psych exam 1

Which of the following was Not one of the potential solution to the replication crisis studied in class? A. make materials, procedures and data publicly available. B. Try to repeat studies that have already been published. C.Plan how a stud will be done and how the data will be analyzed ahead of time. D.Have a stricter criteria for who gets to be a scientist.

D. Have a stricter criteria for who gets to be a scientist.

What is the name of the bias where people believe the have known something all along, even though they just learned it? A.Confirmation bias B. Availability bias C.Confirmation bias D.Hindsight bias

D. Hindsight Bias

When an exact replication does not find the same results as the original research, what does it mean? A. The original researchers falsified their data. B. The replication researcher made an error in their replication. C. Cultural and social norms have shifted. The results were accurate when the research was first conducted but people have changed since then. D. It is difficult to determine because there are several potential causes of non replication.

D. It is difficult to determine because there are several potential causes of non replication.

After conducting an experiment, Dr Fitzpatrick concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups; in other words: A.The difference is highly meaningful and important to scientists. B.The results are replicable C.the scores differed by five points or more. D. It is unlikely that the difference occurred by chance, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

D. It is unlikely that the difference occurred by chance, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

Dr. Waehner is studying the relationship between sensation seeking behaviors and personality traits in college females. He finds that there is a relationship between these two variables, and that the relationship is significant. If he is using a typical cutoff to make that determination, then his study would have a p-value around____or less. A. .05 B. .08 C. .10 D. .15

A .05

A null hypothesis is (in most cases): A. A hypothesis of no effect or no difference B.The lack of a hypothesis C.The hypothesis that the researcher believes is true D.The hypothesis that gains the most support after running a study

A. A hypothesis has no effect or no difference

Wasson Task: People turn over cards to validate a rule. What bias explains why people get this task wrong? A.Confirmation Bias B. Overconfidence C.Hindsight Bias D.Illusory correlation

A. Confirmation Bias

Falsifiability is: A. The ability to prove a theory wrong B.The ability to exactly replicate a result C. The ability to correct one's biases D.A feature of unscientific beliefs

A. The ability to prove a theory wrong.

Using some probability based method of dividing a sample of research participants into different treatment groups is called ___. A.random assignment B. out-group stratification C.random sampling D.in-group stratification

A. random assignment

A significant disadvantage of the correlational approach is that it: A.does not provide evidence of cause and effect. B. cannot be used to examine relationships between variables that exist naturally. C.does not aid the process of prediction. D. does not provide information about how the two variables are related.

A.does not provide evidence of cause and effect.

According to the lecture Hindsight bias is: A.The tendency to think we know more than we do B.The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it C. The tendency to rely on something for assessing statistical significance. D. The tendency to focus on confirming evidence and to ignore dis-confirming evidence

B The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

In 2011 a popular journal published a study on an unbelievable finding. What did this study find? A.People could move objects with their mind B. People could predict the future C.People could remember 7 items in a list D. People are over confident in their knowledge on trivia

B. People could predict the future

A researcher has analyzed the data for her research study. She only pays attention to the results that support her hypotheses and ignores all the results that run counter to her expectations, What type of bias is she exhibiting? A.Hindsight bias B.Overconfidence bias C.confirmation bias D.Self serving bias

C.confirmation bias

What would a researcher attempting to conduct an exact replication of a past study do? A. The researcher would go to the lab where the original research was conducted and re-run the original study using identical materials and the same participants. B. The researcher would read the published article about the original research and use the same materials and procedures with new participants. C.The researcher would read the published article about the original research and create new procedures and materials that test the same hypothesis in a somewhat different way. D.The researcher would re-analyze the data collected in the original study to determine whether the results were the same.

B. The researcher would read the published article about the original study and use the same materials and procedures with new participants.

Merton's scientific norm of universal-ism refers to the idea that: A.Scientific theories should be comprehensive and universal B.The validity of scientific claims should not rely on who is making them C.Scientists and the general public should bu universally skeptical of scientific claims D. Scientists should be disinterested in their research

B. The validity of a scientific claims should not rely on who is making them

The Demarcation problem refers to: A. The problem of determining what counts as statistically significant B.The problem of determining what counts as science C. A problem that results from confirmation bias D.A problem that leads to a lack of replicability in science

B. determining what counts as science

In the reproducibility project: Psychology a large group of researchers tried to replicate 100 different studies that had previously been published in journal articles. These researchers found that: A. Most replication studies got the same results as the original studies. B. Most original studies were found to be fradulent C. The standard criterion for statistical significance is overly stringent D Less than half of the original studies' results were replicated, using standard criteria for evaluating scientific results

D. Less than half of the original studies' results were replicated, using standard criteria for evaluating scientific results

Dr. Anderson conducts an experiment to see whether exposure to helpful models leads to helping behavior in young children. Of the forty girls and boys in his study, half are exposed to helpful models while the other half watch the same models not engaged in helping behavior. In this experiment, the dependent variable is: A.The gender of the children B. helpful or non helpful models C The age of the children D. helping behavior

D.helping behavior