid no longer notices the sound. What is this?

Habituation

Maria is studying in a kitchen where a noisy ceiling fan spins above her. After an hour, Maria no longer pays attention to the fan. What explains her current response?

Habituation

When our behavioral response to a stimulus decreases

Habituation