psych exam quatro

What is a diathesis? Provide a real‐world example to illustrate the concept. What is the diathesis‐stress model of psychological problems? If one believes in the diathesis‐stress model, how might he/she approach doing therapy with a client?

A diathesis is a pre existing condition that has not yet shown symptoms. Such as history of abuse. The diathesis-stress model says that stress if the final ingredient for symptoms of the preexisting condition to arise.

2) Recently, Murray's home was robbed. During the assault, the robber locked Murray in the pantry of the kitchen and he overheard the robber sexually assaulting his wife outside. Shortly afterward, Murray reports that he has gone completely deaf, although others in the family are surprised that Murray does not seem more concerned about losing his hearing. The doctors investigating his deafness can find no medical explanation, but Murray wholeheartedly believes it is a real disability.

Conversion disorder- somatoform- axis 1

7) Frank awoke one morning and suddenly realized that he had another name and a family in another state. He had no idea how he came to be living his present life.

Dissasociative fuge

4) Lauren worries a lot. She isn't sure exactly why she feels this way as there is not any specific situation or event that makes her feel this way, but she just cannot shake her anxieties. Lauren often suffers from insomnia, muscle tension, and fight or flight reactions as a result of her anxiety.

Generalized Anxiety- anxiety- axis one

Discuss the treatment of those with psychological disorders during the Greek/Roman Era and the Middle Ages. Discuss the therapy techniques first outlined by Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers.

Greek- they thought that the gods were mad at you so they locked you up and put you through intense ceremonies to make the gods happy with you again.once you and another episode, they did this again Middle ages- thought you were possessed so they did everything possible to make your body inhospitable for the spirit. "malicious malcrum" was this principle. It was horrible

Who is David Rosenhan and what was his major contribution to the discipline of psychology? Describe his famous study and its results.

He did an experiment about the people in the mental hospital trying to prove that they were not ill, they couldn't do it. Once a person thinks of you as having that label, you can't get past it.

15) Shameka's therapist has told her that the goal of her therapy is to bring her closer to her 'ideal self.' What problem does her therapist believe Shameka is experiencing

Humanistic

2) Bob has been experiencing psychological problems. He seeks out help from a therapist who uses unconditional positive regard to help Bob see that he is a worthy human being. He also helps him see that his depression comes from an incongruence between his real self and his ideal self. What kind of therapy is Bob having?

Humanistic/ blockedpotential for human growth/client entered therapy

15) Joan has seen several specialists and undergone numerous diagnostic tests to determine the cause of her recurring headaches and episodes of dizziness. The doctors are perplexed and can seem to find no physiological cause for Joan's symptoms.

Hypochondria

What is health psychology, and what is the focus of this branch of psychology?

Its a branch of psychology concerned with promoting health, and treatment of illnesses related to psychology or psychological factors. These people train people to practice healthy behaviors like exercise or taking their meds daily, to therapy

5) Emmit, who has just suffered a serious knee injury, cannot undergo an MRI because he has an irrational fear of narrow, enclosed places. Because of this fear he leaves the doctor's office without any tests or treatment.

Phobia

14) Sarah has an unrealistic fear of shopping in crowded stores and walking though crowded streets. She has begun to spend more and more time home alone in order to avoid the panicky feeling she gets when she goes out in public.

Phobia- turning into agoraphobia

What is a GAF score and how is it used by clinicians?

a score on a scale to 100 that determines a persons level of functioning a typical well functioning person is 70 plus. decides if its appropriate to give a label

What is an adaptive stress response? Provide real world examples to illustrate the concept.

a stress reaction that occurs naturally without us having to think about it. stages are alarm resistance exhaustion when we see someone following us we are alarmed, so we walk fast, and then we get to our car and wind down and then are very tired

What is psychotherapy? What major forms may psychotherapy take?

all of the approaches used to treat mental disorders and psychological problems// insight (talking) therapy, behavioral therapy and biomedical therapy

exposure therapy

behavior therapy- sudden exposure to the thing they're most afraid of in order to prove that it is not dangerous like a person who is afraid of water in a pool.

13) Jenecia's therapist believes that her behaviors, such as frequent fighting and challenging authority figures, have been causing her difficulty in life. The therapist would like to use operant conditioning techniques to modify her behaviors. What kind of therapy is she having?

behavioral modification

antipsychotics - what are they - what do they treat and any side effects

called major tranquilizers- used to treat delusions hallucinations- they work but fully sedate a person. Side effects: a tremor that is irreversible (Tardive Dyskinesia)

What kinds of symptoms are involved in psychological disorders?

cognitive, emotional and behavioral

According to the research of Holmes and Rahe (i.e., with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale), what are some of the most stressful life events that one can endure? Using the scale on page 419, assess your own stress score.

death of a source, divorce, marital separation, jail... all of these are based on change

12) Marcia has come to conscious awareness at a local police station and cannot say who she is or where she is from. She doesn't appear to have any physical injuries or illness.

dissasociative fuge

What are the major types of sources for stress?

frustration, conflict, change and pressure

What is social support, and how is it linked to stress? Provide real‐world examples to illustrate this connection.

help and advice, companionship and agreement from ones loved ones, this helps reduce stress and is an example of stress coping, Going to mom and crying about stress and she helpsyou out with advice

behavioral contracting

if you do this, you will get that. making bed equals getting a toy

client centered therapy

insight therapy- emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, the clients play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy. Carl rodgers. Helps people realize that they don't have to be concerned with the opinions of others all of the time, principle of unconditional high regard- no matter what you say the therapist still has high regards for you

group therapy

insight therapy- group members function as therapists for one another. Group members share stories and symptoms and help support eachother. Therapist plays a subtle role.

psychoanalysis

insight therapy- recovers unconscious things that may be effecting that person. Techniques are used such as free association and transference, dream analysis. Not very common now. Based on frueds way of thinking

Why is a medical model used to make these judgments?

it says that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.

cerebral cortex in stress

makes a decision weather an event is stressful; if its threatening or not

What is learned helplessness? Why does it occur? How is it related to stress? Provide real‐world examples of the concept.

passivly accepting setbacks because they can have any control over it. it occurs hen you have little control over your environment and cannot avoid punishment. Dog in cage study.

What are the positive vs. negative implications of giving a person a diagnosis for psychological disorders? Provide examples to support your arguments.

positive: they can get help and make their symptoms better negative: unneeded medications

11) Alan has a brain tumor that has been leading to psychological symptoms. His neurosurgeon has recommended that the tumor be removed to treat the psychological problems he's been having. What kind of therapy is the doctor recommending?

psychosurgery

What is hostility, and how is it related to stress? Provide examples to illustrate this connection.

sees life as negative, angry easily. people who are hostile are more stressed

Who is Joseph Wolpe and what was his major contribution to therapy? Describe his method of treatment. What psychological problem was his treatment designed for? What is a hierarchy of fears and how is it used in Wolpe's treatment?

systematic desensitization. gave a useful alternative to talk therapy. systematic desensitizies person to anxiety qualities through classical conditioning. three steps step one- client makes a list of things that terrify them most to least (hiererchy of fears) step two- client learns deep muscle relaxation on command step three- client works through the list while remaining calm the whole time. Highly effective.

lungs in stress

taking in more air- resperation

What is a "fight or flight" reaction? What part of the body triggers this reaction? What part of the body slows/stops this reaction? What happens in the body from the time a stressor is first perceived until the reaction is slowed/stopped (i.e., describe all of the body's major responses to stress)?

we are trained to either stay and fight a stressor or flee from it. the automatic, sympathetic nervous system. the trigger- frontal lobe slows- what happens in body: a. Respiration increases b. Heart rate goes up c. Blood pressure goes up d. Body temp increases-sweat e. Eyes will dilate f. Digestion and saliva production slows g. Anti inflammatory effects Immune system slowed

avoidance‐ avoidance conflicts,

when you have to choose between two bad things (homework or gym)

Who is Hans Selye and what is his major contribution to psychology?

. He explained the general adaptation syndrome, which is a model with three stages explaining the bodies reaction to stress. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Basically we react to stress because our bodies re adapted to

What is norepinephrine? What "good" things does it do for us during stress? What "bad" things (healthwise) result from increased norepinephrine?

.chemical released in distress..heart rate increase. increased respiration. Great if you're actually fighting and fleeing. if it stays in your bloodstream. Makes arteries brittle and gives you aneurism and makes blood platelets stick together more easily. Increased risk of heart attack.

What is the difference between disorders that are classified under Axis I vs. Axis II?

1 short term or disorders that last in episodes, 2 are long running.

What are the criteria that psychologists use to screen cases (i.e., as a first step) for abnormalities that might be related to psychological disorders?

1. deviance- their behavior offers form the cultural norm ( cross dressing) 2. maladaptive behavior- every day adaptive behavior is impaired (drug disorder 3. personal stress- an individual reports great personal stress (depressed or anxiety) or distress disability and danger

What is the DSM? Describe the components of diagnosis as laid out in the DSM‐IV. How is the clinical interview geared toward gathering information in Axis I through Axis V (i.e., what kinds of information is gathered for each Axis)? How is DSM‐5 set up, and why is it so controversial? When was DSM‐5 released, and is it commonly used today?

A manuel that psychologists use to diagnose patients. 1 is short term disorders 2 is long term long running and mental retardation 3 is physical disorders. 4 is environmental prbles, 5 is where you determine thee global functioning level

3) Tom has been suffering from a debilitating fear of bridges for most of his life. His therapist uses several techniques like systematic desensitization, in vivo exposure, and self‐monitoring to try to extinguish his fear. What kind of therapy is Tom having?

Behavior therapy

3) Matthew, although a good‐looking guy, is so preoccupied with what he thinks is his large, unsightly nose that he is unable to realistically evaluate his own looks and often talks with his hands in front of his face. He mentions that he has had multiple plastic surgeries to correct his supposedly deformed nose, but as you look at him you clearly see nothing is wrong with his nose.

Body dysmorphia- somatoform- axis 1

10) Sam's friends are starting to worry about him. Normally energetic and fun‐loving, Sam has become withdrawn and sullen. He has lost weight, is constantly tired, and hasn't been showing up to lacrosse practice or to his fraternity meetings. In his conversations with others, he expresses feelings of hopelessness and unworthiness, and seems to be entertaining suicidal thoughts. He says he can't remember any happy times.

Major Depressive disorder- mood

1) Because Amy constantly feels dirty she spends much of her day at the sink, washing and rewashing her hands hundreds of times until they are red and raw. If she doesn't do this she is plagued with thoughts of the dirt and germs all over her, and she cannot focus on anything else.

OCD

9) Teresa can't get to sleep at night because she worries that she has left her car running. She has gone outside several times to ensure that the car is not running, and this makes her feel better for a while, but then the thoughts that the car might be running intrude on her thinking once more and she can't get to sleep.

OCD -anxiety

13) Although Karina was not personally injured in the earthquake, the experience was a terrifying one and her house was badly damaged. She has frequent nightmares about earthquakes, and even when awake she sometimes gets flashes as if she's reliving the experience. The slightest noise or movement around her causes her heart to pound rapidly.

PTSD

11) If you interacted with Scott briefly, you might think that he is normal. However, once he told you about the government's plot against him and how he was going to be rescued by some alien friends, you would start to suspect that he is disordered.

Paranoid schizophrenia

6) Sally reports that she often hears voices whispering to her that she should "kill the blender" because it is the portal through which evil spirits will enter her home. She also sometimes sees the faces of these people in her windows as they whisper to her. Her family says that they hear and see nothing, but Sally believes so strongly in what she has experienced that she completely destroys the blender.

Paranoid schizophrenia

7) After years of struggling with psychological issues, Joan seeks treatment from a therapist. During their sessions, the therapist asked Joan to say whatever came to her mind when he would say a particular word or phrase. The therapist's goal in this technique was to reveal the root of her problem by tapping into the unconscious. What technique is Joan's therapist using?

Psychoanalysis(free association)

Discuss the mind‐body connection. Provide real‐world examples of cases of mind‐body connections that would interest health psychologists.

The health of the body is connected to the health of the mind and vice versa. A sick person is more likely to be depressed while a depressed person is more likely to feel sick.

What is deinstitutionalization? When did it occur and why? Has it had a positive or negative impact on mental health problems in society?

We used to hospitalized people and didn't let them out. Deinstitutionalization is the idea of moving mental patients out of mental institutions and closing them because they were said to not work very well. Trying to treat as many people as possible without institutionalizing people. It proved to he a good thing. Started in the 1960's. Vast majority of people now are treated as out patients.

What is cortisol? What "good" things does it do for us during stress? What "bad" things (healthwise) result from increased cortisol?

allows you to convert energy very quickly by increasing blood sugar.a chemical released in the body when you are stressed. Helpful because it gets your body ready to flight and flee,makes us aware, raised blood pressure and heart rate. can become diabetic if its not burned off. also makes you fat.

What are the major categories of disorders that are classified under Axis I? What theme is used for each of these categories to represent the types of disorders that fall into the group?

anxiety, somatic, dissasiciative, schitzphrenic, and mood

What is stress?

any circumstances that treated or are perceived to threaten ones well being and take a toll on ones coping abilities

behavioral modification

behavior modification not for fear- but for behaviors that are distractive lie alcoholism or simply if a kid is acting up-

systematic desensitization

behavior therapy- making a hierarchy list and working through it bottom to top while remaining relaxed the whole time. works well and therapists use it often

4) After a devastating breakup, Melissa feels worthless and unlovable. Her therapist uses cognitive restructuring to help change these dysfunctional thoughts to more realistic ones. The therapist also used psychoeducation to help develop a more realistic view of her problems. What kind of therapy is Melissa having?

cognitive therapy

10) Jamaal's therapist tells him that the goal of therapy is to get rid of problematic behaviors and irrational thoughts, and to replace them with new, better ones. What kind of therapy is Jamaal having?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

14) Holly's therapy involves examining with her therapist the dreams she's been having. Her therapist believes that Holly's true problems can be revealed with this technique. What technique is Holly's therapist using with her?

dream analysis- psychoanalysis

What is post‐traumatic stress disorder and what would you look for in a client's case to diagnose him her with it? What possible/likely explanations do we have today about the etiology of this disorder?

emotional scarring due to trayma. flash backs, anxiety, emotional numbness, anger, guilt.

What is a psychological disorder and how do psychologists determine if someone has one or not?

existence of symptoms that create significant distress in someones life and lead to risk or harm. we determine they have it if their symptoms match a diagnosis.

benzodiasapenes- what do they treat and side effects

minor tranquilizers or anti-anxiety drugs- they ae picker uppers but they also chill you out. side effects are that they're psychologically addicting because you can get rebound anxiety- and it comes back stronger and stronger

what are antimanics, how do they work and any side effects

mood stabilizers- powerful and dangerous to the liver. based onsets like lithium and it is really easy to overdose on them

Much attention was paid over the years to claims that autism is related to vaccinations. Is there merit to this claim? Why or why not?

no, geneticaly, enviormetal factors and phisiological.

pancreas in stress

offsets the cortisol with insulin- come back to normal state when you have lots of blood sugar

How is optimism related to stress experiences. Provide examples to illustrate this connection.

optimistic people look on the bright side- less likely to be stressed. optimists die less, the nuns study shows that

What is agoraphobia and how is it linked to panic disorder?

panic disorder can create agoraphobia which is the fear of goingg out in public in fear of having a panic attack.

What is the difference between problem‐focused coping and emotion‐focused coping? Provide real‐world examples to illustrate the differences between these two types. Which is considered by health psychologists to be a better approach?

problem focused removes the stress from your life completely. emotion focused keeps it in but helps you to feel better about it.

What is an autistic disorder? What is meant by "the spectrum" when discussing autistic cases? How is Aspberger's thought to be different from Autism, and why does DSM‐5 treat them both now as simply on the autistic spectrum?

profound impairment of social interaction and communication and severely restricted interests and activities. apparent by 3.

Who was Phillippe Pinel and what was his major contribution to the treatment of psychological problems? Who was Dorothea Dix and how did she contribute?

proposed that locking people up and treating them badly was not making their sitchuation any better and therefore any illnesses the patients had were not supernatural. This angered the emperor who was in charge so he challenged him that if the patients showed progress when let outside, he wouldn't be killed. They showed progress because he gave them sunshine and kindness and clean conditions.

6) Jeffrey has been struggling with a psychological problem, and is now in treatment. His therapist has been so good that Jeffrey now feels that he can talk to her about anything, just like he would to someone very important in his life. What concept reflects what Jeffrey is experiencing with his therapist?

psychoanalysis- or any other types of talk therapy-hes reflecting transference.

1) Lynn is having difficulties that are making it harder for her to cope with everyday life. She decides to see a therapist to get help. The therapist uses free association and dream analysis to infer the root causes of her depression. What kind of therapy is Lynn having?

psychodynamics- psychoanalysis

5) Casey has been suffering from a psychological disorder for several years. Her hallucinations and delusions have made it impossible for her to work, go to school, or even take care of herself. She is given medications to help control her psychotic symptoms. What kind of therapy is Casey having?

psychopharmacology- antipsychotic medications-

8) Benzodiazepines were recommended to Lauren as a treatment when she was diagnosed with a psychological disorder. If she decided to follow her therapist's advice, what kind of therapy would Lauren be receiving?

psychopharmosudical in the for of anti anxiety or minor tranquilizer

What are the differences in the ways psychologists might diagnose a person with a psychological disorder as compared to psychiatrists, other physicians, or other mental health providers? What are the overall differences in their training and their job descriptions (see pg. 534 table for a summary)?

psycologist- testing, diagnosis and treatmene psychiatrist- biomedical focus

biomedical therapy

reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders through medical things- mostly drugs and surgeries. Used when people have chemical imbalances or things medically wrong that cause psychological problems

What does research tell us about the effectiveness of each of the following strategies for coping: social support, exercise, thought suppression, drugs/alcohol, aggression, relaxation, humor, forgiveness, writing/sharing, etc.?

social support- helpful exercise- helpfl thought suppression- not helpful drugs- not helpful agression- not relazation- helpful humor- helpful forgiveness- helpful

Some stress is a good thing, according to research on arousal and performance. Describe how being aroused/stress can enhance vs. hinder performance, depending on the situation.

stress promots personal growth and new life skills, it causes them to be grateful for what thy have and leads to a change in coping abilities and reduced reactivity to future stressful events.

How is stress related to the functioning of our immune system?

stress surparesses our immune system

Describe the ways in which researchers have observed individual differences in stress.

studies show that neurotic people experience more stress than others, so people may be stressed by a plain others may not. Primary appraisal(initial reaction to stress) may be different in people, derrermining weather they see a sitchuation as stressful or not. also, three ways for reacting to stress 1- emotional 2- psyiological 3-behavioral.

12) Antonio's therapist has asked him to prepare a hierarchy of fears that they'll eventually work through in order to treat Antonio's phobia. What kind of therapy is Antonio having?

systematic desensitization

insight therapy

talking though problems with the help pf a councilor or groups,

What is the biopsychosocial model? Provide some real‐world examples of how this model could be used to explain the development of illnesses.

the assumptoion that there are multiple factors that contribute to mental illness. says that physical illness is used by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

What is meant by the term "etiology?" Describe the changes that society in the West has gone through in its beliefs about etiology for psychological problems. How have these changes affected the evolution of treatment for psychological problems over the years?

the cause and development history of an illness

blocked potential for personal growth

this is client centered therapy

What is trephining? Why and when was it used? Was it a good treatment for psychological problems?

trephening was carbing a hole in the skull because they thought there was evil spirits inside a person and theyneded to get them out. It happened whenever a person was exhibiting symptoms of a mental illness. Happened during the stone age. No, Caused death In most cases because of infection or just trauma.

What is a Type A personality? Type B? What health risks do these personality types typically encounter?

type a personality have to have every thing in order and strive towards goals while being very hard on themselves. type a i more likely to be stressed, and have high blood pressure. type b is veery laid back and tolerant, less libel to be stressed

How is hostility related to the distinction between Type A and Type B personalities?

type a- hostile type b- not as hostile

token economics

type of behavior modification- evetytime someone does a good action, give them a token making them understand you recognize what they just did- if they collect so many tokens- they will get a prize

adversive conditioning

type of behavior modification. making conciquince of doing a behavior so severe that the person will not want to do it anymore- when alchoholics take a drug so that if they consume alchohol in a certain time frame, they will get so sick that they go to a hospital. rubber bands every time you cuss

cognitive therapy

unisng operant and classical conditioning to learn still but the goal is to change thinking patterns to break the way a person thinks that might be destructive. was originally devised as a treatment for depression. People who focus on negative events need this

humanistic therapy

uses client centered therapy. carl roders- believed that something is blocking our personal growth- the opinions of others- there is a standard of no judgement and high regard. Person says where they want to be and therapists centers it around them.

behavior therapy

uses learning- dont sstrive to produce new insights about a client through therapy- seek to change behaviors that can be destructive like phobias, compulsive gambling, alcoholism. applies principles of learning and conditioning to chance a clients distractive behaviors

What are daily hassles? Provide real‐world examples of common daily hassles and discuss why each is stressful.

waiting in line, getting stuck in traffic, missing a deadline

approach‐approach conflicts,

when you have to choose between two good things (like sorority)- least stressful

approach‐avoidance conflicts.

when you have to choose to pursue something that can have good or bad conflicts (dating an attractive guy) causes you to waver in your decision

how do antidepressants work and any side effects

work through serotonin or other picker uppers- side effects are loss of sexual drive

Is it possible that stress can be a good thing in some cases? Provide details to support your answer.

yes, it can enable us to survive like getting attacked by a serial killer or a bear

One can perceive he/she is in control in a situation or not. How is his/her perceived control related to stress? Provide research evidence to support this link, and provide real‐world examples to illustrate this connection, as well.

your belief that you can effect whats going on around you. Ti depends on how you were raised and how much control you were given. the littler the control, the more stressed you are

9) As an extreme measure, LaTonya's therapist decided that her depression needed to be broken by administering electrical currents through her brain so that a seizure was produced and her brain chemistry was 'reset' to normal. What kind of therapy did LaTonya's therapist believe was necessary?

ECT (electro convulsive therapy)- triggers a seizure in a person.- side effect of memory loss.

8) Jodie is not very good as assessing her own appearance and feels that she is overweight, even though she is actually a normal weight. To prevent herself from getting "fatter," Jodie often takes laxatives. This behavior only makes her weight problems worse.

Eating disorder- bulimia