psych chapters 13,15,16

catatonia

state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.

Diana, a recent high school graduate, is excited to enroll for her classes at OU. Knowing she is good at science and math; she hopes to pursue a prospective career in engineering. But growing up, she's been told by her parents that men are better fit for jobs in engineering and science. In this scenario, Diana's parents beliefs best illustrate:

stereotyping

matching hypothesis

the tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are

bio

treatments for depression seek to increase the amount of circulating serotonin in the brain.

attribution theory

views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior Internal/external causes: Internal attributions are causes inside and specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities. External attributions are causes outside the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social situation, the weather, and luck. Did Beth get a D on the test because she didn't study or because the test was too hard? Stable/unstable causes: Whether the cause of behavior is relatively enduring and permanent or temporary influences attributions. Did Taylor honk her car horn because she is a hostile person or because she happens to be in a big hurry that day? Controllable/uncontrollable causes: We perceive that people have power over some causes (for instance, by preparing delicious food for a picnic) but not others (rain on picnic day). So, if a rainstorm spoils Henry's picnic, we would not hold that against him.

Deindividuation

which occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility

Those with Post-traumatic stress disorder have trouble coping with:

. Flashbacks B. Nightmares C. Emotions

OCD related disorders

1) Hoarding Disorder - compulsive collecting and poor organization 2) Excoriation - Skin picking 3) Trichotillomania - Hair pulling 4) Body Dysmorphic Disorder - Preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

Which of the following are attributions we can make about the behavior of others?

A) Controllable/uncontrollable causes B) Internal/external causes C) Stable/unstable causes

We are persuaded (we easily change our attitudes) depending on:

A) The message source B) Characteristics of the message C) Characteristics of the target

Which fall(s) under cognitive-behavior therapy?

A. Reducing self-defeating thoughts B. Modifying behavior C. Believing that the individual can master the situation and produce positive outcomes.

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Beth and Annie are competing for a job. Annie is more attractive than Beth, but Beth is equally qualified for the job. Who would you predict will get the job?

Annie, people perceive pretty girls as better girls.

biological treatments for anxiety

Anti-anxiety drugs (tranquilizers): reduce excitability and increase feelings of calmness Benzodiazepines (xanax, valium) Addictive, potentially serious side effects, especially if taken with alcohol Antidepressants (SSRIs) More common for long-term treatment

therapy

Antidepressants All work on serotonin, some also target norepinepherine and other neurotransmitters Lithium used for mania ECT: a procedure in which an electrical current is briefly administered in order to cause a seizure Disorientation, confusion, memory loss, and headaches Used when all other treatments have failed (used most often with MDD, Severe)

therapy

Antipsychotics: drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals who have a severe psychotic psychological disorder Most block dopamine receptors Covers up symptoms; not a cure Side effects and client adherence

Jim is a charming young man who goes to OU. He often likes to steal his friend Kate's car keys and drive 100 mph on the highway. He thinks it is ridiculous for him to get arrested and doesn't understand why Kate would be mad about this. Jim most likely has ________.

Antisocial personality disorder

Ian engages in reckless sex, drugs, drinking, and cutting. This pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions is best described as:

Borderline personality disorder

causes for schizophrenia

Brain abnormalities Less use of frontal lobes Enlarged ventricles Excess dopamine Diathesis-stress model Drug use (dopamine) Acute maternal stress

Which best describes the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders?

D. Genetic makeup, response to stress, and cultural expectations affecting the psychological disorder

anxiety causes

Deficiencies in neurotransmitters (serotonin, GABA, norepinepherine) Genetics Overactive autonomic nervous system Tendency to experience negative thoughts and oversensitivity to threat (BIS) Learned events from childhood (conditioning)

Ian is at a hockey game where he sees a fight taking place. People begin to cheer. Although he wouldn't encourage the behavior himself, Ian begins to join the crowd in cheering on the fight. Ian's loss of personal responsibility and identity while in a group is best described as what?

Deindividuation

Which is (are) problem(s) with DSM-IV?

Does not discuss causes B. Danger of applying labels

Julia doesn't like to be seen in public without makeup. When her friend Meg says she doesn't want to get in the water at a pool party, Julia assumes it is because Meg is concerned about her appearance. Julia doesn't like to ruin her makeup, so it makes sense to her that Meg wouldn't want to either. In reality, though, Meg is simply a bad swimmer and has a phobia of drowning. Which of the following best describes Julia's misinterpretation of Meg?

False consensus effect

Jake goes to Taco Bell for lunch. The cashier asks what he would like to order without a smile. Jake assumes that cashier is unhappy and rude to costumers because that is just how he is. However, the cashier's coworker knows that he has just broken up with his girlfriend and is simply having a bad day. This best illustrates the phenomenon of:

Fundamental attribution error

causes for mood disorders

Genetics Neurotransmitters (serotonin) Over-sensitivity to negative environmental feedback (BIS) Learned helplessness: powerlessness and a perceived lack of control Rumination, negative thoughts and beliefs

Who is more likely to have bipolar disorder?

Identical twins, if one twin is diagnosed

Diathesis-stress model combines:

Inborn predisposition & environmental stressors

Psychodynamic therapy stresses the importance of:

No single form of therapy works best for every problem.unconscious mind

Deficiencies in neurotransmitters, genetics, the tendency to experience negative thoughts, overactive autonomic nervous system, and events from childhood are the causes of what?

OCD & Anxiety B. OCD & Personality Disorders

Stanford Prison Experiment

Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty.

Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms involve a distortion or an excess of normal function. They are "positive" because they reflect something added above and beyond normal behavior. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and movement disorders. negative-reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions. One negative symptom is flat affect, which means the display of little or no emotion

In Greek Mythology, Oedipus's father, the king of Corinth, abandons baby Oedipus after learning the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife. Disgusted, he leaves his baby son out in the woods. Oedipus grows up and travels to Thebes not knowing his parents are still alive. On the way, he kills a man, and marries a widowed queen of beauty. Later, he finds out that the man he killed on the road was actually his father, and the woman he married was his mother. This myth illustrates:

Self-fulfilling prophecy

George, the supervisor at a knitting company, believes that his workers' performance level increases significantly when he watches them. This example displays:

Social facilitation

food-in-the-door technique

The foot-in-the-door strategy involves making a smaller request ("Would you be interested in a three-month trial subscription to a magazine?") at the beginning, saving the biggest demand ("How about a full year?") for last. The foot-in-the-door strategy relies on the notion that in agreeing to the smaller offer, the customer has created a relationship with the seller, expressing a level of trust.

ways to reduce prejudice

Think that they are of equal status Feel that an authority figure sanctions their positive relationships Believe that friendship might emerge from the interaction Engage in cooperative tasks in which everyone has something to contribute

similarity

We share similar attitudes, behavior patterns, taste in clothes, intelligence, personality, other friends, values, lifestyle, and physical attractiveness.

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

post-traumatic stress disorder

a disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that has overwhelmed the person's abilities to cope

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

the milgram experiment

an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure. shocking people

predijuce

an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group. explicit- open acts implicit-Implicit prejudice rests on automatic associations: You see a person from a different ethnic, racial, or religious group, and stereotypical thoughts pop into your head.habit

cognitive dissonance

another concept introduced by Festinger (1957), is the psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts. According to the theory, we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do.

phobic disorder

anxiety disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

door-in-the-face technique

asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment

anti-social personality disorder

characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit. Those with this disorder are aggressive

psychotherapy treatment for anxiety

conditioning Systematic desensitization & prolonged exposure Aversive conditioning Virtual reality therapy

consensual validation

explains why people are attracted to others who are similar to them. Our own attitudes and behavior are supported when someone else's attitudes and behavior are familiar—their attitudes and behavior validate ours.

dissociative identity disorder

formerly called multiple personality disorder, is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder. Individuals with this disorder have two or more distinct personalities or identities (Belli & others, 2012). Each identity has its own memories, behaviors, and relationships. One identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

In the Elaboration likelihood model, Central Route Processing involves _______, whereas Peripheral Route Processing involves _______.

high involvement; low involvement

elaboration likelihood model

identifies two pathways of persuasion: a central route and a peripheral route (Briñol & Petty, 2015; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). The central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument. The peripheral route involves factors such as the source's attractiveness or the emotional power of an appeal.

social contagion

imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas. laughing more in a movie theater

major depression

involves a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks

obbsessive compulsive disorder

involves anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to Page 508prevent or produce some future situation. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts, and compulsions are recurrent behaviors

borederline personality disorder

is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions. Individuals with BPD are impulsive, insecure, and emotional.

Discrimination

is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group

Abnormal Behavior Criteria

is behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time. deviant: behavior does not conform to accepted social standards.A woman who washes her hands four times an hour and takes seven showers a day is abnormal because her behavior deviates from what we consider acceptable. The context of a behavior may determine whether it is deviant. maladaptive: interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world.behavior that presents a danger to the person or to those around him or her would be considered maladaptive (and abnormal) personal distress:involves personal distress over a long period of time. The person engaging in the behavior finds it troubling.

bipolar disorder

is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania—an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

generalized anxiety disorder

is different from such everyday Page 505feelings of anxiety in that sufferers experience persistent anxiety for at least six months and are unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety (APA, 2013a). People with generalized anxiety disorder are nervous most of the time and worry a great deal.

DSM 5

is that it treats psychological disorders as if they are medical illnesses, taking an overly biological view of conditions that may have their roots in social experienceshed light on the complex interaction of genetic, neurobiological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors in psychological disorders, DSM-5 continues to reflect the medical model, neglecting factors such as poverty, unemployment, and trauma

normative social influence

is the influence others have on us because we want them to like us.

mere exposure effect

is the phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something (a person, a word, an image), the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before.

self-fufilling prophecies

n a self-fulfilling prophecy, expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson conducted a classic self-fulfilling prophecy study (1968). The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely shine forth over time. In reality, however, the researchers had randomly selected the students. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance: The academic performance of these five was beyond that of other students. Self-fulfilling prophecy shows the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

In the Milgram experiment, when the participant displayed resistance to the idea of shocking a "learner," the experimenter ordered him/her to continue. The strength of what was being concept was being tested in this experiment?

obeisance

social facilitation

occurs when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others

false consensus effect

overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks and acts as we do

panic disorder

person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause. Panic attacks can produce severe palpitations, extreme shortness of breath, chest pains, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a feeling of helplessness

proximity

physical closeness, is a strong predictor of attraction.

beautiful is good stereotype

positive expectations for physically attractive people

Ben has an anxiety disorder. Which drug is appropriate for him to take for long-term treatment?

prozac

social loafing

refers to each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

informational social influence

refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right. The social group can provide us with information that we do not have or may help us see things in ways that had not occurred to us. As a result, we may conform because we have come to agree with the group

fundamental attribution error

refers to the tendency of observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external factors when they explain an actor's behavior

self-serving bias

refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures when we make attributions about our own behavior.