PSYCH EXAM III

future orientation

- the ability to IMAGINE one's future and be able to link current decisions to future well-being =>deferring rewards (key part: not going with the immediate gratification and waiting for the better reward later) Discount delay task (psych test): -$2 now or $10 in a month? -real world analogy? do you go out next weekend and do well on your exam or go out immediately. you wait till later to watch the movie when the tickets are cheaper. dieting, not enjoying as much food right now and be healthier later -in addition to future orientation, what other cognitive ability is involved? INHIBITION. you have to be able to inhibit the immediate response in order to have future orientation

adolescent risk taking and peer influence

-16-19 have highest rates of accidents; decrease with age -many possible reasons -for teens, accidents increase dramatically as # of passengers increases -high crash rate among teens partly due to increased risk-taking in social situations (?)

cognition and college

-2 out of 3 high school grads enroll in college (this is 16% higher than in 1970s -However, nearly 25% drop out in the first 2 years (often because of finances); 30.7% receive a 4-yr college degree by mid-twenties -Gender: 1980, males represented 60% of undergrads in North America; today, 42%

adolescents think differently

-ADOLESCENT EGOCENTRISM: feeling that one's own actions are the center of everyone's consciousness -3 distortions in relation between self and other: =>IMAGINARY AUDIENCE: belief that everyone is watching their every action; very self-conscious (due to second-order thinking) (ex. refusing to go to school because they have a pimple) =>PERSONAL FABLE: belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique. since their feelings are unique, no one could possibly understand what they are going through =>INVINCIBILITY FABLE: belief that one is immune to common dangers (related to being unique, how can anything bad happen to you because you are so important) -sensitive to HYPOCRISY (leads to a lot of fights with parents. adult talks about environmentalist while they drive a huge car...this inconsistency really bothers adolescent) -difficulty with decision-making (very slow to making a decision)

physical functioning (cont.)

-BIOLOGICAL AGING: declines in the functioning of organs and systems (heart, lung, digestive system, nervous system..ex) -large differences across individuals in rate and course of aging due to: =>genetics =>lifestyle choices (smoking, binge drinking) =>living environment (access to healthy food, pollution in environment, stress environment) =>historical period (health care becomes more prevalent, food becomes less scarce)

traditional looks at love: similarity and structured relationship stages

-Bernard Murstein's classic STIMULUS-VALUE-ROLE THEORY views mate selection as a three-phase process: (1) STIMULUS PHASE: see potential partner and make first decision. since we know nothing about the person, our judgement is based on superficial signs (2) VALUE-COMPARISON PHASE: when we start dating. our goal is to select the right person by matching up in terms of inner qualities and traits (3) ROLE PHASE: if the person is right. we work out our shared lives.

adolescents' brains are difference (cont.)

-CEREBELLUM (structure at the back base of the brain) changes MOST in adolescents and not finished developing until early 20s =>involved in coordinating motor actions =>also, involved in coordinating thoughts =>thus, takes many years to be able to navigate a complex social world, juggle all these things like school, social, and family life; the cerebellum is supposed to manage these things so since it is still developing slowly, adolescence have trouble with this

Elkind's adolescent egocentrism: explaining teenage storms

-Elkind argues that when children make the transition to formal operational thought at about age 12, they can see beneath the surface of adult rules (for ex., a 6th grader realizes that his 10PM bedtime is an arbitrary number capable of being contested and changed. a socially conscious 14-yr-old becomes acutely aware of the difference between what adults SAY they do and how they really act) -the realization that the emperor has no clothes ("those godlike adults are no better than me") leads to anger, anxiety, and the impulse to rebel -teenagers are well known for protesting anything just because it's "a rule" -formal operational thinking makes sense of teen's incredible sensitivity to what other people think

finding flow

-FLOW: intense task absorption -flow is different from "feeling happy" -we enter this state of flow when we are immersed in an activity that stretches our capacities, such as the challenge of decoding a difficult academic problem, or getting absorbed in mastering the material in this class -people also differ in the kinds of activities that cause flow -when we are in flow, we enter an altered state of consciousness in which we forget the outside world. problems disappear, we lose a sense of time. the activity feels infinitely worth doing for its own sake -flow makes us feel completely alive -the challenge is to find flow in ways related to your career -flow depends on being INTRINSICALLY MOTIVATED...not for extrinsic reward...but also a future-oriented dimension to feeling flow -flow happens when we are working toward a goal

autonomy and individuation

-INDIVIDUATION: becoming an individual, separate emotionally from one's parents -comes with increase in parent-child conflict -conflict peaks in mid-adolescence (related to puberty) -what are the sources of conflicts? =>rules are too constricting =>kids want to go out and parents won't let (freedom) =>ISSUES OF INDEPENDENCE: curfew, not wanting to go to dinner with family, wants to be more independent from family)

Kohlberg's moral judgement stages (cont.)

-Kohlberg discovered that at age 13, preconventional answers were universal. -by 15 or 16, most children around the world were reasoning at the conventional level -although some of Kohlberg's adults did think postconventionally, using his incredibly demanding criteria, almost no person consistently made it to the highest moral stage

adolescent brain development (cont.)

-MRI study of brain developmet from 2-90 yrs shows ... -measured amount of myelin (white matter volume) -conclusion: large increases in myelin duringa dolescence and beyond

adolescents' brains are different

-PBS's frontline inside the teenage brain -D. Yurgelun-Todd and J. Giedd -Summary: =>believed that adult and adolescent brain would be similar =>presented fearful faces (adolescence and adults read emotions differently) =>adolescence would often misread the emotion on adult faces (they would read angry or shocked when the adult was showing fear) =>perhaps because adolescence engage different brain regions (adults engage the frontal cortex more; adolescence engage the amygdala ("gut response") more. =>might* partly explain some communication problems between adults and teens

puberty

-PUBERTY: the set of biological processes that change the immature child into a sexually mature person (a complex process that takes many many years, not a single event...part of a gradual process so timing can vary individually) -not a single event, part of a gradual process -timing: GIRLS: 10.5-15 BOYS: 11.5-17 -timing of puberty is changing...THE SECULAR TREND

Piaget's formal operation stage

-Piaget's 4th and final stage of cognitive development- time when adolescent can reason at an abstract, scientific level (understanding despair and thinking deeply when reading catcher in the rye for ex.) -emerges ~12 yrs of age -thinking is more: =>abstract =>hypothetical: reasoning about propositions that may/may not reflect reality (someone in concrete operational would not be able to think about alternate realities whereas in adolescence they can think about these things...for ex. A world without thumbs...) =>systematic (scientific) -video (Piaget's Balance Scale) =>abstract thinking =>video of girl trying to observe a balancing scale =>the girl who is 11 yrs old can reason more =>16 yr old figures out that it will be balanced because she realizes a trend that 3 on the first right stick will balance 6 on the first left side. figured out that the difference in weights and distance from the weight can balance

formal operations (cont.)

-Piaget's Pendulum Task -what makes the pendulum swing faster? (weight? string? both?) -apparatus varies on string length and weight -elementary school children do this randomly -an adolescent will do this SYSTEMATICALLY (they will experiment with each while the others are constant and test these to find out that it is the string length that results in a faster swing)...this is what formal operations gets you

Cognition in Young Adulthood: Central Characteristics of Postformal Thought

-RELATIVISM: awareness of multiple truths -CONTRADICTION: will still come to a conclusion but there are contradictions -SYNTHESIS: arrive at a decision after tying all things together

marriage: when and with whom

-When to marry: =>nearly 90% marry at least once in their lives =>waiting longer- 1950: 20.3 yrs for women, 22.8 for men; 2013: 26 yrs for women, 29 for men -Whom to marry: selecting a mate: =>homogamy =>men and women emphasize different characteristics as important (cross-cultural study): men-> physical attractiveness; women->good provider (money and status) -both also search for: dependability, emotional stability, kindness, understanding

elkind's egocentrism (cont.)

-according to Elkind, when children first become attuned to other people's flaws, they also think about their own personal flaws which leads to adolescent egocentrism -ADOLESCENT EGOCENTRISM-- the distorted feeling that one's own actions are at the center of everyone else's consciouness -the mental distortions explain the exaggerated emotional storms seen in teens -a girl does not use contraception when she has sex because she reasons that other girls may get pregnant, but she won't...and if she does she will be the center of attention

sleep

-adolescents build up a sleep debt partly due to: => early school start times => circadian/bio clock "shifts forward"- tendency to stay up later and wake up later -learning of some skills benefit from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep =>reduced REM sleep leads to impaired learning

Work/Finding a career

-almost every teenager expects to go to college. almost everyone wants to have a professional career -the tendency to aim high appears regardless of gender or social class -the problem is that college freshmen are often clueless about what it takes to implement their dream careers -career disappointment can lurk right around the corner for young people as they emerge from the cocoon of high school and confront the real world

emotion and adolescence

-are adolescents more emotional -video -how do you study this? -experience sampling technique: =>captured moment-to-moment experiences =>people (teens/adults) carried pagers =>charted activities and emotions when pager beeps -an adult would be less volatile

the sexual double standard

-boys have sex and tell their friends and it is awesome. but for girls, they are seen as "sluts" -boys are expected to want sex -girls are supposed to resist -basic to the stereotype of the double standard is the idea that girls are looking for committed relationships and that boys mainly want sex -an Ohio study offers a different view: in-depth interviews confirmed the statistics showing that teenage sex often happens within a committed relationship. in fact, feeling emotionally intimate, most teens report, was the reason why BOTH boys and girls decided to have sex -in this study, both male and female teens reported that the decision to have sex was mutual; no one was pressuring anyone else

cohabitation

-cohabitation is increasing (graph: rise in cohabitation) -the largest group of cohabitants are between the ages of 18 and 25 -3 types/reasons for cohabitation: =>LIMITED COHABITATION: based on convenience, sharing of expenses and sex. no long-term commitment (gf comes to live with a guy just because his roommate moved out and its convenient) (low SES are more likely to engage in this because its convenient) =>premarital cohabitation- trial marriage =>substitute marriage: long-term commitment without legal marriage (older people with survivor benefits...and he/she would lose those benefits if they got married again) **number of cohabiting, unmarried, adult couples by year in the US increases over the years

does college affect cognition?

-college improves verbal and quantitative skills and knowledge in subject area -college improves oral and written communication skills -college improves various aspects of problem-solving: =>applying reason and evidence =>identifying strengths and weaknesses of an argument =>aware of multiple perspectives truths- relativism -see revisions in attitudes and values -foster concern with individual rights and human welfare -develop greater self-understanding, enhanced self-esteem, and a firmer sense of identity -prepares students to be lifelong learners

adolescent brain development

-competitive elimination and synaptic connection and myelination are predominant in adolescence

marriage and happiness

-does marriage CAUSE happiness? -not neccesarily -SELECTION FORCES: happier people may get married. happier people are more likely to get married -however, further studies suggest that...intimacy, commitment, and support from marriage do increase happiness and reduce loneliness

how to increase marital satisfaction

-engage in more positive interactions than negative (best to engage in 5 positive interactions for 1 negative interaction) -when arguing, don't be personal (phil does something, and he has no idea what he did wrong...the wife thought he was personally trying to make her angry) -use a COMMUNAL MODEL OF LOVE- giving without expecting anything in return =>an exchange model: giving only when you expect to receive. can lead to problems (for ex, i'm going to watch this romantic comedy tonight and hopefully she'll bring the kids to tennis tomorrow) -view negative interactions as situational rather than personal =>try to problem solve the situation (thinking about how you can fix the relationship)

social factors- paternal investment theory

-examined families where parents were "intact" or "disrupted" (this data disproves that genetics plays a role) -compared pubertal onset of younger vs. old sisters -for the younger sister, she is without the father for a longer amt of time than the older sister. younger sisters were exposed to diruption for longer period before puberty -results: only younger sisters were affected by disrupted families -conclusions: genes unlikely to account for differences between sisters; differences in duration of exposure before puberty to disrupted parent relationship is more likely to cause younger sister to enter puberty earlier

adolescent suicide: risk factors

-features: cannot solve problems and lack coping strategies to deal with stressors -availability of lethal means: =>ready availability of guns (used in 52% of completed suicides) =>restrictions on quantities sold of a lethal pain reliever in UK led to decreases in suicide (you can only get this pain killer in limited doses) (the inconvenience gives them more time to think about it and take action) -there are gender differences in suicidal behavior: =>girls make more threats and unsuccessful attempts =>boys who kill themselves outnumber girls 4 to 5 or 1 (those more likely to fulfill suicides are usually male)

yang (cont.)

-functional MRI: measures blood flow ("hemodynamic response") to specific regions of the brain. to look at the function of the brain...not so much the structure like other MRIs -functional MRI task: =>amygdala is involved in reading emotions/emotion activation =>match face emotions =>match shapes

eating disorders

-girls are at much higher risk than boys at adolescent years

body growth

-growth spurt-increases in size, strength, weight (24-40 lbs) -uneven growth (ASYNCHRONY): =>hands, feet, legs grow first (GAWKY) =>no cephalocaudal/ proximodistal... -girls start growth earlier (often 9-10). boys start 2 yrs later and grow for a longer period of time -increase in appetite -increase in size and activity of oil-producing glands (acne) -see changes in muscle-fat ratio. girls add more fat than boys

emotional faces task

-happy, neutral, and fearful faces presented -2 seconds each results: to fear, those at high risk showed greter activation in amygdala and striatum interpretations: -even without depression, high risk youths' brain function is DIFFERENT than controls. the amygdala and striatum are more responsive to negative stimuli than normal people -for at risk, these emotion-related brain areas are more responsive to negative stimuli- think about/remember more negative things?

future orientation (cont.2)

-huge individual differences -differences are stable through child and adolescent development: early discount delay performance correlates with later discount delay performance (so if you have trouble with this at 7, you'll most likely have trouble with it when you're 17) -these stable individual differences predict real-life behavior: =>ex. people have this tendency to work harder in order to be successful in the future =>in adolescence, academic competence, social competence, verbally skilled, deal with stress better, planned ahead more, better SATs -other data: divorce, drug us (unpublished)

beliefs about marriage

-in most marriages, having a child improves marital satisfaction for both spouses: FALSE -the best single predictor of marital satisfaction is the quality of the couple's sex life: FALSE -a husband's marital satisfaction is usually lower if his wife is employed full time than if she is at home full time: FALSE -if my spouse loves me, he/she should instinctively know what i want and need to make me happy: FALSE -no matter how i behave, my spouse should love me because he/she is my spouse: FALSE -for most couples, maintaining a romantic love is the key to marital happiness over the lifespan: FALSE

how does Kohlberg's theory apply to real life?

-kohlberg's research has been severely criticized. -he was wrong when he said that children can't go beyond a punishment and reward mentality -developmentalists have discovered that our intrinsic sense of fairness kicks in at a surprisingly young age -3 yr olds get distressed when an experimenter distributes prizes, such as stickers, unequally; they may even object when they are getting most of the rewards -children also realize that "stealing is wrong" -feminist psychologist Carol Gilligan has argued that Kohlberg's stages offer a specifically male-centered approach to moral thought -women's morality, gilligan believes, revolves around concrete, caring-oriented criteria "hurting is wrong" "moral people take responsibility to reach out in a nurturing way" -however, kohlberg has an important point when he says that teenagers are famous for questioning society's rules, for seeing the injustice of the world, and for getting involved in idealistic causes. -unfortunately, this ability to step back and see the world as it should be, but rarely is, may produce the emotional storm and stress of teenage life

treatment for depression

-methods: adolescence received placebo, psychotherapy (CBT), fluoxtine, or both -results: fluoxtine reduced depression, but FLUX+CBT worked best

depression- adolescence and family history

-overall, late childhood and adolescence is a period of risk for depression -offspring of depressed adults show ~3-fold increased risk for depression -video

wrapping up sexuality

-sex education is important -abstinence programs don't work -what seem more effective are COMPREHENSIVE programs that teach about contraception, and especially those that give young people the emotional tools to make their own sexual choices -teenagers, with sex education, are hungering for information about relationships, not just information about sex

limitations of piaget's theory on the formal operations period

-slower to develop than piaget thought (some do achieve it at age 12, some later, and some don't achieve it at all...) -not universal- many adults...don't reason like scientists and cannot debate about abstract subject

consequences of early puberty (for girls)

-smoke, drink at a younger age; substance abuse -poorer grades, less likely to graduate high school -sex at a younger age; more likely to become pregnant -depression -cancers of the reproductive system

dating and early sexual experiences

-start dating at 13-14 (girls) and 14-15 (boys) -during ages 15-19, a majority become sexually active -factors that lead to sex: =>having an older boyfriend increases chances of having sex =>peer and peer pressure have strong influence on timing and frequency of sexual activity -inconsistent use of protection and contraception (adolescents have highest STD rate of any age group)

adolescent suicide: prevalence

-suicide is 3rd leading cause of death in US youth (after accidents and homicide) -10% of teens have attempted; 25-30% have seriously thought bout it; 1 in 10,000 completes -warning signs: threats of suicide, preoccupation with death, changes in eating/sleeping, loss of interest in activities that were once important, changes in personality, helplessness, giving away possessions

looks at love

-the "equal-reinforcement-value partner" explains why we expect couples to be similar in social status -in love relationships, the main principle is "the more similar, the better" -they found that people tended to get along best when one partner was more dominant and the other more submissive -rather than seeing a realistic image, people in satisfying relationships overestimate the extent to which they and their mate are alike in values and goals

puberty- the secular trend

-the decline in age for achieving puberty in DEVELOPED countries =>in 1830s, the avg age of menarche (1st menstruation) in Northern Europe was over 17 => today, the age has fallen to under 13 -mainly due to better nutrition/health -adolescence/emerging adulthood are stretched over more of lifespan -same in boys, but harder to document in boys

experiencing emotional growth (Work cont.)

-the tiny minority of teens with the most debilitating symptoms tended to stay depressed over the years -most interesting, the researcher found that the emerging adults whose mental health improved were just as likely to have endured poverty and other childhood truamas as their counterparts, whose symptoms remained or increased...so some teens get it together emotionally as they make the leap to adult life

Kohlberg's stages of moral judgement: developing internalized moral valuess

-this new ability to reflect on ourselves as people allows us to reflect on our personal values -drawing on Piaget's theory, developmentalist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that during adolescence we become capable of developing a moral code that guides our lives -to measure this moral code, Kohlberg constructed ethical dilemmas, had people reason about these scenerios, and asked raters to chart the responses according to the 3 levels of thought: =>preconventional level (lowest level of morality) (because your focus is solely on external consequences-- whether Heinz will get in trouble or be praised-- you are not demonstrating any moral sense) =>conventional level (right where adults typically are) (morality revolves around the need to uphold society's norms) =>postconventional level (people who reason using their own moral guidlelines APART from the society's rules) (highest level)

adolescent brain development (cont.)

-video: PBS/s frontline: inside the teenage brain 2 crucial aspects of brain development to remember from video: (1) BALANCE BETWEEN SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES (deep brain structures like amygdala and striatum)/ FRONTAL LOBE => early development of two subcortical structures: AMYGDALA (involved in emotion (positive/negative stimuli)) and STRIATUM (involved in seeking out "rewards"- positive social interactions, thrills (eg. roller coaster), drugs -slow development of FRONTAL LOBES (involved in controlling behavior and emotions -in adolescence, there is a lack of balance between these brain structures -relates to increased sensation seeking/risk taking, emotions (2) INCREASED SIZE OF FRONTAL LOBE GRAY MATTER at puberty onset then decreases -gray matter are the areas of the brain with many cell bodies/dendrites and little myelin -dendrites are part of the synapse- receive neurochemical input from other neurons surrounding it -suggests overproduction of synapses (like infancy) then pruning back (use it or lose it mechanism) -there is an overproduction of synapses seen in infancy. then during adolescence, it prunes back so some are strengthened and some are pruned. so young adolescence brain is still plastic

work (cont.)-CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

-what inner quality is most apt to change for the better during the emerging adult yrs? -CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: reliable, self-controll) -as ppl move through their 20s, they become more reliable and develop better self-control -emerging adults are also capable of reasoning about real-world dilemmas in a complex, thoughtful way -to explain this rise in executive functions ("maturity"), it might be from the fully developed frontal lobes -researchers found that impulsive, troubled teens could be transformed into "workers" after they got satisfying, responsible jobs -a powerful inner state can help transform all of us into "workers" and lock people of any age into the right career

introduction to young adulthood

-young adulthood ~18-40 yrs of age -emerging adulthood- begins after Highschool, tapers off toward the end of the late 20s and is devoted to constructing an adult life (video clip of korean dude bungee jumping naked) -in this period, we see: =>better behavioral control =>improved cognitive function =>big adjustments and decisions (leaving home, finding a career, finding a partner, becoming a parent)

effects of puberty

-youth progress through events at diff rates, all generally follow the same sequence -two categories of physical changes: =>body growth (overall body growth) =>sexual maturation

10 factors predicting marital satisfaction

1. communication of emotion 2. homogamy- similar values/interests 3. age at marriage (waiting a little longer is better) 4. length of courtship (dating 6 months or more) 5. timing of first pregnancy (having a baby immediately may cause stress) 6. warm and positive relationship with extended family 7. stable marital patterns in extended family (seeing family members' marital status) 8. financial and employment security (reduces stress) 9. personality characteristics (having more positive attitude, good problem solver) 10. realistic expectations about marriage (not thinking it's always going to be easy)

adolescence- an introduction

A period of contradiction in terms of health: -very low rates of serious medical conditions (like heart condition, diabetes) -high rates of risky behaviors that lead to injury and death (driving, drugs, suicide) -mental health conditions => high rates of depression => social anxiety (fear of being evaluated by others) => eating disorders

impact of lifestyle choices on health (cont.)

BINGE DRINKING: -definitions: men- 5 or more drinks in a row; women- 4 or more drinks in a row prevalence: -of 17,500 UG surveyed, 44% reported to be binge drinkers (occasionally) -1999 study (14k students) -> 23% were frequent binge drinkers and 19% almost never drank

how do adolescents react to these changes?

BODY IMAGE IS A FOCAL CONCERN: -tremendous growth- adolescents now aware of changing body -mass media contribute by presenting one-dimentional images of attractiveness (boys= physical strength, girls=thinness, beauty) -increase risk of eating disorders

the research question

Binge Drinking: "think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. how many times have you had 5 or more drinks in a row?" (a "drink" is a glass of wine, bottle of beer, wine cooler, or shot glass of liquor, or mixed drink) answer options: none once twice 3-5 times 6-9 times 10+ times

identity formation (cont.2)

CRITIQUE OF MARCIA: -may not be developmental stages- some are stuck, some go backwards. people can lose their job so they can go back to moratorium -may not be a single status for each person -identity formation does not end with emerging adulthood -foreclosure may not be bad (her dad told her to become an architect because he knew the real estate business really well and she ended up being very successful...so foreclosure is not always a bad thing)

cohabitation cont.

Cohabitation does not make for a more secure marriage later: -divorce rates are higher in people who have cohabitated compared to those who have never cohabitated does cohabitation cause later divorce? NO -possibly because living with them makes you feel obligated to marry them -maybe people who cohabitate view divorce more casually. people who are more likely to cohabitate may view relationships in a different way than people who won't cohabitate reason likely due to SELECTION FORCES: a nonrandom sample is choosing to live together first. there are certain groups of people who tend to cohabitate and that group of people already have a higher divorce rate people who cohabitate are: =>less conventional =>less religious =>lower SES these variables account for higher divorce rate. cohabitation does not increase divorce rate

sexual maturation

DEFINITIONS: -PRIMARY SEXUAL characteristics- involve reproductive organs directly -SECONDARY SEXUAL characteristics- external physical changes that help distinguish Male and female (hair, breasts, adam's apple, etc.) GENERAL CHANGES: -increases in levels of testosterone and estrogen for girls and boys; levels differ for each sex -boys get more testosterone- muscle growth, gains in body size, sexual characteristics -girls get more estrogen- cause breasts and uterus to mature, fat to accumulate, regulate menstrual cycle -MENARCHE (1st menstruation)- occurs late in sequence, typically around age 12.5 (based on genetics, body fat, and environment)

autonomy cont. -conflict

DUTCH STUDY: -asked teens and their parents to estimate the best age for being able to do independent-related tasks -teens/parents agreed on sequence -disagreed about when-teens earlier, parents later CONFLICT DECREASES IN LATER ADOLESCENCE. WHY? -able to have more independnece through part time job $, driver's license -9th graders spend 25% of the time wth parents; 12th graders spent 14% (with less time around parents, less time for conflicts) CONSTANT CONFLICT IS RARE. most teens: -admire and love parents -rely on parents for advice -embrace many of parents' values -feel loved by parents -in turn, parents come to value their offspring in a different way. see them more as equal. admire them for their intelligence, success, etc.

depression in adolescence

Depression is the most common mental health disorder of adolescence Risk factors for depression: -anxiety -stressful life events -parent-child conflict -abuse or neglect -female -family history: 3 times more likely if parent had depression

depression: adolescence and gender

Depression occurs twice as often in females as in males in adolescence and adulthood why? -biological changes of puberty? -socialization (the way we raise girls)? some way we raise girls makes them more vulnerable to depression -in terms of depression, males and females are not that different until AFTER puberty (adolescence)

developmental tasks

ERIKSON'S STAGE #5 (teens- 20s): IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION: -IDENTITY: successfully deciding who you will be as you transition to adulthood -ROLE CONFUSION: failure in identity formation marked by a lack of an adult path -positive resolution: a sense of identity that is consistent across different situations and time -erikson proposed that during this time young people should take a MORATORIUM to search for their identity

love and intimacy

ERIKSON'S STAGE #6 -INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION -intimacy involves a mutually satisfying, close relationship with another -must balance needs for independence and intimacy =>without independence: define self only in terms of partner =>without intimacy: you face isolation, loneliness, self-absorption -positive resolution- INTIMACY with a committed relationship with sacrifice and compromise - negative resolution- ISOLATION- involves an inability or failure to achieve a close relationship -video clip- from movie UP in the Air. George Clooney is in a cocoon of banishment (negative resolution) not ever achieving intimacy

identity formation

Erikson's stage #5 (teens-20s) -IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION: =>erikson proposed that during this time young people should take a MORATORIUM to search for their identity

factors that contribute to puberty onset

GENETICS: -humans tend to reach puberty at the age their parents did -twin studies: =>identical= 2.8 months difference; =>fraternal (only share 50% of genes)- 12.0 month difference (shows that genetics is a huge factor) WEIGHT: -children with a high BMI (body mass index) tend to reach puberty at an earlier age NUTRITION (ties into secular trend): -high calorie diets correlate with earlier puberty onset

physical changes of aging during 20s and 30s

GRADUAL CHANGES IN FUNCTIONING OF INTERNAL BODY SYSTEMS- ex.: -heart and lung functioning (see aging there...maximum heart rate decreases and heart and lung become less elastic so they can't provide as much oxygen to muscles) -reproductive capacity declines, especially after 35 -takes longer to adapt and recover (staying up night, snow shoveling...takes longer to recover from these perturbations) CHANGES IN PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: -gradual loss of collagen (proteins that form connective tissue in skin)- thinner, less flexible skin, wrinkles, sagging -gray and sometimes thinning hair begins to emerge around 30, decrease in # of pigment producing cells

love and intimacy (cont.)

HOMOGAMY: we select a mate who is similar to us: -external status -interests -needs -attitudes (religion, money, and values that you have) ***the more similar you are, the more likely the relationship will go forward

identity formation (cont.)

JAMES MARCIA'S THEORY OF FOUR IDENTITY STATUSES: -IDENTITY DIFFUSION: the person is aimless, without any adult life path -diffusion can lead to IDENTITY FORECLOSURE: identity acquisition without thought or active search -MORATORIUM: actively searching out possibilities to find an adult life path. a mature style to finding an ID -IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT: that describes an adult life path that was chosen and thought through video clip (Byron and his "retirement" year in college where he wants to take fun classes and party more); Byron is most likely in identity diffusion because he can't find an aim in life and he just wants to stay in college. he hasn't moved on yet

yang (cont.2)

MENTAL HEALTH MEASURES: -healthy controls were screened for "Axis I" disorders (most disorders) using a computerized interview -potentially depressed adolescents were given a structured psychiatric interview to assess whether they met criteria for MDD RESULTS: -behavioral data (task during fMRI) (button press performance during MRI) =>no group differences in accuracy (both groups did well in matching the faces and shapes) =>no group differences in reaction time (no difference in the rate at which they press the button) -comparing those with MDD minus controls, those with MDD had more activation in the left amygdala relative to the controls.

Physical Development in adolescence

Overview: -adolescence (puberty~18yrs) -adolescent brain development -puberty -sleep

social factors that contribute to onset of puberty

PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS (studied in girls): -links between EARLIER pubertal timing and STRESS (divorce, family conflict, father absence) -why might stress matter? in stressful environment, it is adaptive to mature early, separate from family, reproduce early (be more independent) PATERNAL INVESTMENT THEORY: -data: daughters of absent fathers enter puberty earlier -theory: girls' pubertal timing is sensitive to investment of father. If father invests, this signals that "high quality" fathers are available, so girl will mature at a typical rate. If father not invested, this signals that "high quality" fathers are rare, so girl matures early and will be available if a "high quality" mate becomes available OTHER POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS? -genetics: a mother (say a teen mom) who has a child and a father who is absent. the child may also have earlier onset of puberty like mom

brain and family risk for depression (cont.)

Participants: -youth (10-18 yrs of age) =>17 high risk for depression-parent has depression =>22 low risk for depression- parent does not have depression =>no participant ever had depression -participants viewed emotional faces (including fear) while undergoing a functional MRI scan

physical functioning

Physical Prime: -physical strength increases in 20s, reaches a peak around 30, and then declines -coordination peaks between 20 and 30 -health status peaks: =>death from disease is rare (death from cancer is very rare) =>fewer colds and infections than in childhood =>only 1% of young adults limited by health conditions -body has reached full form. in 20s see: =>growth in muscle =>increases in fat =>weight typically increases

adolescents' behavior is different

RISK TAKING: -sex -1/4 teens have reported binge drinking (5+ drinks) in last month -most teens have tried cigarettes (if you become addicted, it is often during adolescence) (you think because you are unique and rules don't apply to you, you doubt you will become addicted so you risk that) -many driving-related deaths each year (often due to risk-taking) -these behaviors all increase when adolescence are in social groups

adolescents' behavior is different (cont.)

RISK-TAKING STUDY: -teens and young adults -simulated a video game- they earn pts by taking risks driving -they did this while alone vs. with 2 friends -results: when they are alone, not much difference in risk-taking behavior when they were alone; but when they were with friends, adolescence took way more risks when they were around friends. adolescence were really influenced by their friends as compared to adults

impact of lifestyle choices on health

SMOKING: -single biggest contributor to health problems -related to 440,000 deaths each year -related to over half of all cancers (cancer of mouth, lung, etc.) -medical taxes for smoking ailments costs over $1 billion per year -quitting at any point can have enormous health benefits (15 yrs after quitting smoking, risk of cardiovascular disease returns back to normal for women) (resiliency of human beings) (smoking increases speed in aging)

college- staying in...

Students are more likely to stay in school if they BECOME EMOTIONALLY CONNECTED TO THE SCHOOL. these things increase strength of connection to college..: -find a student-oriented faculty member -get to know their advisor and find one they like -take advantage of work-study experiences (working on campus) -find diverse groups of friends in school -live in the dorms (if possible) -join an organization -participate in college social events

changes in Marital happiness

THE "U" SHAPED CURVE: -HONEYMOONERS HAVE THE HIGEST BLISS: =>about 10% of couples stay blissful throughout =>for the other 90%, it goes downhill from there -THE DOWNHILL SLOPE LEVELS OUT AROUND YEAR 4: =>if a couple can get past the first 4 yrs, they are past the "danger zone" -HAPPINESS CAN GROW WHEN CHILDREN LEAVE: =>the empty-nest couples can reconnect

what do formal operations get you?

THINKING ABOUT POSSIBILITIES (what if) -think about future possibilities -hypothetical THINKING THROUGH HYPOTHESES (if then) -able to formulate, test, evaluate hypotheses -for ex, if you have a crush on a boy you can test if he likes you as well with etc. -adolescence are really using the social realm to test these hypotheses THINKING ABOUT ABSTRACT CONCEPTS (eg. love, faith, greed): -adolescence can now think about...is greed good, is greed not good...etc. THINKING ABOUT THOUGHTS: -SECOND-ORDER THINKING (teens spend a lot of time thinking about what other people are thinking about them)

love and intimacy: TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE

TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE: -we can break adult love relationships into 3 components: =>PASSION: sexual arousal =>INTIMACY: feelings of closeness =>COMMITMENT: marriage or exclusive, lifelong cohabitating relationships -if you put together intimacy and passion==> romantic love -if you put together intimacy and commitment, you get ==> companionate marriage (long-married happy couples) -if you put together commitment and passion==> purely sexual marriages -CONSUMMATE LOVE (ultimate goal): ideal form of love in which the relationship involves all three facets

what triggers puberty?

TWO COMMAND CENTERS: (1) ADRENAL GLANDS (starts 6-8 yrs; peaks in early 20s) -adrenal androgens: growth of hair, skin changes, and sexual desire (peaks in the early 20s) (2) HPG AXIS (~9-10 yrs) -HYPOTHALAMIC hormone causes the PITUITARY to secrete its hormones, which in turn, triggers the GONADS to begin secreting their hormones -GONADS: =>TESTES: produce testosterone => OVARIES: produce estrogen => testosterone and estrogen occur in both sexes

future orientation (cont.)

discount delay study- steinberg et al (2009): -delay reward held constant at $1000 -delay period varied: 1 day, 1 wk, 1 month, 3 months, 6 month, 1 yr -immediate reward varied: $200, $500, $800 -subject asked: prefer immediate or delayed reward? =>ex: $500 now or $1000 in 6 months =>subject asked all options -discount rate: indicates the difference in value between immediate reward and delayed reward and DURATION of the delay. larger discount rate means subject takes less money for immediate reward -results: younger people took less money to get the later reward. older people would hold out more for the delayed reward. Based on these, future orientation begins later than ~12 (according to Piaget) ***this task disproves piaget

changing landscape of work

four shifts in the US career landscape: MORE CARRER (AND JOB) CHANGES: -traditional stable career is atypical. people move from job to job, or change direction, starting new careers as they travel through life -in the twentyfirst century, adults experience a shifting work pattern called BOUNDARYLESS CAREERS -people are not locked into a single occupation -more freedom to flexibility shift their careers and find satisfying, flow-inducing work -our work lives are no longer tethered to being a certain age -but biggest problem of a boundaryless career ==> JOB INSECURITY MORE JOB INSECURITY (AND UNEMPLOYMENT: LONGER WORKING HOURS -cutthroat economy -competitive pressures and reinforcements favor working longer hours -technology

Yang et al. (2010) for paper #2

introduction-prior work: MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) -2 wks of sad mood, loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities -weight loss or gain -appetite loss -sleep disturbance, fatigue -feelings of worthlessness, guilt -concentration difficulties DYSTHYMIA- mood is regularly low, but symptoms are not as severe as MDD -8.3% of teens in US have MDD or dysthymia FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDIES: -adults: amygdala is "hyperactive" in patients with MDD compared to healthy controls -in youth though: results are less consistent (some studies say they have more amygdala activation and others say they have less amygdala activation than controls...) HYPOTHESES: -amygdala would be active in both groups -adolescents with MDD would have greater activation in the amygdala than controls METHODS: subjects: -see article for number of subjects, age range, etc. -notable criteria for inclusion: =>no comorbidity (means they had major depressive disorder but they didn't have any other disorder) common for a lot of people with depression also have anxiety or attention disorder...this sample was a very clean sample =>no medication (often patients are taking medications to alleviate their symptoms but this sample was clean) The brain function could be affected by the medication

prevalence of binge drinking trajectories: total and by gender

men are more likely than women to participate in all the categories BUT women are more likely than men to never binge drink -noncollege students decrease over age where as college students increase, plateau, and then decrease

brain and family risk for depression

monk et al (2008): -research question: is there a brain basis for depression risk? does it relate to brain areas that process emotion? -studies two deep brain structures: amygdala and striatum

adolescent cognitive development

overview: -Yang article -piaget's formal operations stage -three major differences between adolescents and adults (related to cognition) =>adolescents think differently =>adolescents' brains are different =>adolescents' behavior is different (risk-taking)

socio-emotional development in young adulthood

overview: -identity formation in emerging adulthood -love and intimacy -cohabitation -marriage

socio-emotional development in adolescence

overview: -major developmental tasks -emotionality -the down side of adolescence and emotionality

physical and cognitive development in young adulthood

overview: -physical functioning -effects of lifestyle on health (cigarette smoking, binge drinking) -young adult cognition -work

binge drinking (cont.)

problems associated with binge drinking: -unwanted sex (making bad decisions) -unprotected sex (leading to STDs and pregnancy) -impaired school performance -risk of injury (driving, walking, etc.) -alcoholism (younger people have a different experience than older people...effects of alcohol for young people are a sense of euphoria but for older people, its more of a depressing feeling) what factors predict who is a binge drinker at 18? -stressful life events in adolescence (ex. parental conflict, parental divorce) -being a male -belief that drinking is part of college social scene once a binge drinker, always a binge drinker? NO -schulenberg et al followed 18,996 youths from age 18 to 24 (this is a huge project done called Monitoring the Future) -identified 6 trajectories of binge drinking (group people into 6 different groups of binge drinking behavior)

emotion and adolescence (cont.)

results form experience sampling: -adolescents were more emotional than adults: =>more euphoric and more depressed in response to days' events (talking to friends, bored in class...) =>adolescents' good feelings did not last as long as adults' =>adolescents' emotions seem more responsive to day's events than adults

identity formation in young adulthood (video clip)

seniors four years in retrospect at Stanford: -interviews students during freshman and senior years -Sam: never had a girlfriend and was nerdy in high school. He's obsessed with basketball so he became assistant manager to be a part of the team (waterboy) He became a more sociable person and who's not scared to talk to people and became President of his fraternity. They made him head manager of the basketball team. He followed through with his planned future- but that's not always the case for people. =>No moritorium, went into college knowing what he wants to become and he became that -Chang: : from day 1 he was already thinking about Harvard Law. He got a C on his first paper so he wanted to transfer because he isn't the best. He ended up really liking Economics. He ended up living off campus at a relative's. He started his own advocate group. Went through a bunch of interviews and found it very hard to get a job and he was not a very happy person. =>Works on his work identity. He's in Moritorium, does he want to go into law school, consulting, or investment banking.

homosexual stereotypes and scientific facts

stereotype: overinvolved mothers and distant fathers "cause" boys to be homosexual fact: there is no evidence that this or any other parenting problem causes homosexuality. the causes of homosexuality are unknown--however, recent research suggests that levels of parental testosterone may help program a fetus' later gender orientation stereotype: homosexual couples have lower-quality relationships-- their interactions are "psychologically immature" fact: researchers compared the relationships of committed gay couples with their heterosexual counterparts via a variety of strategies. the finding is that there were NO differences in the quality of heterosexual and homosexual relationships. there was one exception, however: lesbian couples were rated as relating more harmoniously when being observed stereotype: homosexual parents have pathological family interactions and disturbed children fact: when british researchers compared lesbian-mother, two-parent-heterosexual, and single-mother families, they found that children raised in lesbian families had no problems with their gender identity and had no signs of impaired mental health. in fact, lesbian mothers showed signs of superior parenting-- hitting their children less frequently and engaging in more fantasy play stereotype: homosexuals are emotionally disturbed fact: gay young people show elevated rates of psychological problems. emotional distress seems most acute during early and middle teens, when people are dealing with anxieties relating to coming out. gay teens can emerge into adulthood with exceptional levels of mental health

cognition of young adulthood

video clip- seniors: 4 yr in retrospect (college girl in cali. began as a pre-med and then ended up with femenist studies. joined sorority and then quit by the end of senior year because she "moved on") Postformal thought (Riegel, Labouvie-Vief): -accept contradiction and integrate differing viewpoints into a larger conceptual understanding -involves reasoning that is adapted to subjective, real-life contexts -subjective feelings and personal experiences must be integrated with objective, analytic thought Problem solving question- marie told john that she will leave him if he gets drunk again. he does get drunk again and the question is whether marie will leave him. Adolescence will think marie will leave john because she said she would... but Postformal thought will consider other factors such as kids, family, etc.)

work

video clips (making transition from college to work: girl volunteering at a hospital and figuring out where she wants to be) every five years, the national study of the changing workforce (NSCW) is conducted: -most "40 hr work week" turn out to be about 49 hrs => people work harder. due to job insecurities? (comparing to other coworkers) =>technology allows people to stay in touch with work 24/7 (allows people to work at home and expected to be very responsive) -women have less job security: =>women have less continuous careers =>there are gender differences in career choices (occupational segregation) =>women are in lower paying job categories than men =>98% of secretaries, clerks, and child care workers are women =>women get lower pay when they are in the same jobs as men ($150 less than men)

work (cont.)

what makes workers happy? -intrinsic career rewards =>inner fulfillment: satisfy creativity, autonomy, relatedness...a sense of relatedness to the company..feeling like you're part of something bigger than yourself) -extrinsic career rewards =>work for external reinforcements like prestige and salary (feeling like they are valued for their work)

mean score for 5+ drinks in a row in past 2 weeks by BINGE DRINKING TRAJECTORY

x-axis is age, age 18 (wave1), 19-20 (wave 2), 21-22 (wave 3), 23-24 (wave 4) -CHRONIC: continue to drink 3-5 times throughout all the waves -DECREASE: decrease in binge drinking as they get older -INCREASE: increase in binge drinking as they get older -FLING: (college years) binge drink more in college years and then decrease when out of college -RARE: hardly drink throughout all age