psych Chapter 7

__________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US.

Extinction

In its discussion of second-order conditioning, your text offers the example of feeling good each Friday, the day one receives one's paycheck. The paycheck is associated with the pleasures it can buy. With respect to this example, which of the following statements is true?

Friday is a CS in its association with the check.

Broadly speaking, nature is to nurture as the _______ is to the ________.

UR; CR

In classical conditioning, which of the following pairs are most similar?

UR; CR

Which of the following defines positive punishment?

Weakening a response by presenting an unpleasant stimulus

Which of the following defines negative punishment?

Weakening a response by removing a pleasant stimulus

Operant conditioning involves forming associations between:

behavior and consequences

Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

they are opposites.

The use of classical conditioning principles in advertising is most likely to be effective when:

when we give little thought to the choices

Which cognitive learning theorist is CORRECTLY matched with the concept with which he is associated?

Bandura — observational learning

How are conditioning, insight, and modeling related, if they are at all?

Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all types of learning.

Based on your text's discussion, how effective is the use of fear in advertising, as compared to the use of more positive emotions?

Fear is at least as effective as more positive emotions in advertisements.

Which of the following statements best expresses the implication of Garcia's taste conditioning work for Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning?

Garcia's work constrains Pavlov's theory.

___________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Pavlov

Which of the following statements is most true?

Punishment may create negative, adversarial relationships.

What was the important finding of Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze?

Rats that began to receive reinforcement halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment.

Which of the following is the important finding in the research by Lepper et al. (1973) on the effects of reward?

Reward can undermine initial interest in a behavior

Which cognitive learning theorist is CORRECTLY matched with the concept with which he is associated?

Skinner - operant conditioning

Which of the following defines conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Something that creates a response only after conditioning

Which of the following defines unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Something that naturally creates a response

Which of the following defines positive reinforcement?

Strengthening a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus

Which of the following defines negative reinforcement?

Strengthening a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?

The neutral stimulus becomes the CS.

The root of operant conditioning may be traced to ________'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

Thorndike

Why might Tolman's latent learning results pose a problem for strict, Skinnerian views of learning?

a. The results suggest that direct reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. b. The results suggest that internal processes may be necessary to fully explain learning.

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last?

acquisition --> extinction --> spontaneous recovery

The most distinctive characteristic of insight learning is that it:

appears suddenly

Which of the following reinforcers is INCORRECTLY categorized?

b. money-primary reinforcer c. relief from pain - secondary reinforcer

The study of learning is closely associated with the __________ approach in psychology.

behavorist

_________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally.

classical conditioning

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police. The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime. In the prisoner's dilemma the choice to confess is the _____ choice.

competitive

The ability to associate stimuli with responses is termed __________.

conditioning

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police. The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime. In this prisoner's dilemma the choice with the highest outcome for the prisoners is to

confess

"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of:

effect

Classical conditioning applies mainly to __________ behaviors. Operant conditioning applies primarily to __________.

existing; new behaviors

When Anderson and Bushman had research participants play either a violent or a non-violent video game, they found that participants who had played the violent game

expressed more aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors,

Pauses in responding are most pronounced following reinforcement in ________schedules.

fixed-interval

Often, a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS, but by a similar one as well. This is known as stimulus:

generalization

In a social dilemma _____ outcomes for one person lead to _____ outcomes for the group.

increased; decreased

The German psychologist Kohler demonstrated ________ learning among ________.

insight; chimpanzees

Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient motivation to do so is called _________ learning.

latent

Negative reinforcement:

leads to an increase in the probability of a behavior

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience.

learning

In Pavlov's study, the US was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and, finally, the CS was _________.

meat; the bell; the bell

As compared to behaviors reinforced on continuous schedules, behaviors reinforced intermittently are _______ resistant to extinction.

more

Garcia's taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _______ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with a(n) ___________ approach to psychology.

nature; evolutionary

Recall Watson's famous "Give me a dozen healthy infants . . ." passage, quoted in your text. The passage expresses Watson's belief on the importance of _____.

nurture

Bandura's "Bobo doll" experiments were intended to demonstrate:

observational learning

To which form of learning does your text attribute the strong correlation between family violence in childhood and violence as an adult?

observational learning

In the prisoner's dilemma game, a __________ is used to express the potential outcomes for each of the players in the game, given the decisions each player makes.

payoff matrix

Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.

phobia

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called ________ reinforcers.

primary

Skinner promoted the use of an educational system involving self-teaching and carefully sequenced materials. The system is known as _______ instruction.

programmed

Based on your text's discussion, people play slot machines so enthusiastically because:

pulling the lever is reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule

In general, _________ schedules of reinforcement yield high response rates. The highest rates are produced by _______ schedules.

ratio; variable-ratio

In ________ conditioning, an existing CS can act as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

second-order

The process of teaching complex behavior by reinforcing ever closer approximations of the desired behavior is called:

shaping

According to your text, the behaviorists viewed the study of learning as a more scientific alternative to the use of introspection. In this instance, the behaviorists were reacting to the work of the _________ psychologists.

structuralist

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with the sight of food. This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between:

two stimuli

According to your text, advertisers use enjoyable music, cute babies, attractive models, and funny spokespeople to create positive advertisements. The music, babies, and so on are best thought of as:

unconditioned stimuli