psych exam 4

At which age do infants have the highest risk of dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

2 to 4 months of age

Laws in _____ states (in the United States) accept advance directives/living wills as reflecting an individual's wishes.

50

According to current projections, what is the expected number of U.S. centenarians by the year 2050?

600,000

In 2017, in the U.S., the average age of retirement was ________ for men and ________ for women.

64; 62

The young-old are people who are between ________ years of age.

65 to 84

Which of the following statements is true of the speed of processing information?

A slowing of processing speed is linked to the emergence of dementia in succeeding years.

In the context of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying, in the _____ stage, the dying person recognizes that denial can no longer be maintained.

anger

Which of the following emotional reactions is most common in the Gond culture of India in response to death?

anger

In Judaism, _____ refers to the period between death and burial.

aninut

____________ are theorized to act much like a fire extinguisher, helping to neutralize free-radical activity and reduce stress caused by damage to cells

antioxidants

Which of the following is a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat Alzheimer disease?

aricept

According to several studies conducted about the contexts in which people die, most individuals say they would rather die

at home

_________ are the leading cause of injury deaths among adults who are 65 years and older

falls

The oldest-old today are mostly...

female

Which of the following is one of the main dimensions of the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?

loss-oriented stressors

Susan is 72 years old. She has a body mass index (BMI) of 23. Her dietician recommends certain measures that she should follow to remain healthy and reduce the risk of diseases. Which of the following is Susan's dietician likely to recommend?

maintaining a healthy weight

A person with ________ does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated.

major depression

In the Tanala culture of Madagascar, death is believed to be caused by

natural forces

Which of the following places has the highest ratio of centenarians in the world?

okinawa, japan

A Pew poll found that belief in God was higher in ________ than in any other age period.

older adulthood

A study revealed that hearing loss was associated with a reduction in cognitive function in

older adults

According to aging expert Laura Carstensen, who among the following tend to experience less intense positive emotions with new friends and equal levels of positive emotions with established friends?

older adults

________ tend to overestimate the memory problems they experience on a daily basis.

older adults

The _____ are the age subgroup of older adults most likely to be living in poverty.

oldest-old

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, when time is perceived as _____, as it is when individuals are younger, people are more strongly motivated to pursue information, even at the cost of emotional satisfaction.

open-ended

Which of the following was considered to be a clear sign of death in the past?

rigor mortis

A recent study of older adults found that the greater the variability in their ________ attention, the more likely they were to experience falls.

sustained

Which of the following statements is true of arthritis?

symptoms of arthritis can be reduced by drugs

According to cellular clock theory, after about 70 or 80 replications, the cell can no longer reproduce and the ________ are dramatically reduced.

telomeres

Alice, Jane, Lois, and Sandra have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they have supported each other and shared in each other's joys and sadness. Which model of social relations does this scenario represent?

the convoy model

________ are the most noticeable changes in physical appearance in late adulthood.

wrinkles and age spots

what is an allele?

an alternative form of a gene

A gene called ________ is linked to increasing presence of plaques and tangles in the brain.

ApoE

Which of the following is true of self-esteem in older adults?

Being physically impaired is linked to low self-esteem

Which of the following statements is true of young children and their perception of death?

For some children, a parent's death can be devastating and result in a hypersensitivity about death, including a fear of losing others close to the individual.

Rahim retired from his job at the age of 67. He and his wife, Fathima, have been maintaining a traditional family structure throughout their marriage. While Rahim went for work, Fathima was a homemaker. After retiring from his job, Rahim was able to maintain marital happiness and led a peaceful life with Fathima. Which of the following was Rahim most likely to have engaged in after retirement?

He would have helped Fathima around the house.

In the context of cohabitation among older adults, which of the following statements is true?

In most cases, older adults cohabit for companionship than for love

Which of the following is true of the usage of Internet among older adults?

Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives

Which of the following statements is true of the contexts in which people die?

Individuals who are facing death worry about the competency of caregivers

Which of the following statements is true of the causes of death among people?

Major illnesses that cause death in children are heart disease, cancer, and birth defects.

In the context of links between aging, the brain, and cognitive functioning, which of the following statements is true of older adults?

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to use both hemispheres of the brain to compensate for declines in attention

Which of the following is a characteristic of centenarians in the New England Centenarian Study (NECS)?

Only a small percentage of centenarians have had significant changes in their thinking skills

Which of the following statements is true of the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?

Restoration-oriented stressors is one of the key dimensions of the dual-process model

Which of the following is true of divorce or remarriage in older adults?

Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage among older adults.

Sarah and Kent have always had a very traditional family structure. Kent worked outside the home, and Sarah was a homemaker. When Kent retires, which of the following situations is most likely to arise?

Sarah will become uneasy having Kent around the house all day

Which of the following statements is an accurate criticism of Kübler-Ross' theory of dying?

She did not demonstrate the existence of the five-stage sequence.

_____ theory focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve as they approach the end of life.

Socioemotional selectivity

According to Phyllis Moen, which of the following statements is true of the life path that individuals follow when they reach their 60s?

Some individuals retire from a post-retirement job and go on to yet another job.

Which of the following statements about retirement in America is true?

When retired adults return to the labor force, it occurs on average 4 years after retirement

Which of the following observations about the connection between weight and mortality is true

Women who were 20 or more pounds underweight lived longer

A study by Kim revealed that finding meaning in the death of a spouse was linked to

a lower level of anger during bereavement

According to a study by Yang and Levey in 2015, the cost of _____ disease has been increasing in the United States, especially for women, who in a recent analysis bear six times the cost of medical care for the disease.

alzheimer

The brain messenger chemical ________ plays an important role in memory.

acetylcholine

Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of

ageism

giving nursing home residents more control over their daily schedules is...

beneficial

Ruth and Gerald are a married couple. Both are in their late 60s. It is likely that as they get older, ________.

both ruth and gerald will get shorter

Nathan just celebrated his 100th birthday. It can be said that Nathan is a(n) ________

centenarian

It is observed that respect for older adults is greater in _____ cultures than in _____ cultures.

collectivistic; individualistic

A longitudinal study of more than 1,200 individuals across seven decades revealed that a higher score on the Big Five personality factor of _____ predicted a lower risk of earlier death from childhood through late adulthood.

conscientiousness

Critics point out that studies on the effectiveness of antioxidants in slowing the aging process thus far have been so-called population studies that are _____ in nature

correlational

Which of the following is a treatment for advanced Parkinson disease?

deep brain stimulation

________ is the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.

dementia

_____ can be used to avoid the destructive impact of shock by delaying the necessity of dealing with one's death.

denial

________ refers to extended verbal expression in speech or writing.

discourse

According to a study conducted by Gow, Pattie, and Deary, which of the following is linked to less cognitive decline in late adulthood?

engaging in physical activity

Remembering the name of a person's favorite toy from years ago when he or she was a child is an example of ________ memory.

episodic

Which of the following concepts have distinctions similar to the ones between cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics?

fluid and crystallized intelligence

Selective attention is ________, whereas divided attention is ________.

focusing on one thing; focusing on many things

The neurotransmitter ________, which helps control the preciseness of the signal sent from one neuron to another, decreases with aging.

gamma-aminobutyric acid

According to Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in middle adulthood?

generativity vs. stagnation

According to a study by Coleman that compared the brains of adults at various ages, from the 40s through the 70s, the

growth of dendrites increased

Your elderly aunt Marie was recently admitted to a nursing home where there is a "residents' advisory board," consisting of the people who live in the home. The board consults with the staff on changes that affect the residents' lives and help plan the monthly activities. Based on a study by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer, you would expect Marie to be...

happier than she was when she did not have any input into decisions affecting her life

Kevin is 60 years old. What should he do to delay the onset of physical disability?

he should walk regularly

The _____ portions of the brain often die sooner than the _____ portions.

higher; lower

________ memory is memory without conscious recollection.

implicit

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, when does the emotional trajectory increase?

in late adulthood

According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.

integrity versus inferiority

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is true of the emotion trajectory?

it is high during infancy

Lydia has been diagnosed with early macular degeneration. Which of the following treatments is her doctor most likely to recommend?

laser surgery

When he was interviewed at 80 years of age, Arthur Rubinstein said that he spent more time at practice than earlier in his life. This helped maintain his status as an admired concert pianist. Which aspect of Baltes's theory does this reflect?

optimization

The type of care that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as _____ care.

palliative

Damon met with a car accident 4 years ago and has been terminally ill since then. He suffered multiple fractures to his skull that caused him to slip into a coma. He has been in a vegetative state for over 3 years now. His family finally agrees to end his suffering by turning off his respirator. In this scenario, the withholding of the respirator is an example of _____ euthanasia.

passive

Which of the following is linked to more rapid onset of hearing difficulties in older adults?

poor nutrition and a lifetime of smoking

Delilah lost her husband Hendricks in a highway accident. Being just 3 years into marriage, she was devastated. 4 months later, she was hassled by problems such as intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, sleep disturbance, and problems in concentrating. Delilah is probably experiencing

post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms

Cognitive ________ are the culture-based "software programs" of the mind.

pragmatics

Identify the possible double jeopardy for elderly ethnic minority individuals.

racism and ageism

Ramya is an 80-year-old woman who suffers from dementia. She attends therapy sessions in which the clinician uses photographs and video recordings to encourage discussions about Ramya's past activities and experiences. The therapy sessions help reduce Ramya's depressive symptoms and improve her self-acceptance. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the clinician uses _____ therapy.

reminiscence

A changing identity, such as from "wife" to "widow," is an example of

restoration-oriented stressors

After her husband's death, Lorna had to start dealing with her finances. She has had to learn to balance a checkbook and pay the bills—things that her husband always did when he was alive. According to the dual-process model of coping with bereavement, Lorna is experiencing

restoration-oriented stressors

In a cross-sectional study of individuals ranging in age from 13 to 90 years, researchers found that self-control was lowest in the _____ domain for individuals who were 13 to 18 years old.

social

Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

socioemotional selectivity theory

Telomeres and telomerase are increasingly thought to be key components of the ________ process, providing a possible avenue to restrain cancer and delay aging.

stem cell regeneration

What is the leading cause of infant death in the United States?

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Which of the following was considered to be clear signs of death 30 years ago?

the end of certain biological functions such as breathing

color vision declines with age because of...

the yellowing of the lens of the eye

Mike is an American citizen residing in Colorado. He is diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer. He decides to undergo chemotherapy, but his doctor informs him that there is only a slim chance for an improvement in his condition. The doctor also tells him that he has only a few weeks to live. Suffering from deep pain and discomfort, Mike loses the hope to live. He then requests his doctor to provide a lethal injection that can be self-administered. After consulting his family and completing the paperwork, he self-administers the injection and passes away peacefully. Which of the following statements is true of this scenario?

this is a case of assisted suicide

According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is most likely to deteriorate as a person's age increases?

visual and motor memory

Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of autonomy vs. shame?

will

Which of the following is one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease?

word-finding/generating difficulties

According to a study by Topa, Depolo, and Alcover, which of the following is an antecedent of early retirement?

workplace organizational pressures