Psych Exam 2

Most survey research uses sample sizes that range from about _____ to about _____.

100; 1000

A 2 x 3 x 3 factorial design would result in how many distinct conditions?

18

Small-n designs typically involve studying between _____ and _____ participants.

2; 10

The most basic single-subject research design is the reversal design, also called the _____ design.

ABA

have serious problems with both internal and external validity.

Case studies

When observations require a judgment on the part of the observers, the process is described as

Coding

describes a family of systematic approaches to measurement using complex archival data.

Content analysis

In terms of internal validity, which of the following research methodologies scores LOWEST?

Correlational Research

In terms of internal validity, which of the following research methodologies scores HIGHEST?

Experimental Research

An experiment with multiple independent variables is often referred to as a ________ design.

Factorial

A confounding variable is an extraneous variable that differs on average across levels of the dependent variable.

False

A nonequivalent groups design is a between-subjects design in which participants have been randomly assigned to conditions.

False

An experiment is a type of study designed specifically to answer the question of whether there is a correlational relationship between two variables.

False

Causal conclusions can only be drawn about the nonmanipulated independent variables.

False

refers to the time it takes for the dependent variable to begin changing after a change in conditions.

Latency

According to the National Comorbidity Survey, the highest lifetime prevalence is associated with

Major depressive disorder

describes a separate measure of a construct that a researcher is trying to systematically vary.

Manipulation check

Which of the following is not used to control for order or practice effects in repeated measures designs?

Multiple baselines.

are useful when researchers do not know how participants might respond or want to avoid influencing their responses

Open-ended items

In a __________, the dependent variable is measured once before the treatment is implemented and once after it is implemented.

Pretest-Posttest Design

__________ occurs when the researcher can specify the probability that each member of the population will be selected for the sample.

Probability sampling

Which of the following does NOT describe an assumption of single subject research?

Quantitative research approaches are more important than qualitative research techniques.

According to the model of the cognitive processes involved in responding to a survey item, people engage in those processes in which of the following orders?

Question Interpretation → Information Retrieval → Judgement Formation → Response Formatting → Response Editing

Within-subjects designs are also referred to as:

Repeated measures designs.

__________ occurs when a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the entire population and therefore produces inaccurate results.

Sampling bias

focuses on understanding objective behavior through experimental manipulation and control, collecting highly structured data, and analyzing those data quantitatively.

Single-subject research

refers to gradual increases or decreases in the dependent variable across observations.

Trend

A mixed factorial design has one between-subjects and one within-subjects independent variable.

True

An empirical study is high in external validity if the way it was conducted supports generalizing the results to people and situations beyond those actually studied.

True

Even if a researcher is primarily interested in the relationship between an independent variable and one primary dependent variable, several more questions can often be answered easily by including multiple dependent variables.

True

In a mixed factorial design, the researcher manipulates one independent variable between subjects and another within subjects.

True

In a reversal design, a steady state strategy involves waiting until the participant's behavior in one condition becomes fairly consistent from observation to observation before changing conditions.

True

In participant observation, researchers become active participants in the group or situation they are studying.

True

Inferential statistics are used to help decide whether the result for the sample is likely to generalize to the population.

True

Most researchers in psychology consider the distinction between experimental and nonexperimental research to be an extremely important one.

True

Nonexperimental research is research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both.

True

Nonresponse bias occurs when people who do not respond to the survey differ in important ways from people who do respond.

True

Qualitative research focuses on understanding people's subjective experience by collecting and analyzing relatively unstructured data using narrative techniques.

True

Random assignment refers to using a random process to decide which participants are tested in which conditions.

True

Researchers sometimes treat multiple dependent measures as a multiple-response measure of a single construct because multiple-response measures are generally more reliable than single-response measures.

True

Single-subject research can in principle be used to study behavior from any psychological perspective.

True

Survey research may be the only approach in psychology in which random sampling is routinely used.

True

The lifetime prevalence of a disorder is the percentage of people in the population that develop that disorder at any time in their lives.

True

We should select participants for surveys using strategies that yield representative samples.

True

When researchers study relationships among a large number of conceptually similar variables, they often use a complex statistical technique called factor analysis.

True

Which of the following is not an advantage of single-subject designs?

We can study small effects with good statistical power.

An experiment involves the manipulation, or systematic variation, of which of the following:

all of the alternative are correct.

Which of the following can affect the results of a study?

all of the alternatives are correct

Two or more treatments are alternated relatively quickly on a regular schedule in a(n) __________ design.

alternating treatments

Most contemporary single-subject research is conducted from the __________ perspective.

behavioral

In a __________ experiment, each participant is tested in only one condition.

between-subjects

In a __________ factorial design, different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of the independent variables.

between-subjects

Which of the following describes a potential problem with the reversal design?

both alternatives listed are correct.

Being tested in one condition can change how participants perceive stimuli or interpret their task in later conditions. This is called a

context effect

In __________, a researcher measures two variables of interest with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables and then assesses the relationship between them.

correlational research

A researcher measures the impulsivity of a large sample of drivers and looks at the statistical relationship between this variable and the number of traffic tickets the drivers have received. The research methodology employed is:

correlational research.

A __________ occurs when one independent variable has an effect at both levels of the second independent variable, but the effects are in opposite directions.

crossover interaction

Disagreements between single-subject research and group research center on __________ and __________.

data analysis; external validity

Case studies can be useful for all of the following except:

determining cause and effect.

In a quasi-experiment, study investigators

ensure that groups are equivalent (even without random assignment)

A researcher randomly assigns patients with low back pain either to a treatment involving hypnosis or to a treatment involving exercise. She then measures their level of low back pain after 3 months. The research methodology employed is

experimental research.

A researcher randomly assigns patients with low back pain either to a treatment involving hypnosis or to a treatment involving exercise. She then measures their level of low back pain after 3 months. The research methodology employed is:

experimental research.

Researchers recognize that it is important to control __________ by holding them constant in an experiment.

extraneous variables

If participants perform a task worse in later conditions because they have prior experience with the task, this may be due to a

fatigue effect

Naturalistic research is a type of:

field research

A control group is:

identical to the experimental group except for the experimental manipulation.

The different levels of the __________ are called conditions.

independent variable

A __________ occurs when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another.

interaction effect

A limitation of the matrix format for survey questions is that participants must remember the response options. One way to address this problem is to:

list the response options at the beginning of each page.

In ________, we combine the results of many different studies into a general statistical conclusion.

meta-analysis

Which of the following does NOT describe a multiple-baselines research design?

multiple baselines are established for the same participant but for different dependent variables, and the treatment is introduced at the same time for each dependent variable.

A baseline phase is followed by separate phases in which different treatments are introduced in a(n) __________ design.

multiple-treatment reversal

A researcher is interested in nonverbal behavior among young adults. The researcher goes to public gathering places in town and observes smiles, gestures, gaze, and touch. This is an example of:

naturalistic observation.

__________ variables are usually participant variables and, as such, they are by definition __________ factors.

nonmanipulated independent; between subjects

Participants may perform a task better in later conditions because they have prior experience with the task. This is called a __________.

practice effect

A researcher conducts detailed interviews with unmarried teenage fathers to learn about how they feel and what they think about their role as fathers and summarizes their feelings in a written narrative. The research methodology employed is:

qualitative research.

Nonexperimental research falls into three broad categories, which include all of the following EXCEPT:

quantitative research

describes research that involves the manipulation of an independent variable without random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions.

quasi-experimental research

A college instructor gives weekly quizzes to students in one section of his course but no weekly quizzes to students in another section to see whether this has an effect on their test performance. The research methodology employed is:

quasi-experimental research.

The most effective general control in experimental research is:

random assignment of participants to groups.

B.F Skinner's research focused on how rewards, punishments, and other external factors affect behavior over time and was carried out using primarily _____ and _____.

rats; pigeons

Convenience samples are frequently used in student research because they:

take less time and money.

In psychological research, a(n) __________ is any intervention meant to change people's behavior for the better

treatment

Single-subject research relies heavily on an approach called

visual inspection

Researchers in psychology often include multiple dependent variables in their studies because doing so allows them to answer more research questions

with minimal additional effort.

In a __________ experiment, each participant is tested under all conditions.

within-subjects

In a __________ factorial design, participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variables

within-subjects

Stratified random sampling is the preferred strategy when:

you want to include specific subgroups in the study.