Psych Exam 3

prototype

a representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category

Which of the following can be either a phoneme or a morpheme? a. "a" b. "r" c. "sh" d. "ly"

"a"

Oral Stage

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Anal Stage

18-36 months potty training

Phallic Stage

3-6 years

Latency Stage

6 years to puberty; child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills

ABS's of attitudes

Affective (emotional thinking), Behavior (behavioral thinking) and Cognition (cognitive thinking)

Behavioral

Behavioral responses

Of the following, who has a speech pattern comparable to that of a person with Wernicke's aphasia? a. Ashley, who has a moderate level of intellectual disability, but has fluent speech and a large vocabulary for her age b. Diego, who speaks very slowly and with much effort, but generally makes sense c. Dan, who speaks rapidly, fluently, and with good grammar, but rarely makes sense d. Erica, who has severe difficulties with the production of language though she is otherwise healthy

Dan, who speaks rapidly, fluently, and with good grammar, but rarely makes sense

Eddie has been a homicide detective in a small city for several years and he is good at his job. He is often called on by other detectives to help with difficult cases. Which of the following reflects his fluid intelligence?

Eddie finds that when he reads through a file, a detail will leap out at him as peculiar to the flow of events, which then helps to focus the direction of the investigation.

In which of the following ways does a typical child first learn language? a. Kristen concentrates on practicing her words each day. b. Jared's mother has taught him language through repeated drills from an early age. c. Evan seems to learn words and form small sentences effortlessly with no specific instruction. d. Lauren learns language in much the same way as she learns reading and writing, with training and practice.

Evan seems to learn words and form small sentences effortlessly with no specific instruction.

Four Clusters of Personality- Self Centered

High E, Low OAC

Four Clusters of Personality- Average

High and N & E, Low in O

For as long as he can remember, Randy's passion in life has been to eat, drink, and be merry. Which component of Freud's personality theory does this reflect?

ID

Based on research (Gardner, Gabriel, & Lee, 1999), which of the following is true? a. Individualistic values are socially transmitted to people growing up in that culture and form a stable and unchanging view of the self. b. Independent and interdependent views of the self are genetic in nature and only shift over the course of generations. c. Independent and interdependent views of the self are human universals and the relative dominance of one over the other is modifiable by a person's experience and situation. d. Collectivistic values are socially transmitted to people growing up in that culture and form a stable and unchanging view of the self.

Independent and interdependent views of the self are human universals and the relative dominance of one over the other is modifiable by a person's experience and situation.

prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience; misjudging correlations between groups

Who is most likely to use the central route to respond to persuasive messages? a. Emma, an anthropology major, who is taking an economics class pass/fail in order to fulfill a college requirement b. Danielle, who notices an eye-catching billboard for a brand of beer as she drives on the highway to her grandparents' house c. Jorge, who plans to attend a guest lecture on worldwide water shortages, a topic about which he has read a great deal d. Nate, who attends a dharma talk with his girlfriend because she is interested in meditation

Jorge, who plans to attend a guest lecture on worldwide water shortages, a topic about which he has read a great deal

Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion: Authority

seem qualified; more likely to believe

Four Clusters of Personality- Reserved

Low N & O, somewhat A & C

Four Clusters of Personality- Role Models

Low N, High OCEA

Which of the following examples involves deindividuation? a. Naomi decides to follow her classmates as they sneak onto the subway without paying. b. Ben is bored with weeding and planting at the community garden and lets others do most of the work. c. Diego feels even more strongly that his preferred candidate is the best choice after a class discussion. d. Laura is visiting the beach with her friends and jumps off a very high rock into the water by herself.

Naomi decides to follow her classmates as they sneak onto the subway without paying

Professor Hill asks Anita to explain psychodynamic theory for the class. How should Anita respond?

Psychic energy is moved among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, and superego.

Frued's Psychodynamic Theory of Personality

Psychic energy moves among the compartment of personality: id, ego, superego

Individual, gender, cultural, and task variables interact to produce social loafing. Who has the greatest potential for social loafing? a. Diana is a female from a Western culture, enjoys intellectual challenges, and is writing a legal brief with a team. b. Mei is a female from an Eastern culture and is preparing food for a large banquet with her extended family. c. Yuanli is a male from an Eastern culture, enjoys intellectual tasks, and is preparing a report on legislative reform with his colleagues. d. Robert is a male from a Western culture and is working in a group to pick up trash along the highway.

Robert is a male from a Western culture and is working in a group to pick up trash along the highway.

Ross is filling in a personality inventory in connection with a job application. The results are based on his self-report. Why is this a potential limitation?

Ross's responses might be influenced by his need to appear socially appropriate

Aaron, a pre-med student, received a C on his biochemistry exam. He told his roommate that he had studied for the exam and that it was just bad luck that the professor had asked so many questions that he did not understand. Aaron appears to have ____.

an external loss of control

Ben is three years old and very bright. His parents try all sort of games to encourage him to urinate in the toilet rather than in his diaper, with little success. Which developmental stage is he in?

anal stage

ego

a persons "self" that others see

door in the face

a persuasive technique in which compliance with a target request is preceded by a large, unreasonable request; asking for something large then asking for something smaller

Deborah has always wanted to go to college at Stanford. She applied but was not accepted to Stanford; however, she was accepted at U.C. Berkeley. At first, she was crushed, but then, she started telling all her teachers and friends that "U.C. Berkeley is a far more interesting school." Her statement reflects ____.

a resolution to cognitive dissonance

affect heuristic

a rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or "gut" reactions to stimuli

stereotyping

a simplified set of traits that are associated with group membership

Betty has been a saver all of her life, but recently, she became a gambler. She is considering betting all of her savings in a lottery in hopes of making enough money for an around-the-world cruise. Betty may have suffered damage to her ____.

amygdala

Katie loved baking brownies with her grandmother during her holiday visits. In fact, she still makes these brownies using the exact same steps as her grandmother. What is this called?

an algorithm

N-Neuroticism

anxious, moody, self-punishing, critical, impulsivity, depression negatively associated with job satisfaction, happiness, relationship satisfaction and intimacy, extrinsic career success

Selena, a research scientist, is developing a study of prejudice. Which of the following would be most useful as an implicit measure of prejudice? a. Association of positive terms with Black faces and negative terms with White faces b. Association of geographic locations with demographic groups c. Patterns of higher education for Whites versus Blacks by age group d. Patterns of hiring patterns for White job candidates versus Black job candidates

association of positive terms with Black faces and negative terms with White faces

situational attribution

attributing behavior to the environment

dispositional attribution

attributing behavior to the person's qualities and traits

Dolores, a college freshman, has moved to a big city for the first time in her life. She is excited by the opportunity to explore the city but is also anxious about what she read recently about street crime in one of the city's neighborhoods. In reality, she is more at risk of harm from reckless drivers. What heuristic is she applying is this situation?

availability heuristic

C: Conscientiousness

awareness, competence, achievement striving, self-discipline, order, dutifulness, deliberation job satisfaction, grades, intimacy (males), extrinsic (high pay) and intrinsic (job satisfaction) career success

Collective unconscious

common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

Michelle has always preferred standard, run-of-the-mill milk chocolate; that is, until her sister encouraged her to try an organic, 72% cacao, imported Belgian dark chocolate. Now, she believes that she has eaten the "wrong" kind of chocolate most of her life. Which element of her attitude does this most reflect? a. affect b. cognition c. emotion d. behavior

cognition

Carl Jung

collective unconscious and personal

Self-Efficacy

confident in own abilities

Javier is studying the firing of neurons in the brains of rats as part of his dissertation research on memory. He is disciplined in his research process and in his record-keeping, and follows his advisor's recommendations to the letter, as he wants to eventually accomplish a lot in this field. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Javier's personality is ____.

conscientiousness

superego

conscious idea of right and wrong; angel on shoulder

mental set

continually using an old solution to problems that has previously worked in the past

Susan was so angry at her boss that, when she got home from work, she yelled at her husband in response to his question "How was your day?". This is an example of ____

displacement

Vanessa's father was an auto mechanic. She spent countless hours as a child by her dad's side, learning the ins and outs of his trade. There is no doubt that Vanessa is very competent in this field; however, she has applied to over fifty auto repair shops in her town and has not received one interview. Which of the following terms describes the most likely reason for this? a. stereotyping b. prejudice c. discrimination d. situational attribution

discrimination

Jen's best friend just got fired from her part-time job waitressing. Jen's first thought was "I knew she lacked the patience for that job." Jen is illustrating ____.

dispositional attribution

Affective

emotional responses

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

The Joyful Jogger At the start of the spring semester, Marie decides that she will focus more on her physical health. Her solution is to start jogging with a goal of running in the annual Memorial Day 10K. Marie completed the race but needed to walk for the last mile. What would be the next step for her as an effective problem-solving strategy?

evaluate whether the original problem has been solved

E: Extraversion

excitement seeking, outgoing, warmth job satisfaction, positive affect, low extraversion associated with depression and social phobia, relationship satisfaction and intimacy

Marvin shares as many details as he can remember about the small sailboat he had as a child. This is called a(n) ____.

exemplar (like example)

Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion: Reciprocity

feel obligated to give back

group think

flawed decision making in which a group doesn't question it's decisions critically; maintain high group cohesion;

Ian is a very serious and capable medical student. At home with his mother, though, he becomes a joyous boy again, telling her stories about his classes and professors and making her laugh. This implies that the interpersonal self is ____.

flexible and complex

Julio's term paper is due on Thursday at 5 P.M. On Wednesday, he asks his professor if he can turn it in on Friday morning, to which his professor agrees. On Thursday afternoon, he asks his professor if he can hand the paper in on Monday morning. What persuasive technique does this most resemble? a. bait-and-switch b. low-balling c. foot-in-the-door d. door-in-the-face

foot-in-the-door

Grace is serving on a jury for the first time. She entered the jury room with a dollar amount in mind for damages but, following deliberations, she agreed to a significantly higher number. This is an example of ____.

group polarization

A group of mothers of pre-school-age children in a small town gather regularly. At the last meeting, a member of the group told the others that a registered sex offender has moved back in with his parents, who live nearby. The group decides to write a letter expressing concern to the local police department, without checking the accuracy of the member's information. This is an example of ____.

group think

Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion: Consensus

if people agree, attitude will change

Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion: Liking

if you like them you'll change your attitude

IAT

implicit-association test- designed to measure peoples levels of unconscious social bias & propensity in biased and discriminatory manner

Broca's aphasia

in left frontal lobe; losing the ability to produce speech, halted speech

Selena's parents arrange for her to take part in an intelligence test for preschool admissions. Her individual intelligence is measured to be 125 relative to a statistically normal curve with an average of 100. This is her ____.

intelligence quotient

Hanging with the Parents Leanne's friends love her sixty-year-old mother, Liz, who is very warm and friendly. In fact, Liz encourages Leanne to bring over her friends for cocktail parties or cookouts every weekend she is free (that is, when she's not involved with a book club, painting class, or yoga retreat). Leanne's father dreads it when her mother invites Leanne's friends over for cocktail parties and cookouts. He is reserved, uncomfortable with people he does not know well, and prefers quiet evenings of reading. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of his personality is ____.

introversion

Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion: Scarcity

isn't much of it; its valuable and you want it

Self-Esteem

judgement of the value of self

Mary rarely refers to her strengths or accomplishments when with friends, so they have little clue as to her self-esteem. If Mary is among the majority of people, she most likely ____.

judges herself more positively and less negatively than she judges others

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

During the economic downturn, Alejandro's neighbor, a successful accountant, lost his job and had to sell his house. Alejandro decided that this neighbor "must have really messed up at his workplace." This is an example of ____.

just-world belief

Wernicke's aphasia

left temporal lobe; losing the ability to understand speech

aphasia

losing the ability to speak and understand language

Deindividualization

loss of self-awareness in group; immersion of an individual in a group, leading to anonymity

Daryl is a painter and poet. His work often portrays fantasy images that evoke strong emotion. He loves to travel, particularly in Asia, to view the art at sacred sites and learn about local culture. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Daryl's personality is ____.

openness

O-Openness

openness to experience; appreciation for fantasy, feelings, actions, ideas, values, aesthetics, and new experiences. seek out new experiences, greater risk-taking, higher IQ if higher in religious fundamentalism, decrease in openness

personality

our characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behavior

spotight effect

overestimating how much other people pay attention to us

Yerks-Dodson

performance increases with physiological or mental arousal but to a certain extent

id

primitive drives (hunger, thirst, etc)

Marvin tries to describe a sailboat as an average of all sailboats in terms of length, width, height of mast, materials, color, etc. This is called a(n) ____.

prototype

Genital Stage

puberty onward; sexual awakening

Which of the following is true regarding theories of general intelligence and multiple intelligences? a. Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple, tightly correlated, intelligences. b. Robert Sternberg proposed a four-part theory of intelligence that predicts success. c. Purely cognitive abilities, such as verbal, mathematical, spatial, and logical skills, show strong positive correlations with one another. d. Abilities involving sensory, motor, and personality factors show strong positive correlations with one another.

purely cognitive abilities, such as verbal, mathematical, spatial, and logical skills, show strong positive correlations with one another

advantages to personal inventories

quick, easy, apply to many people

Rima has decided to eliminate all sweets from her diet in an effort to lose ten pounds. When out for coffee with her friend Beth, Beth orders a delicious piece of chocolate cake with chocolate frosting and offers to split it with Rima. Rima says "Well, maybe this one time; I've read that chocolate is good for your health." This is an example of ____.

rationalization

social loafing

reduced effort and motivation when in a group

Danny's soccer teammates want to play a prank on a rival team before their game. Danny is reluctant to participate, but does not want to be the only one who expresses disapproval of the plan. He goes along with the group. This scenario illustrates that conformity ____.

reduces the risk of rejection by a social group

Mary and her husband made a great deal of money recently through the sale of their business, though they come from families of little education or money. They moved to a beautiful new home in a neighborhood well-known for the wealth and high social status of its residents. The neighbors have been very unfriendly to them. This is an example of ____.

relational aggression

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure increases liking

Max, an attorney, is attending a hearing at the federal courthouse. He opens the courthouse door for a young woman with a tattoo on her forearm. When Max enters the room of the hearing, he is stunned to see that the assigned judge is the same woman. Max had applied the ____.

representativeness heuristic

confirmation bias

search for evidence that fits beliefs while ignoring evidence not fitting beliefs

Melinda's psychology professor told the class to quickly write down five things that complete a sentence that starts with "I am." Melinda wrote: "I am a sophomore at the University of Michigan majoring in international relations. I am on the lacrosse team and continue to be in a relationship with my high school boyfriend." This is a description of her ____.

self-concept

Mr. Martin, a physics teacher, is also the advisor to the high school chess team. He sees that a new student, Mariah, has beaten their top player, David. He wonders whether David let her win because she is so attractive. This is an example of maintaining a stereotype through ____.

situational attribution

morphemes

small units of meaning in language; "walk" and "ing"

phonemes

smallest unit of sound; "s" and "sh"

The Study Abroad Alien Marvin, who lives in San Francisco, has been asked to host a teenage alien, Regor, as part of an intergalactic exchange program. Marvin is sure that Regor would love to experience the adventure of sailing but decides he should introduce the concept of a "sailboat" first. Marvin tries to describe the common features of a sailboat. He explains that they are pointed at the front and square at the back, have a tall mast to hold up the sail and have one or two triangular sails. Which of the following demonstrates a problem with this approach?

some sailboats have more than one mast and more than two sails.

exemplar

specific memory of item, variability

look back

step four; examine success; does problem still exist? if yes start over

understand the problem

step one; gather info, break it down

carry out the plan

step three; plan it; anticipate time and resources; timing is key

make a plan

step two; generate several solutions, reliable and efficient

Olivia has just obtained her driver's license. She is nervous that she might break one of numerous "rules of the road" and receive both a ticket and a reprimand from her parents. Which component of Freud's personality theory does this reflect?

superego

halo effect

tendency for impression on one thing to influence opinion on another

Advantages of Personality Inventories

tests used to measure personality; many people can be assessed, quick, inexpensive, good reliability and validity

Which of the following is a phoneme? a. the "sh" in ship b. the "ly" in quickly c. the "un" in uncomfortable d. the "es" in boxes

the "sh" in ship

crystallized intelligence

the ability to think logically using previously learned knowledge

fluid intelligence

the ability to think logically without using previously learned knowledge

just world belief

the assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

group polarization

the intensifying of an attitude following discussion; desire for affiliation and conformity

foot in the door

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request; ask for a dollar then next ask for $100

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Cognitions

thoughts/thought responses

A-Agreeableness

trust, modesty, compliance, tender-mindedness positive effect, job satisfaction, relationship satisfaction and intimacy

discrimination

unfair behavior based on stereotyping and prejudice

Cialdini's 6 principles of persuasion: Consistency

wear them out

cognitive dissonance

when behavior and attitude don't match; can be resolved through change in attitude

Milgram's research on authority

wrong answer to question received a shock; proximity between teacher and learner led to lower rates of obedience; 65% fully complied by administering max shock of 450 volts.