Psych Final
An anthropologist studies two ancient cultures that never had contact with each other. In the anthropologist's research, she discovers that the two cultures have incredibly similar explanations of the origins of humanity. Which psychoanalytical idea BEST explains this similarity? - Alfred Adler's notion of striving for superiority - Sigmund Freud's notion of the psychosexual stages - Sigmund Freud's notion of the unconscious mind - Carl Jung's notion of the collective unconscious
Carl Jung's notion of the collective unconscious
Sheldon has frequently been rebellious, inconsiderate, and self-centered. His parents are consistent in disciplining him for his inappropriate behaviors while communicating to him that they value and love him. The person MOST likely to agree with this parenting approach, including the use of unconditional positive regard, is: - Carl Jung. - Joseph Breuer. - Carl Rogers. - Sigmund Freud.
Carl Rogers
John always wears a cowboy hat and cowboy boots. He is a heavy beer drinker, fiercely patriotic, and is friendly with everyone. How can one easily sum up John's characteristics? - Think of him as having a strong superego. - Think of them as components of his personality. - Think of them as his self-concept. - Think of them as defense mechanisms.
Think of them as components of his personality
Carl Rogers suggested that the _____ is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism. - actualizing tendency - introverted state - self-concept - positive regard
actualizing tendency
Freud's theories suggested that adults who smoke or bite their fingernails demonstrate signs of: - reaction formation. - an inferiority complex. - an oral fixation. - an Oedipus complex.
an oral fixation
_____ is the most common result from interactions among the id, ego, and superego. - Happiness - Anxiety - Contentment - Desire
anxiety
In a term paper on Carl Jung's theory of personality, Justin quoted Jung as saying that the _____ contains "the whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution, born anew in the brain structure of every individual." - personal preconscious - collective conscious - personal unconscious - collective unconscious
collective unconscious
Jack drinks several bottle so of liquor each week, which has caused him to lose his job. When confronted by his family he rejects the idea that he has a drinking problem. Jack is demonstrating: - displacement. - denial. - identification. - sublimation.
denial
Steven is very different from his parents. His parents are quiet and reserved, but Steven is very outgoing and talkative. Steven's parents excel in mathematics, but Steven is interested in art. Although they are quite different, Steven's parents are very supportive of Steven and encourage him to do things that bring him happiness. According to Carl Rogers, this will MOST likely lead to Steven: - developing a self-concept that allows him to reach his fullest potential. - developing personality problems later in life. - failing to develop any self-concept. - developing a self-concept that is not congruent with his true self.
developing a self-concept that allows him to reach his fullest potential
Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates: - identification. - displacement. - projection. - reaction formation.
displacement
In front of his coworkers, Jorge was reprimanded by his boss for an accounting error. Jorge gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. Jorge and his wife's behavior BEST illustrates the use of an ego defense mechanism known as "_____." - reaction formation. - rationalization. - projection. - displacement.
displacement
In psychoanalytic theory, _____ is the ego defense mechanism that unconsciously shifts the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous. - sublimation - displacement - identification - reaction formation
displacement
According to the psychoanalytic approach, what makes a large contribution to personality? - more than one conscious self - dreams - cultural background and personal beliefs - early relationships and conflicts with childhood caregivers
early relationships and conflicts with childhood caregivers
Four-year-old Tony has been obsessed with looking at his mother when she comes out of the shower. He is excited by seeing her naked and is attracted to her. According to psychoanalytic theory, Tony is: - driven by the reality principle. - fixated in the oral stage. - exploring his erogenous zones. - experiencing Oedipus complex.
experiencing Oedipus complex
Carl Rogers asserted that people did not become their true selves because of all these reasons EXCEPT that they: - had demands placed on them from others. - lived their life according to others' wishes. - did not feel they had much control over their lives. - felt self-actualized.
felt self-actualized
Every time two-year-old Tara is given a bath, she plays with her genital area. If her parents chastise or punish her, she is likely to experience frustration, which could lead to an unresolved developmental conflict called: - fixation - undoing - displacement - denial
fixation
Jordyn will be two years old in a few weeks. Her mother has instituted a strict toilet-training schedule. Jordyn is placed on the "potty" seat at regular intervals and is forced to remain there until she has had a bowel movement. Jordyn is immediately punished when she has an "accident in her pants." Jordyn's rigid toilet training may result in a _____ at the ____ stage of psychosexual development. - fixation; genital - complex; genital - complex; anal - fixation; anal
fixation; anal
Kanesha meets with a therapist because she wants to do something about the path her life is taking. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as: - rational-emotive therapy. - free association. - fixation. - humanistic therapy.
free association
Lakeisha is asked in her therapy session to spontaneously report all of her thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to her mind, a technique commonly used in psychoanalysis and known as "_____." - preconsciousness - sublimation - catharsis - free association
free association
Jahi could be described as a person who has a flexible, constantly evolving self-concept and is realistic, open to new experiences, and capable of changing in response to those new experiences. Carl Rogers would characterize Jahi as a(n): - person who does not need therapy. - person with unconditional positive regard. - fully functioning person. - extroverted person.
fully functioning person
Ray is a young adult who is working on developing his career and who has recently become involved in his first serious romantic relationship. Sigmund Freud would likely suggest that Ray has reached the: - genital stage. - oral stage. - anal stage. - latency stage.
genital stage
Philip is flexible and open to new ideas. He likely has: - feelings of isolation. - low self-efficacy. - high self-efficacy. - feelings of helplessness.
high self-efficacy
Dr. Chella does research on personality. Her work focuses on an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and the fulfillment of a person's unique potential. Which perspective MOST closely matches her research? - humanistic - trait - psychoanalytic - social cognitive
humanistic
Maria is doing research on _____ personality theories and finds that they strongly oppose Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory. She also discovers that it emphasizes patients' conscious understanding of themselves and that Carl Rogers was a leading proponent of this perspective. - behaviorist - trait - humanistic - Neo-Freudian
humanistic
According to _____, not only are we innately good, we are also in control of our destiny, and these positive aspects of human nature drive the development of personality. - neo-Freudians - psychoanalysts - humanists - behaviorists
humanists
The _____ is the unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives. - ego - superego - libido - id
id
Six-year-old Jacob picks up a toy hammer and begins pounding on a board at the same time that his father is hammering nails into a wall. Jacob's actions are BEST explained by: - repression. - identification. - latency. - fixation.
identification
Zahra dislikes her new boss because he is loud and obnoxious. Yet, now, Zahra finds that she has become louder and more obnoxious. Zahra may be engaging in the ego defense mechanism known as "____." - sublimation - reaction formation - rationalization - identification
identification
Ralph's son, Jonathan, has been sneaking into the closet and having bowel movements. Ralph tries to get Jonathan to use the toilet, but Jonathan prefers to have bowel movements in the closet. Jonathan most likely: - has an identification problem. - is in the phallic stage. - is in the anal stage. - is experiencing Oedipus conflict.
is in the anal stage
Faith is typically very shy and does not like to be the center of attention. A therapist who takes the humanistic approach to personality might suggest that Faith is introverted because she: - is often in circumstances that call for her to be introverted. - unconsciously feels oppressed by her family and acts based on this family history. - was born with traits that predispose her to behave this way. - is struggling with her self-concept and finding her path toward personal growth.
is struggling with her self-concept and finding her path toward personal growth
BethAnn is in middle school and is putting her efforts into developing her painting skills and practicing the violin. Sigmund Freud might suggest that BethAnn has reached the _____ stage. - genital - latency - oral - anal
latency
Seven-year-old Sean prefers to play with his male friends and does not like playing with girls. Sean is probably in the _____ stage of psychosexual development. - anal - phallic - latency - genital
latency
Aaron does not believe that he will do well at his new job, even though it is similar to the job he had last summer. Aaron appears to have: - extraversion and openness. - feelings of superiority and entitlement. - high self-efficacy. - low self-efficacy.
low self-efficacy
Genie has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and seems to overcompensate now. Which psychosexual stage is Genie fixated in? - anal - genital - phallic - oral
oral
Nathan chews the end of his pen, bites his nails, overeats, smokes cigarettes, and talks incessantly. According to Freud, Nathan has probably fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development due to some unresolved conflict. - genital - oral - anal - phallic
oral
Robert is always chewing gum, biting his fingernails, or chewing on a pencil or pen. According to Freud, at what psychosexual stage may Robert be fixated? - anal - oral - phallic - latency
oral
Carl is a psychologist who researches the various aspects that distinguish one person from another. It is likely that Carl is a psychologist specialized in the field of: - sports. - personality. -forensics. - cognition.
personality
Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the unique, consistent, enduring characteristics that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of: - social psychology. - motivation. - developmental psychology. - personality.
personality
Dr. Marquez is studying what core set of characteristics makes people unique. The general area of study that he is interested in is: - attitude. - conscience. - beliefs. - personality.
personality
In Dr. Alarcon's work as a psychological researcher, she attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Dr. Alarcon's theoretical style conforms to _____ theory. - personality - social cognitive - trait perspective - psychoanalytic
personality
Lily's mother says that Lily has always been Lily, never really changing in who she was at her very core. Lily's mother is probably referring to Lily's: - beliefs. - attitude. - personality. - behavior.
personality
Professor Kelly's research involves describing and explaining similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Professor Kelly MOST likely studies a(n) _____ theory. - cognitive - personality - emotion - genetic
personality
Trevor's _____, or general style of interacting with the world, is often described by his friends as outgoing. - personality - thoughts - states - attitudinal style
personality
Five-year-old Dustin has recently become very possessive of his mother and jealous of his father. He is sometimes openly hostile, telling his father, "Don't kiss my Mommy!" According to Freud, Dustin is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development and is showing manifestations of _____. - latency; the Oedipus complex - phallic; the Oedipus complex - anal; fixation - oral; fixation
phallic; the Oedipus complex
According to Freud, the _____ contains information that, while not currently in conscious awareness, is still easily accessible. - collective consciousness - preconscious - unconscious - collective unconscious
preconscious
The _____ of the mind refers to mental activity that can easily be brought to awareness. - corpus callosum - reticular formation - episodic buffer - preconscious level
preconscious level
Tyra is very afraid of letting people get really close to her because she is fearful of rejection. She breaks up with her boyfriend because she says that he is not good enough for her. Which ego defense mechanism may Tyra be using? - displacement - projection - identification - sublimation
projection
Dr. Ainsworth believes that one's personality largely reflects internal conflicts and unconscious forces. Dr. Ainsworth appears to take a _____ perspective on personality. - social cognitive - trait - humanistic - psychoanalytic
psychoanalytic
Dr. Greene does research on personality. Her work focuses on the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. Which perspective MOST closely matches her research? - humanistic - psychoanalytic - social cognitive - trait
psychoanalytic
Stephen believes that the development of personality is based on the interaction of conflicting mental systems that represent deep instincts and desires, social rules and demands, and guidelines and codes of conduct. His view is consistent with the _____ approach to personality. - humanistic-existential - trait - projective - psychoanalytic
psychoanalytic
Bruce has smoked since he was 15 years old. His doctor tells him that he needs to quit for his health. Bruce tells the doctor, "Look, smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, I have to die of something." This BEST illustrates the use of an ego defense mechanism known as "_____." - reaction formation - rationalization - projection - displacement
rationalization
Gretchen tries to explain away her anxiety when she does something that is morally ambiguous. Psychodynamic theorists would say that Gretchen is using: - reaction formation. - rationalization. - repression. - displacement.
rationalization
Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of an ego defense mechanism known as "_____." - reaction formation. - displacement. - projection. - regression.
reaction formation
Gordon is romantically interested in his neighbor Sally but feels anxiety about his attraction to her because his friends would not approve. Every time Gordon sees Sally, he acts rudely and says mean things despite his attraction to her. This is an example of which ego defense mechanism? - rationalization - reaction formation - displacement - sublimation
reaction formation
Jamilla is afraid of heights but doesn't want to appear weak in front of her friends. Instead of acknowledging her fear, she pretends that she loves to stand at the edge of tall buildings and participate in activities such as skydiving. This is an example of: - denial. - displacement. - sublimation. - reaction formation.
reaction formation
Karlene is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Bandura called this process "_____." - self-actualization - unconditional positive regard - free association - reciprocal determinism
reciprocal determinism
Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people, and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. In fact, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of: - attributional style. - reciprocal determinism. - linguistic determinism. - unconditional positive regard.
reciprocal determinism
Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments, which BEST illustrates: - free association. - reciprocal determinism. - unconditional positive regard. - self-actualization.
reciprocal determinism
Shelly was often rejected by her parents. As a result, she mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what Bandura called "_____." - self-efficacy - identification - displacement - reciprocal determinism
reciprocal determinism
Although Tim has many fond memories of his college days, he only vaguely remembers the girl to whom he was engaged, who suddenly left him for another man. Tim's forgetting is an ego defense mechanism called "_____." - identification - repression - displacement - sublimation
repression
Psychoanalytic theory became controversial because it: - required exploring a person's sexual experiences and desires. - involved the dissection of human corpses. - relied heavily on animal research. - proposed that humans do not have souls.
required exploring a person's sexual experiences and desires
A psychology instructor asks his class to write down all of their thoughts and feelings about themselves. This exercise is a way for the students to describe their: - theory of mind. - self-concept. - unconditional positive regard. - unconscious.
self-concept
Darren keeps getting fired from jobs for being irresponsible and disrespectful. Darren thinks that all the people who have fired him have simply misunderstood him. Darren likely has a problem with the accuracy of his: - unconscious. - theory of mind. - unconditional positive regard. - self-concept.
self-concept
Elena has been in therapy for two months. When she began therapy, her therapist asked her to describe herself as she would ideally like to be and as she actually is. He explained that when these two descriptions are nearly alike, the person is thought to have a positive: - self-concept. - theory of mind. - superego. - self-serving bias.
self-concept
Katrina thinks of herself as being fairly laid back, easygoing, and relatively calm. She believes that she is above average academically and intellectually, and sees herself as conscientious at work and caring and loving with her family. Carl Rogers would call Katrina's perceptions and beliefs about who she is as her: - self-efficacy. - possible selves. - self-concept. = self-system.
self-concept
When Geri is asked how she would describe herself, she replies, "gentle, generous, and sometimes impatient." According to Carl Rogers, the set of perceptions and beliefs that Geri has about herself are part of her: - actualizing tendency. - unconditional positive regard. - self-concept. - pride.
self-concept
Juan is an experienced car mechanic who believes he can fix just about any problem in any make of car or truck. According to Bandura, Juan's confidence in his ability to handle mechanical problems is his: - self-efficacy. - self-concept. - superiority complex. - actualizing tendency.
self-efficacy
Ms. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She provides consistent feedback on her students' math assignments. Ms. Linley is trying to develop her students': - self-actualization. - self-esteem. - self-efficacy. - self-awareness.
self-efficacy
Rhiannon is confident she can complete a difficult problem set in one of her engineering courses. Rhiannon has high: - self-efficacy. - self-actualization. - self-awareness. - self-esteem.
self-efficacy
Dr. Gonzales does research on personality. His work emphasizes learning and conscious processes, including the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self-regulation. Which perspective MOST closely matches his research? - trait - psychoanalytic - humanistic - social cognitive
social cognitive
Dr. Plater believes that one's personality is really just a collection of behaviors that have been conditioned, reinforced, or learned through observation. Dr. Plater endorses the _____ perspective on personality. - social cognitive - trait - psychoanalytic - humanistic
social cognitive
Twenty-five years ago, Dr. Wilson completed his dissertation under the direction of a renowned behaviorist. Since then, he has been teaching courses in learning and conditioning. This semester, he has been asked to teach a course in personality theory. Based on the information given, one might suspect that Dr. Wilson would be MOST sympathetic to the ____ perspective on personality. - trait - psychodynamic - social cognitive - humanistic
social cognitive
According to the psychodynamic approach, activities such as football and dancing are a form of _____ and allow unconscious wishes and desires to be transformed into socially acceptable behaviors. - reaction formation - sublimation - repression - identification
sublimation
If no one ever told a person what was right and wrong, that person might never develop a(n) _____, and his or her unconscious mind would be underdeveloped. - dynamic unconscious - superego - ego - id
superego
Five-year-old Liam has been acting strange lately. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings toward his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Freud would suggest that Liam is experiencing: - the Oedipus complex. - defense mechanisms. - identification. - fixation.
the Oedipus complex
According to Freud, this part of the personality contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives. - the id - the superego - the ego - the phallic
the id
According to Freud, this part of the personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations. - the id - the phallic - the superego - the ego
the superego
After making a New Year's resolution to eat healthy foods, Tiara decides to have a bite of ice cream and ends up eating most of a carton instead. Tiara feels guilty about her lack of self-discipline and failing to maintain her resolution. According to the psychodynamic approach, what part of the mind is responsible for Tiara's reaction of guilt regarding her behavior? - the ego - the id - the id, ego, and superego - the superego
the superego
Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to describe and measure the key dimensions underlying individual differences. Dr. Montgomery endorses the _____ perspective on personality. - trait - social cognitive - psychoanalytic - humanistic
trait
Dr. Reynolds does research on personality. His work emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals. Which perspective MOST closely matches his research? - psychoanalytic - humanistic - social cognitive - trait
trait
Darius's friends know him as someone who values people regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as: - confirmation bias. - companionate love. - counterconditioning. - unconditional positive regard.
unconditional positive regard
Gerald confesses to his therapist that he has committed a sexual assault. The therapist still treats Gerald like he is of value. The therapist is exhibiting: - cognitive flexibility. - collective unconscious. - unconditional positive regard. - conditions of worth.
unconditional positive regard
Kate comes home with three A grades and two B grades, to which her mother replies, "Is that the best you could do?" Carl Rogers would refer to the mother's attitude as the opposite of: - compassionate love. - genuineness. - confirmation bias. - unconditional positive regard.
unconditional positive regard
Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends and strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Alex clearly demonstrates a(n): - defense mechanism called "rationalization." - inferiority complex. - weak superego. - oral fixation.
weak superego
