PSYCH exam 3
Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?
He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.
Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?
Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.
Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?
John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.
What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"
Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.
Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?
Sapir and worf
What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization."
The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.
________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.
acoustic
Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
acousticc
What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?
all of the concepts are examples of mental set
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
analytical
Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.
anterograde
Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.
arousal
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
arousal theory
Encoding information occurs through ________.
automatic processing and effortful
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.
change sensory to acoustic
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
change transitional to sensory
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
cognition
________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
concepts
Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.
confirmation
Not all aspects of cognition are ________.
consciously experienced
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction, reconstruction
Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
creative
________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.
creative
The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.
experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally
Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.
experiences
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.
explicit memory
An algorithm is a sudden awareness of a solution to a problem.
false
Consolidation is storing new memories for access when needed.
false
Construct validity refers to the fact that a test can measure multiple constructs such as math and verbal abilities.
false
Explicit memory refers to memory information that should be ignored.
false
Intelligence ratio and intelligence quotient are the same thing.
false
Removing the hippocampi from both sides of Molaisan's brain eliminated all his previous memories.
false
The episodic buffer holds auditory information in working memory.
false
The primacy effect refers to memory for important items on a list.
false
There are two types of explicit memory: declarative and non-declarative.
false
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.
flashbulb memory
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.
fluid
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."
fluid changed to crystalized
What is confirmation bias?
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where.
forgetting
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
functional fixedness
The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in -ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.
grammar
Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?
he divided intelligence into two components
Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.
hindsight bias
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.
implicit
Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.
indirect
Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.
integrate
Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
interpersonal
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
it can happen in the process of
Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?
it was not empirical
Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?
language
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
learning disability
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
letter WRONG
Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?
lexicon?
Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
linguistic
What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.
mastery of the grammatical aspects of language
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
memories are processed the same way computers process information
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.
memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running
Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.
mental set
Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?
modest
Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
musical
Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.
natural
In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.
natural and artificial
An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.
one piece of information
The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.
one standard deviation above the mean
Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?
patriotism?
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
phenome
Engram refers to the ________.
physical trace of memory
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
practical
A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.
prototype
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?
remembering the colors of the rainbow with roygbiv
Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.
representational bias
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.
retrogade
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
role
Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?
sample size
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
self reference affect
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semanic
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.
semantic
What are the two components of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
sematics
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?
severe
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.
short term memory itself has different forms
Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
spatial
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?
suggestibility
Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?
the time to make the decision is limited WRONG
From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.
thinking
Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?
thinking about a dog you want to adopt
Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.
transience
A "prodigy" is a young person gifted in a particular ability, such as math or music, but otherwise, shows average intelligence.
true
A memory is a biological representation in our brain.
true
A synonym for reliability is consistency.
true
Automatic encoding is a primary source of episodic memories.
true
Creative problem solving involves four stages of processing: preparation, incubation, insight, and elaborative-verification.
true
Creative thinking is distinct from but related to both intelligence and problem solving.
true
Episodic memories are personal and autobiographical.
true
Henry Molaison's initials are HM.
true
Implicit memory is memory we are not aware of.
true
In the context of creativity, "originality" refers to thinking of unusual and novel ideas.
true
Intelligence ratio and intelligence quotient are the same thing.
true
Long-term potentiation occurs when synaptic connections between neurons strengthen.
true
Rehearsal is a control process that prevents information in working memory from being lost.
true
Sensory memory holds the initial input of information from the environment into the brain.
true
Short-term memory is the same memory system as working memory.
true
Sleep plays an important role during consolidation.
true
Some information in working memory can be transferred into long-term memory.
true
The IQ value for a person of intellectual disability is 70 or less.
true
The Serial Position Curve refers to the results of a memory task for learning a list of items.
true
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale measures adult intelligence.
true
The left prefrontal cortex is active during verbal tasks.
true
The personality characteristic, "openness to experience," is a common trait of creative people.
true
The recency effect occurs because of items still in short term memory.
true
The shape of the graph for the variation of IQ scores in the population is a normal curve.
true
The visuospatial sketchpad holds visual information in working memory.
true
Twin studies show that identical twins have a high correlation between their IQ scores.
true
What is procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.
what the word chocolate means
Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?
working memory WRONG
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
experience more daily stress
From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."
18 to 24
After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.
babbling
Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
bodily kinesthetic
Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.
did not identify enough WRONG
Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?
distortion
Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.
divided intelligence into two components
Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
dysgraphia
________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.
emotion; memory
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
