psych chapter 9
Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.
A two-year-old child has a pet dog called Sophie. The child visits her neighbor's house and sees their pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?
assimilation
_________ means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.
assimilation
A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the babyspends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's _____.
fixation time
In the context of the perceptual development of infants, _________ is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.
fixation time
Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, anddoes not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting.
authoritarian
The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:
children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects.
Tom is a high school senior who is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spendshis summer volunteering at hospitals and studies very hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Tom is determined to study at Harvard Medical School and is sure he will get in. According to Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, Tom is demonstrating _____.
ego identity
The_____ is a membrane within the uterus that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child.
placenta
_________ is the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible.
puberty
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the:
sex organs start to differentiate.
According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:
the ability to hypothesize
Emmett is 21 years old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?
the age of instability
which of jeffery arnetts five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?
the age of possibilities
Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's _____.
personal fable
According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on _____.
the consequences of behavior
A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?
the fetal stage
Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?
It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.
Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?
It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places an object in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son begins to look for the object. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
Object permanence
Which of the following is a characteristic of the fetal stage of prenatal development?
The fetus alternates between wakefulness and sleep.
Which of the following is a feature of the germinal stage of prenatal development?
The zygote divides repeatedly while moving to the uterus.
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?
They are dependent on their primary caregivers.
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When they visit the zoo for the first time, the child sees a hamster and calls it a rabbit because of its similar physical features. According to Piaget, which cognitive process within the child will best correct the child's misunderstanding?
accommodation
Richard is 67 years old. His family no longer allows him to go anywhere alone because he often forgets his name and address along with his way home. In addition, Richard is unable to follow instructions and do simple chores like he used to. Which disease does Richard most likely have?
alzheimers disease
The _________ is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.
amygdala
_____ are male sex hormones that further masculinize the sex organs in the embryonic stage of prenatal development.
androgens
Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety.Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____ of middle adulthood.
climacteric
According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n) _________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.
critical period
Kyra is a historymajor and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____.
crystallized intelligence
Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Theirolder daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the _____.
empty- nest syndrome
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?
establishment of close relationships
The placenta:
exchanges nutrients from mother to embryo.
Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.
generativity
Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating__________.
generativity
The _________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.
germinal stage
According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?
identity exploration
Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school anymore because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which concept of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is best depicted in this scenario?
imaginary audience
_________ is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.
imprinting
According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by:
learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity.
Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television,the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise.In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _____.
moro reflex
_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.
reflexes
Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is__________.
role diffusion
_________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.
rooting
13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes,helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.
scaffolding
According to Ainsworth, securely attached children:
seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:
the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development.
_________ are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.
uninvolved parents
A(n) _________ is a fertilized egg cell.
zygote
