Psych Exam 1

Cajal was the first to note that: neurons can communicate with each other.one can stain neurons to look at them directly.the brain is like a tapestry of continuous fibers.brain activity causes behavior.

D

What did Ivan Pavlov study? classical conditioningthe Pavlovian boxoperant conditioningthe law of effect

classical

Classical conditioning is based on _____ responses, and operant conditioning produces _____ behaviors. A. involuntary; voluntary B. involuntary; involuntary C. voluntary; voluntary D. voluntary; involuntary

A

Diseases such as multiple sclerosis usually involve a deterioration of what part of a neuron? the axonthe myelin sheaththe cell bodythe dendrites

B

The _____ approach to psychology emphasized the study of mental processes and focused on inner sensations, feelings, and thoughts. introspection structuralism functionalism psychoanalysis

B

Mirror neurons in humans are mostly located in the _____ and _____ of the brain. A. parietal lobe; occipital lobe B. parietal lobe; temporal lobe C. frontal lobe; parietal lobe D. frontal lobe; occipital lobe

C.

Rob drinks alcohol because it helps him be more talkative and humorous when socializing with his friends. Rob's drinking is being maintained by: A. negative punishment. B. positive punishment. C. positive reinforcement. D. negative reinforcement.

D

Maka is writing a software program to mimic a human's ability to decide if the sound they are hearing is a ba or a da. She is MOST likely what type of psychologist? cognitive psychologist evolutionary psychologist behaviorist behavioral neuroscientist

cognitive psychologist

Every time Karishma completes a math problem correctly, her mom praises her. Thus, she is more likely to complete math problems correctly in the future. The _____ is a reinforcer. math problem completion of a math problem correct answer praise

praise

Which of the following is the final step in the critical thinking process? A. choosing the solution to fit the evidence B. evaluating the evidence C. identifying the question or problem D. gathering information

A

One characteristic of implicitly learned information is that it: A. rarely occurs in children. B. is difficult to explain to others. C. is easily forgotten. D. takes great effort to learn.

B

What subfield of psychology emphasizes the positive potential of humans? Gestalt psychology Humanism Structuralism Social psychology

B

_____ was a Greek philosopher, who was a nativist, believing aspects of a person's character and intelligence were innate and present at birth. AristotlePlatoRené DescartesFrancis Bacon

B

_____ was denied her doctorate degree in psychology from Harvard. Ingrid ThorndikeMary Whiton CalkinsMargaret Floy WashburnMary Washburn

B

Our reflexes such as pulling your hand away from a flame, are governed by the ____, while basic functions of motor skills and respiration are governed by the _____. A. midbrain; spinal cord B. hindbrain; midbrain C. spinal cord; hindbrain D. forebrain; hindbrain

C

Which of the following is the first step in the critical thinking process? A. choosing the solution to fit the evidence B. evaluating the evidence C. identifying the question or problem D. gathering information

C

_____ was a researcher who proclaimed that the behavioral findings of animal research could be applied to humans and did so with "Little Albert." John Watson Edward Thorndike Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner

A

_____ was the first woman to get a doctorate degree in psychology and studied animal behavior. Margaret Floy WashburnMary Whiton CalkinsIngrid ThorndikeMary Washburn

A

The three major types of neurons are: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and mirror neurons.sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.sensory neurons, dendritic neurons, and motor neurons.motor neurons, mirror neurons, and interneurons.

B

What subfield of psychology examines the power of the social environment? Gestalt psychologySocial psychologyHumanismStructuralism

B

Which structure is the conductor, or "master gland," of the hormone-producing system? A. the thalamus B. the pituitary gland C. the hippocampus D. the amygdala

B

_____ was a Greek philosopher who was an empiricist, believing that everything a person knows comes from experiences and environment. René DescartesAristotleFrancis BaconPlato

B

_____ argued that the mind was a blank slate, or tabula rasa. Charles DarwinFrancis BaconJohn LockeRené Descartes

C

_____ stimulate the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, and block their reuptake, which leads to an increase in wakefulness, energy, and feelings of euphoria. L-dopasBeta blockersAmphetaminesOpioids

C

_____ psychology seeks to understand how psychological phenomena change over the life span.

Developmental

Key figures in the development of behaviorism included: Wundt, Titchener, and James. James, Watson, and Freud. Maslow, Freud, and Rogers. Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner.

Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner.

Psychology is defined as: A. the scientific study of the structure of the brain. B. the scientific study of mind and behavior. C. a field that has gotten smaller as more discoveries have been made, negating earlier theories. D. the scientific study of behavior unrelated to environment.

B

An in-depth observation of a small sample or single individual is an example of which research method? A. a survey B. naturalistic observation C. a case study D. an experiment

C

If different researchers get consistent results from testing a hypothesis, the results are said to be: A. valid. B. manipulated. C. reliable. D. randomly assigned.

C

_____ was the researcher who discovered the "magical number 7." Carl RogersB. F. SkinnerGeorge MillerJean Piaget

C

B. F. Skinner's inability to counter Noam Chomsky's ideas on _____ helped to bring cognitive psychology to the forefront in the 1960s. Ivan Pavlov thinking perception language

language

Bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness is the focus of: behavior therapy. psychoanalysis. cognitive therapy. drug therapy.

psychoanalysis.

Every time Tomas completes a math problem correctly, his mom gives him a cookie. Thus, he is more likely to complete math problems correctly in the future. This is an example of: punishment. reinforcement. avoidance. disinhibition.

reinforcement.

Ade thinks human jealousy and other emotions can be explained on the basis of their adaptive value over time. He is MOST likely a(n): evolutionary psychologist. nativist. cognitive neuroscientist. behavioral neuroscientist.

evolutionary psychologist. *This point of view is influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.*

Among the approaches to psychology, behaviorism was "king": in the late 19th century. from about 1960 to 1990. at the beginning of the 21st century. during the first few decades of the 20th century.

during the first few decades of the 20th century.

Dr. Josef believes that the goal of therapy is to bring unconscious material into conscious awareness. Dr. Josef practices: psychoanalysis. drug therapy. behavior therapy. cognitive therapy.

psychoanalysis. *This therapy emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.*

Juanita's psychology professor believes that the unconscious has an important influence over human behavior. Juanita's professor MOST likely believes in the _____ approach. structuralist psychoanalytic cognitive behavioral

psychoanalytic

Olivia's therapist frequently has her describe her dreams and early childhood memories. Her therapist is MOST likely using what type of approach? Gestalt psychoanalytic evolutionary behavior

psychoanalytic

Victor's professor believes that talking about dreams and childhood will bring things from the unconscious to conscious awareness. Victor's professor MOST likely believes in the _____ approach. structuralist behavioral psychoanalytic cognitive

psychoanalytic

Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is MOST consistent with the _____ approach in psychology. psychoanalytic Gestalt cognitive behaviorist

psychoanalytic *The correct approach also emphasizes childhood experiences.*

Understanding how a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is probably of MOST interest to psychologists reflecting the _____ perspective. cognitive evolutionary behaviorist psychoanalytic

evolutionary

Rereading a chapter can be a poor tool for learning, since it may lead to inaccurate: A. judgments of learning. B. knowledge. C. feelings about learning. D. test results.

A

In the early 20th century, psychology focused on subjective information. The development of behaviorism shifted the focus of psychology to: objective information. internal information. cognitive processes. mental life.

objective information. *Psychology's early focus was on a person's inner experience, while behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors.*

Cognitive neuroscientists link brain activity and: A. cognitive processes. B. behavior. C. evolution. D. biology.

A

The objective analysis of situations or issues is referred to as _____ thinking. A. critical B. concrete C. creative D. convergent

A

Many professions include _____ as a training mechanism so that people can learn by watching the actions of others A. implicit learning B. operant conditioning C. classical conditioning D. observational learning

D

The typical sequence of events for neuronal activity is: resting potential, refractory period, action potential.refractory period, action potential, resting potential.action potential, resting potential, refractory period.resting potential, action potential, refractory period.

D

This psychologist studied memory in the first half of the 20th century and was interested in the different kinds of information that people encountered in everyday life. Noam Chomsky Frederic Bartlett B. F. Skinner Hermann Ebbinghaus

Frederic Bartlett *This person discovered that people often remember what they think should have happened, not what actually happened.*

Which statement reflects the behaviorist perspective? -Behaviorism was based on Margaret Floy Washburn's animal research showing the importance of animal consciousness. -B. F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique from structuralism for use in his methods for behaviorism. -John B. Watson viewed psychology as the scientific study of behaviors that could be seen and/or measured. -Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious influences on human behavior.

John B. Watson viewed psychology as the scientific study of behaviors that could be seen and/or measured. *Behaviorists do not consider memory and consciousness worthy of study.*

Who developed the hierarchy of needs? Jean PiagetCharles DarwinSigmund FreudAbraham Maslow

Maslow

The psychologist _____ reasoned that the human perception of objective reality is subjective because people often see the whole, rather than the sum of multiple parts. Max Wertheimer Kurt Lewin Frederic Bartlett Noam Chomsky

Max Wertheimer *This psychologist developed Gestalt psychology.*

Dr. Swartz, who follows the _____ perspective, conceptualizes human thinking, memory, and perception in terms of an information-processing model. cognitive humanistic psychoanalytic behavioral

cognitive

Hans is studying differences in memory between someone who has had 4 hours of sleep and someone who has had 8 hours of sleep. What type of approach to psychology is Hans using to study these differences? behavioral neuroscience evolutionary behavioral cognitive

cognitive

Owen is asked if he can identify a suspect in a lineup. He thinks his fear at the time of the crime may have impaired his memory for what the perpetrator looked like. This hypothesis would MOST likely be tested by a _____ psychologist. psychodynamic behavioral cognitive humanistic

cognitive *Owen's hypothesis concerns the relationship between emotion and information processing.*

Ginger believes that the mind is a collection of specialized modules that developed to do a few things very well. Ginger would MOST likely consider herself a(n) _____ psychologist. evolutionary social behavioral developmental

evolutionary

Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet were especially interested in ______, which involved temporary loss of motor control or cognitive functions. hysteria unconsciousness introspection schizophrenia

hysteria

People who suffered from _____ in the early 1900s suffered a temporary loss of motor control or cognitive functions. schizophrenia introspection unconsciousness hysteria

hysteria *These patients regained their loss when placed under hypnosis.*

The purpose of the psychoanalytic approach to therapy is to: talk about sex. identify mental processes from recording observable behaviors. help patients repress their unconscious thoughts, fears, and anxieties. identify unconscious thoughts and bring them into awareness.

identify unconscious thoughts and bring them into awareness.

Morgan is an evolutionary psychologist. She would say that the reason humans have developed a fear of spiders is because: -it once served as an adaptive function and was preserved through natural selection. -humans have learned to adapt to their environment. -it was conditioned in us. -it was reinforced.

it once served as an adaptive function and was preserved through natural selection. *Evolutionary psychologists look at a current trait and then speculate on why this trait was preserved through natural selection.*

According to an evolutionary psychologist, the reason humans developed language was because: -humans have learned to adapt to their environment. -it was reinforced. -language has served an adaptive function. -it was conditioned in humans.

language has served an adaptive function.

Which factor(s) did behavioral psychologists ignore? -mental processes and the evolutionary history of organisms -mental processes and the response of an organism after a stimulus -observed behavior and errors made by an organism -responses given by the organisms and the environment of the organism

mental processes and the evolutionary history of organisms

Cognitive psychology applies scientific methods to the study of:

mental processes, such as memory, perception, and thought.

Ivan Pavlov's approach to conditioning views organisms as _____, while B. F. Skinner's approach to conditioning views organisms as _____. active; passive conscious; unconscious passive; active unconscious; conscious

passive; active

Classical conditioning occurs by pairing a(n) _____ with a(n) _____ to produce a response. A. neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus B. conditioned response; unconditioned response C. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus D. conditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

A

Positive reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus and increases the likelihood of a behavior, and negative reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus and increases the likelihood of a behavior. A. presentation; removal B. removal; removal C. removal; presentation D. presentation; presentation

A

_____ is a simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus. A. Extinction B. Discrimination C. Sensitization D. Habituation

C

A possible explanation for distributed practice being an effective learning strategy versus massed practice is that when we engage in massed practice, retrieving recently studied information is relatively _____, whereas during distributed practice, it is _____ to retrieve information that we studied. A. difficult; easier B. fast; a slow process C. slow; a fast process D. easy; more difficult

D

When shown a video of a robbery and asked to recall what happened, people are influenced by: only the scenes they are shown. their photographic memory. only what is in the video. their own knowledge and beliefs.

their own knowledge and beliefs.

Manipulation of the experiment means that: A. all variables are controlled for, except the one being tested. B. participants are divided into groups by the researcher to minimize random assignment. C. only the person running the experiment knows which is the control group and which is the experimental group. D. results of the experiment can't be replicated by other researchers.

A

When participants made decisions about a new dot pattern conforming to a previously viewed prototype, participants who were given the explicit instructions showed increased brain activity in the _____ and a variety of other areas known to be associated with the processing of explicit memories. Those given the implicit instructions showed decreased brain activation primarily in the _____, which is involved in visual processing. A. prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and hippocampus; occipital region B. prefrontal cortex, occipital region, and hippocampus; parietal cortex C. occipital region, parietal cortex, and hippocampus; prefrontal cortex D. prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and occipital region; hippocampus

A. prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and hippocampus; occipital region

Barriers to critical thinking include biases. Which of the following refers to the bias to look for evidence that already supports your belief system? A. group think B. confirmation C. selection D. anchoring

B

Evan reads that the heritability index for a personality trait, agreeableness, is 0.43. How should he interpret this finding? His personal level of agreeableness is 43% due to genes.Forty-three percent of the variability in agreeableness in humans is attributable to genetic influences.Forty-three percent of the variability in agreeableness in humans is attributable to the environment.His personal level of agreeableness is 43% due to the environment.

B

Neurons _____ connected physically and communicate with each other at the _____. are; synapseare not; synapseare; dendritesare not; cell body

B

Neurons communicate _____ with each other at the _____. electrically; dendrites chemically; synapse chemically; axons electrically; synapse

B

Researchers have discovered some novel benefits of _____ practice, which involves mixing different kinds of problems or materials within a single study session. A. combined B. interleaved C. interdisciplinary D. multiprocedural

B

_____ study the link between the brain and behavior, sometimes by observing an organism on a specific task after performing surgery to remove certain parts of the brain. Evolutionary psychologists Cognitive psychologists Behaviorists Behavioral neuroscientists

Behavioral neuroscientists

A split-brain patient is shown a picture of a dog on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a tree on the right side of a computer screen. When asked to say what object he saw, he will report _____, and when asked to use his left hand to point to the object he saw, he will point to the picture of a _____. tree; dog dog; dog dog; tree tree; tree

D

Advertisers often pair pictures of attractive people with their products with the expectation that consumers will respond positively to those products. This reaction comes from a reflexive response that is based on: A. operant conditioning. B. our unconscious mind. C. our sex drive. D. classical conditioning.

D

Fabrizio is an 8th-grader and studies for his social studies exams using distributed practice, which will MOST likely result in improved _____ of actual classroom learning. A. long-term encoding B. short-term encoding C. short-term retention D. long-term retention

D

Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as PET and fMRI, allow researchers to _____ brain activity in certain areas with particular behaviors. establish cause and effect betweendirectly linkcoordinatecorrelate

D

Which part of the cerebral cortex deals with abstract thinking, planning, executive control, and judgment—the qualities that make us most human? A. the occipital lobe B. the temporal lobe C. the parietal lobe D. the frontal lobe

D

Who studied perception and cognition in children? Carl RogersGeorge MillerB. F. SkinnerJean Piaget

D

William James: A. disagreed that consciousness could be broken down into separate elements. B. argued that consciousness was like a flowing stream, serving to adapt people to their environments. C. studied mental function. D. All of these choices are correct.

D

Dr. Robb asserts that the world we see is at least in part a creation of our own minds. This belief MOST closely echoes the ______ approach to psychology. behaviorist Gestalt structuralist functionalist

Gestalt *This perspective was developed by Max Wertheimer.*

Students using a certain online learning platform experience a game-like environment in which they earn points for correct answers. These points reflect _____ concept of _____. Watson's; reinforcement Skinner's; introspection Skinner's; reinforcement Watson's; introspection

Skinner's; reinforcement

Jordana uses animals to model the behavioral defects that occur when certain parts of the brain are removed. Andy scans humans as they perform an attentional task to see what areas of the brain they are using. Jordana would be considered a _____, while Andy would be considered a cognitive neuroscientist. behavioral neuroscientist behaviorist humanistic psychologist cognitive psychologist

behavioral neuroscientist

Jordana uses animals to model the behavioral defects that occur when certain parts of the brain are removed. Andy scans humans as they perform an attentional task to see what areas of the brain they are using. Jordana would be considered a _____, while Andy would be considered a cognitive neuroscientist. cognitive psychologist humanistic psychologist behaviorist behavioral neuroscientist

behavioral neuroscientist

A _____ studies the link between the brain and behavior, often in nonhuman animals.

behavioral neuroscientist *emerged since the advent of brain scanning techniques.*

After giving his dog a jalapeño pepper, Jason observed his dog's reaction. This is a basic example of which approach? cognitive psychology Gestalt psychology functionalism behaviorism

behaviorism

After giving his friend a drink of alcohol, Andrew observed and recorded her reaction. This is a basic example of which approach? functionalism Gestalt psychology cognitive psychology behaviorism

behaviorism

Tess's psychology professor stated in class: "The goal of psychology is to discover how concrete actions are acquired and modified in response to environmental influences." Such a statement coincides with which perspective? behaviorism Gestalt psychology structuralism psychoanalysis

behaviorism

Penny is recovering from a severe drug addiction. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of stimuli in her environment—"people, places, and things"—on the use of her drug of choice. Her program BEST reflects the _____ approach in psychology. psychoanalytic behaviorist cognitive Gestalt

behaviorist

Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior. Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think and process information. Dr. Greenway is BEST described as a _____, whereas Dr. Cech is BEST described as a _____. behaviorist; psychoanalytic psychologist behaviorist; cognitive psychologist cognitive psychologist; behaviorist psychoanalytic psychologist; cognitive psychologist

behaviorist; cognitive psychologist *Dr. Greenway's viewpoint is similar to that of Watson and Skinner. Dr. Cech is likely to study topics such as memory, decision making, and problem solving.*

Abe scans people who have had brain damage and then has these patients perform memory and attentional tasks. His approach to studying the brain would be considered a _____ approach. cognitive psychology cognitive neuroscience behavioral neuroscience behavioral pharmacology

cognitive neuroscience

Hanna scans humans as they perform memory tasks to see what areas of the brain they are using. This example illustrates the work of what kind of psychologist? cognitive psychologist behaviorist behavioral neuroscientist cognitive neuroscientist

cognitive neuroscientist

Hanna scans humans as they perform memory tasks to see what areas of the brain they are using. This example illustrates the work of what kind of psychologist? behaviorist cognitive psychologist behavioral neuroscientist cognitive neuroscientist

cognitive neuroscientist *These people link mental processes such as memories, thoughts, and perceptions to the brain.*

Social psychology examines issues such as conformity, racism, and stereotyping by: -accounting for cultural backgrounds and personal beliefs. -considering the effects of other people on our cognitive processes. -localizing regions of the brain responsible for these issues. -focusing on the physical environment in which people grow up.

considering the effects of other people on our cognitive processes. *Social psychology focuses on the causes and consequences of interpersonal relationships.*

Carl believes his obsession with his appearance and bodybuilding is a result of genes he inherited from his ancestors, which motivates him to look good for women so he can find a suitable mate. Which field of psychology is MOST consistent with his view? evolutionary psychology behavioral neuroscience behaviorism cognitive neuroscience

evolutionary psychology

B. F. Skinner's book Verbal Behavior was criticized by Noam Chomsky because it: failed to consider the mental rules people rely on to understand and produce words. did not focus on reinforcement. did not focus on the behavioral point of view. failed to consider how children learn language.

failed to consider the mental rules people rely on to understand and produce words.

Sara is scared of spiders but does not remember ever having a bad experience with spiders; she only knows that she gets a bad feeling from them. According to psychoanalytic theory, her current fear of spiders is influenced by: her conscious mind. free association. hysteria. her unconscious mind.

her unconscious mind *According to Sigmund Freud, this is the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.*

Margaret is having trouble in school. Her mother is not sure how to help Margaret increase her motivation for doing homework. If Margaret's mom were to ask Ivan Pavlov's advice, he would MOST likely recommend: -asking her about her dreams and early childhood to see if they relate to her feelings about homework. -asking her to describe how she feels when she is presented with her homework. -pairing her homework with a pleasant experience so that, eventually, she will come to like doing her homework. -letting her have her favorite dessert after completing her homework in order to increase the behavior of doing homework.

pairing her homework with a pleasant experience so that, eventually, she will come to like doing her homework.

Ivan Pavlov noticed that during his research on dog digestion, the dogs began to salivate at the sight of the person who fed them. The _____ was a stimulus that produced the response of _____, even in the absence of food. salivating; the person who fed the dogs dogs' digestion; salivating in the dogs dogs' digestion; the person who fed the dogs person who fed the dogs; salivating in the dogs

person who fed the dogs; salivating in the dogs

Dr. Greene believes that unconscious mental processes are involved in shaping our thoughts and feelings, and they are responsible for motivating most human behavior. Dr. Greene's views are MOST aligned with the _____ approach in psychology. structuralist behavioral psychoanalytic functionalist

psychoanalytic *This approach was developed by Sigmund Freud.*

Ivan Pavlov noticed that during his research on dog digestion, the dogs began to salivate at the sight of the person who fed them. The person who fed them was a(n) _____ that produced a(n) _____ of salivating in dogs, even in the absence of food. response; stimulus stimulus; error stimulus; response error; stimulus

stimulus; response

Whenever Tasha goes to her favorite restaurant, she eats great food and has a good time. One day, she notices that she begins to salivate at the name of the restaurant without knowing that she is actually going there. In this case, the restaurant name is a _____ that produces a(n) _____ of salivation. stimulus; error response; stimulus reinforcement; stimulus stimulus; response

stimulus; response

In an experiment, Tricia understands that a moving light is actually two single flashes of light, but she still sees one light moving instead of two separate lights. This perceptual experience is the basis of: structuralism. functionalism. behaviorism. the Gestalt approach.

the Gestalt approach. This perspective was developed by Max Wertheimer.