psych final
Imagine that you are at the park with a friend one day when you and your friend see someone casually toss a sandwich wrapper on the ground. Your friend comments, "How crude! People should not litter," and picks the trash up to drop it in a nearby trash receptacle. Your friend's words represent
an injunctive norm
One of the factors associated with compliance is social validation. This is because we
are more likely to comply with requests that come from those who hold a position of authority over us
Regarding the affect-attraction relationship on social influence, an ad agency is primarily concerned with ________ in order to sell a product.
arousing positive feelings
Henrietta is on trial for a crime against another person. She is most likely to be found guilty if she is accused of
assault
Bob listened to a new song and did not like it at all. Shortly thereafter, this song was used by a company as its new advertising jingle, and the song was played over and over, so Bob was repeatedly exposed to the song. You would expect Bob to ________ for the song.
decrease his liking
One of the key findings from Stanley Milgram's studies was that pressures to obey are
difficult to resist even if they involve harming another person.
Lisa admired the dress that Shelly was wearing and told Shelly that she looked absolutely stunning in that dress. Shelly felt very positive feelings toward Lisa after that compliment and tended to like her in other circumstances. Lisa had a(n) ________ effect on the attraction Shelly felt for her.
direct
When Tricia arrives at her office, her colleague Paula says that she likes Tricia's outfit. This makes Tricia feel good and, in turn, makes Tricia like Paula more. Paula's words have a(n) ________ effect on Tricia.
direct
Suppose Jamie lives in an apartment building. She has the BEST chance to become acquainted with the person who lives
directly across from her
Marisa has relationships with men in which she feels worthy, but she inevitably has low expectations of the relationship, leading her to fear genuine closeness. Marisa has a ________ attachment style.
dismissing
Dr. Roland, a professor of chemistry, bestows an end-of-the-year award to the student he deems to have gone above and beyond throughout the semester. Dr. Roland does not release his rubric for how he assesses this, nor does he tell the students his requirements. At the end of the year, Dr. Roland bestows the award to Carla, his niece, even though she was absent for many classes and completed the work late. The other students are furious and want to know how Dr. Roland made his evaluation and selection. They are concerned with ________ justice.
distributive
The equity rule states that available rewards should be divided among group members in accordance with their contributions. The equity rule falls under ________ justice.
distributive
Thinking about status appears to influence the importance group members attach to ________ justice.
distributive
Which of the following types of attractiveness seem to be universal between both men and women?
"Cute" and "mature"
Which of the following is an example of a group with low entitativity?
A group of concertgoers
Among the following, who is a compliance professional?
A political fund-raiser
According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior?
A rational process
Distributive justice refers to individuals' judgments
About whether the rewards they receive are proportionate to the contributions they have made
Which of the following is true about the relationship between wealth and happiness?
After people have enough money to provide for their needs in terms of housing, food, clothes, and money, wealth does not appear to have a very large impact on happiness.
Which of the following is an example of a stereotype?
Alex thinks that all Asians are good at math.
Which of the following is usually true of a persuasive communicator?
An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator.
Which of the following is an example of a chronic stressor?
An overbearing and rude supervisor
Which of the following people would be perceived most positively
Gretchen who walks briskly down the hall with an upright posture
Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by _______
Having each team member initial the parts of the paper she or he completed
What is the most difficult part of starting an upward spiral in which you experience more and more positive feelings?
Having those initial positive feelings to get the ball rolling
Which of the following is true about individuals with a dismissing avoidant attachment style?
Just like everyone else their self-esteem rises when they are accepted by others
Margaret is experiencing great stress as she is preparing to undergo an annual evaluation of her performance at work. Who is the best person to provide social support to counteract this stressor?
Margaret's neighbor, who works in a different industry.
Which of the following is a form of unintentional social influence?
Modeling
A practical implication of research on cultural differences in conformity is that there tends to be
More conformity in countries with collectivistic cultures
What is the exception to the general equation of "increased contact = greater liking"?
Negative initial reactions lead to reduced attraction.
You are serving as a jury consultant for the prosecution in a case involving sexual assault and child abuse. Based on research, what types of jurors should you select?
Women
Alisa wants to run for elected office in her state. Given stereotypes about the most appropriate jobs for females, her two best shots for winning would be
education department head; human services director
Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as
essences
Thomas buys a new, green winter coat for his wife, Maureen. He wasn't sure what size she wore, so he bought a medium, thinking that if it didn't fit he could bring it back to the store and exchange it. He shows it to Maureen, who, after noticing the size and trying it on, develops a bad mood and is distant from Thomas the rest of the night. Thomas thinks she doesn't like the coat and snaps, "Fine. That's the last nice thing I try to do for you." He storms out of the house. The next day, he learns that Maureen very much likes the coat but was sad that she used to wear a small but now a medium fits her perfectly. The conflict occurred because, when evaluating Maureen's behavior, Tom made a
faulty attribution
Bobby lost an important account at work today. His boss was thoroughly disappointed and in no uncertain terms told him he had made a grave mistake. When Bobby thinks about going home to his partner, he most likely
feels his partner will love him less and be less accepting
Emma is trying to convince her professor that he gave her an unfair grade. She continues to pester him for several days, as her arguments become ever more extreme. Ultimately, the professor tells Emma, II will not change your grade; moreover, you should be thankful for the grade you received!" Emma's professor likely resisted changing her grade because he
felt strongly that he was being pushed to do something he didn't want to do, rather than being asked.
Ada had missed the notes for several classes and asked Rob for the notes for one day. Rob gave the notes to Ada, who copied them and then asked Rob for a week's worth of notes. Because of the ________, Rob is highly likely to give Ada the notes.
foot-in-the-door technique
Women staff members at Techy Inc. have been protesting on and off for years that there are not any women in upper management positions. There are currently 20 upper management positions available. In an attempt to appease the protestors, the company appoints 2 women into these positions and fills the remaining 18 positions with men. The protests stop. The company has engaged in
the act of tokenism
One reason that people are willing to obey persons in authority who order them to engage in destructive behaviors is tha
the authority figure relieves those who obey of responsibility for their actions
Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds (about whom one has a negative attitude) frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings. This technique or type of research is known as
the bona fide pipeline
Which of the following suggests that people naturally organize their likes and dislikes in a symmetrical way to reduce emotional unpleasantness?
Balance theory
What is the most common strategy for resolving conflicts?
Bargaining
Some research supports the idea that approximately 40% of our happiness is determined by a person's thoughts and actions. Which of the following is used to support this view
Being kind to others can increase our levels of happiness.
Who would feel least lonely?
Bob, who has spent his life alone by choice.
Steve, who is Jewish and has friends who are mostly Jewish, attends a high school where most of the students are Christian. Steve eventually becomes good friends with Jake, who is Christian and has friends who are mostly Christian. As a result of this new friendship, which of the following events is the MOST likely to occur?
Both Steve's friends and Jake's friends will be increasingly likely to feel that members of their respective out-groups do not necessarily dislike their respective in-groups
In order to reduce prejudicial effects in jurors' evaluations of a case, what should be employed
Careful deliberations
Promoting one or a very few women into high-status positions in an organization has the result of
Causing women not promoted to be more likely to blame themselves for not being promoted.
which of the following people would receive the most positive response from others?
Charlene who is very animated in her speech and also very modest
The matching hypothesis would say
Charles is seeking a partner that is about as attractive as he is
Paul considers himself to be a liberal. At a recent party, he got into a discussion with two women he had never met before. The discussion turned to raising the minimum wage, a topic that Paul didn't know much about. One of the women, a progressive named Clara, claimed that an increased minimum wage would benefit individuals and the economy. The other woman, a conservative named Joan, claimed that an increased minimum wage was a free handout to people who could try to get better jobs. Paul will likely adopt the attitude position of ________ due to the process of ________
Clara; social comparison
Which type of group tends to involve face-to-face interaction among the members of the group, each of whom is bonded to each other?
Common-bond group
Max, Tara, and Carlos all speak English and were born in the United States. While they have never met each other, they are part of a group. What type of group are they in?
Common-identity group
Procedural justice involves individuals' judgments ________.
Concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members
Recently, researchers have found that if homophonic people get to know and interact with homosexuals, homophobic attitudes are reduced. This strategy for reducing prejudice is known as the
Contact hypothesis
Roger, Sabiha, Emily, and George are working on a group paper for a class. How would one go about reducing the likelihood of Emily engaging in social loafing?
Convince Emily that her contribution is unique.
Wendy approaches her manager at work because she wants a raise. Once their meeting begins, Wendy is candid, saying, "I've worked here for 5 years without a raise, and my responsibilities have increased by 25%. Therefore, I would like to ask for a 25% raise." Her manager is thoughtful, but eventually says, "We can't raise your salary 25% unless you work on Saturdays and Sundays." After thinking about this, Wendy says, "I won't work both days, but I'll work for 4 hours on Saturday." The manager agrees, and Wendy gets her 25% raise. Which tactic for reaching an integrative agreement was used?
Cost cutting
Dante is a first-year college student and the first in his family to ever attend college. As a child, Dante lived in extreme poverty and, in his teenage years, he struggled with drugs and gang affiliation. However, he was very bright and attained a scholarship to attend college. Dante is finding college to be extremely stressful; the academic work is strenuous and he's having difficulty finding the time to maintain a strong social support network. He visits an academic counselor for guidance. The academic counselor should remind Dante that ________.
Dante has overcome many obstacles already and is stronger because of it
When considering the influence of stress on ourselves, what is the difference between direct and indirect harmful effects?
Direct effects weaken our immune system, whereas indirect effects influence the lifestyles we adopt.
It has been shown that complementarities are not a good basis for attraction. What is the one pair of complementarities that is the exception to this?
Dominance-submissiveness
Which theory is relevant to understanding the motives of entrepreneurs and focuses on the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Drive theory of social facilitation
Which of the following can contribute to a person showing attitudinal change when confronted with a counterattitudinal message?
Ego-depletion
Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by
Ensuring that each member of the group recognizes the paper as being important both to the group and to the members
Bargaining is a process in which opposing sides _______
Exchange offers, counteroffers, and concessions, either directly or through representatives
Which attitudinal factor describes the extent of how strongly an individual feels about an issue?
Extremity
Joanna has very little confidence in herself and her abilities, and she struggles with trusting other people and attaining genuine closeness with them. Which attachment style does Joanna have?
Fearful-avoidant attachment style
Arnold is a politician who is campaigning to be the next president of the United States. He knows that most of the people listening to his speeches do not have much knowledge of the intricacies of defense budgets, economic surpluses and deficits, and tax allocation for nationalized health care spending. Therefore, to change the populace's attitudes on such topics, he attempts to get potential voters to use which type of processing?
Heuristic
John is an IT specialist at a small nonprofit organization in New York City. Year after year, he decides that his main goal is to disrupt the world of technology with a new search optimization process and become the Chief Technology Officer at Facebook. Each year, John feels less and less happy. Why?
His goal is unrealistic.
Jason has just seen four faces from different individuals of varying races—Native American, white, black, and Hispanic—via the use of priming stimuli. After being presented with a certain target word, his response time after each of these four faces (in the order presented above) was 1.7, .98, 2.1, and .76 seconds, respectively. Which of the following faces is Jason MOST likely associating with the target word?
Hispanic
Some research supports the idea that approximately 50% of our happiness is accounted for by factors that are relatively stable and difficult to change. Which of the following is used to support this view
Identical twins are more similar in their level of happiness than fraternal twins.
Which of the following is one of the four basic components of subjective well-being?
Identification with small groups of social support
Jan is a fighter pilot for the U.S. Air Force. She experiences high levels of stress due to the nature of her work and is often dissatisfied with the consequences of her job, such as the death of casualties during certain missions. Which of the following should Jan do to lower her stress and increase her level of job satisfaction?
Identify with and seek social support from her colleagues
How can loneliness be reduced?
Improving one's social skills
John has violated a norm in his ________ group, while Li Qing has violated one in her ________ group. We would more likely expect ________ for John, and ________ for Li Qing.
Individualist, collectivist, approval, disapproval
Which of the following receives widespread attention when it occurs among powerful people, such as politicians or military leaders?
Infidelity
Which of the following is indicative of leadership?
Influence
Terry and Jo are dating and want to have a happy and lasting relationship. Which of the following would be helpful to prolonging their relationship?
Inquiring about the mood state of one another
Which form of conditioning causes many children and young teens to hold political, religious, and social views that are very similar to those of their parents?
Instrumental conditioning
Which component of Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love deals with the closeness two people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them together?
Intimacy
Which of the following is a true of human behavior?
It is mostly determined by the situations in which people find themselves
Elena and Kyle are having a conversation about minorities. Kyle has a racist attitude. Elena, by providing Kyle with information on how most people feel toward minorities, convinces Kyle that his views are out of line with those of most people in his community and in the United States as a whole. What effect will this have on Kyle's racial attitude?
It will cause Kyle to discard his views.
Next week, there will be a debate on campus. The topic of the debate will be, "Is Climate Change a Threat?" The debate will have three participants: Jim, a scientist from Harvard University; Caroline, a science writer from the Huffington Post; Ed, a conservative representative on the House Science Committee; and Janet, a science historian. Who will likely be more persuasive during the debate and why?
Jim, because his educational and professional background lend him credibility.
Mrs. Taunton is a teacher at a middle school in New York City. One day, her students are acting very boisterously. Mrs. Taunton quickly raps a ruler on the desk and says, "Be quiet!" Which type of social influence caused the students' behavior to change?
Obedience
Paul is a black college student who wants to join a fraternity. The fraternity is made up of all white men. When Paul's application is denied, he asks why, and the head of the fraternity implies, but doesn't say, that it is because Paul is black. Which of the following best describes what has happened to Paul?
Paul has been discriminated against
Jenna saw in the paper that a department store was having a "One-Day Closeout of Winter Dresses" sale. If she goes to that sale and buys something, she will be a victim of the
deadline technique
The ultimate goal of advertising and political stump speeches is usually to
Persuade you
Bob is chronically lonely and hopes to acquire some social skills. What would a social psychologist suggest?
Practice interacting with strangers and then watching tapes of the interaction.
Which of the following distinguishes prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice involves negative emotional responses based on group membership, whereas discrimination involves usually negative behaviors based on group membership
Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent," and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the fraternity member/bad combination would likely be ________ than to independent/bad combinations.
Quicker
Rachel has been with XYZ Corp. for over 20 years. During her time there, she has been promoted many times. She began her career as an assistant and is now a middle manager. However, in the last 10 years, she has not moved above her current role into the upper echelons of management positions at the corporation. Which of the following explains this slowdown?
Rachel has hit a glass ceiling at the corporation.
At a party, Ralph talks about politics, music, and literature with two different people. Ralph has similar views to the first person, James, on all three topics. Ralph has similar views on one out of the three topics with the second person, Matt. Who will Ralph like more, and why?
Ralph will like James more because of the proportion of similarity
Which of the following strategies has been shown to contribute to sharp reductions in destructive obedience?
Reminding individuals that they, rather than authorities, are responsible for any harm produced
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from disgust may result in behaviors that try to _
Try to avoid contact with the out-group
Robert is a high school graduate, with a job that pays enough to live on, and he is in the process of setting goals for himself. If you want to maximize his happiness, which goal should you encourage him to set?
Robert wants to go to the gym and run 4 miles each week.
Brenley and Mario have a short relationship over the summer. They feel very close emotionally and they have an intense physical attraction to each other. However, they decide not to commit to each other, and at the end of the summer, they end the relationship. What type of love did they experience?
Romantic love
Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between our attitudes and behavior?
Roz tells her new boyfriend that she is extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie, even though she truly dreads seeing that film.
Quentin has never liked his coworker, Ryan. One day, he notices that Ryan is called into the manager's office, and he can overhear the manager chastising Ryan for his months of low sales numbers. Quentin takes pleasure in this fact. Quentin is experiencing
Schadenfreude
In terms of accuracy of identifying a perpetrator, which type of lineup should be used?
Sequential lineup
Bernice is a happy person and rarely gets sick. However, she recently caught a cold and also twisted her ankle. What might you predict about Bernice's coping skills?
She will deal with the pain quite well.
Carly is moderately happy with her life, her job, and her social support network. One day, Carly wins $25 million by playing the lottery. What will likely happen with respect to Carly's happiness levels?
She will experience short-lived increased happiness and then will return to her normal state.
Sherif attends a conference focused on evolutionary psychology. At the conference, he listens to a lecture about how inherent impulses underlie many of our day-to-day behaviors. Which of the following is an example of heuristic processing that Sherif might experience during this lecture?
Sherif decides to trust the speaker because the speaker is an expert.
Which of the following is an effect experienced by those who have been discriminated against because of their being overweight?
Shorter life expectancy
Which of the following is a key contributor to a wide range of psychological and physical health problems?
Stress
Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the camp. What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context?
The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups.
Which of the following compliance tactics is based on scarcity?
The deadline technique
Sam has been working in the same position without any promotion or salary increase for 2 years. He currently makes $45,000 per year, but he thinks that someone with his experience should make $50,000. During his annual appraisal, he approaches the topic with his boss. Sam asks for a $10,000 a year raise. His boss says that the current budget cannot support such an increase. Sam then asks for a $5,000 a year raise, and his boss agrees. Which technique did Sam use to attain compliance from his boss?
The door-in-the-face technique
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from anger may result in behaviors that try to ________.
Try to harm the out-group directly
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from envy may result in behaviors that try to
Try to protect the in-group's status position
Elena is preparing to go out on a first date with a man she met at the library. She is trying to choose what to wear, how to do her hair, and what type of makeup to use. Which of the following would likely immediately increase her attractiveness to the man she is about to meet?
Wearing a red dress
Many atrocities have been committed because of a gradual escalation in the scope of commands given from a person in authority. This factor is closely related to which compliance technique?
The foot-in-the-door technique
William joined a small fraternity at his college. The initiation he faced was quite severe and somewhat dangerous. Now, he's a senior member of the fraternity and the college is investigating the fraternity for possible violations of the college's hazing policy. As a result, William finds that
The fraternity`s cohesiveness has substantially increased
During her 20s, Valerie dated a number of different men as she was trying to find a person who she really connected with. Many of these men were incredibly attractive, but, in the end, Valerie entered into a long-term relationship with a man who had a similar level of attractiveness as she had. Which of the following explains this?
The matching hypothesis
Aaron and Jim are both software developers for the same company. On a survey of employee morale and happiness, Aaron notes that he is the happiest he has ever been and can't imagine being happier, and Jim notes that he is pretty happy with life at the moment. Their manager, when reviewing the survey, realizes that Jim's performance is much stronger than Aaron's. Which theory supports this finding?
The optimum level of well-being theory
An advertising company has been hired by the Centers for Disease Control to produce TV commercials to increase awareness of breast cancer in males. Advertising executives are considering three different commercials. The first features actual patients who describe the pain they experienced from the disease. The second focuses on medical doctors discussing early detection strategies and treatment options. The third shows grieving family members surrounding a grave. Which is likely to be more effective at changing men's behavior?
The second, focusing on specific information that will reduce fear
Arnold is a white Christian. He raises his son, Charles, to think that Muslims are morally and socially inferior to Christians. As Charles grows, Arnold approves whenever the boy expresses such views. Charles has learned prejudice through
The social learning view of prejudice
Whistle-blowers" generally blow the whistle on corporate misbehavior because of what three attributes?
Their attitude is extreme, certain, and derives from personal experience.
With regards to racial progress and equality, how have white Americans' views changed throughout President Obama's tenure?
They believe that there is less need for further racial progress and less support for social policies that increase equality
How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?
They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up.
What is the purpose of a lineup?
To help identify suspects of a crime
What is the purpose of a voir dire jury selection process?
To weed out jurors with biases
Travis uses Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram as platforms for self-disclosure. What will Travis likely experience by using social networks in this way according to recent research
Travis will likely experience greater satisfaction and social support.
Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized male-dominated manufacturing company. She expects immediate compliance when she gives an order and rarely explains the reason for her commands to subordinates. She also tends to focus her attention and efforts on the task at hand, preferring to deal with task-based issues rather than more global concerns. Joyce holds a comparable position with another company. Unlike Trina, Joyce tends to focus her attention on more global concerns and tries to explain the reasoning behind any orders she gives to subordinates. Which of these two managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different leadership styles?
Trina is more likely to report gender discrimination.
Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli, this offers evidence that there is
a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate
John is a white man who is interested in purchasing a house. Max is a black man who is interested in purchasing the same house. This is an example of
a zero-sum outcome
Dave has just been shown a composite face of 20 women. He will likely rate this face as ________ in attractiveness
above average
One recommendation for how to be happier is to stop doing counterproductive things. This includes the following counterproductive behaviors:
abusing drugs, trying to be perfect, and setting impossible goals
Greta works on a team at a toy manufacturing plant. Her team works on one type of toy, and each team member focuses on the production of a single part of the toy. In this position, Greta, along with her teammates, performs ________ tasks.
additive
Jessie, Adam, Charles, and Paul were in the parking lot and saw a man as he fled from a convenience store after a robbery. When the police question the four friends, Paul answered first, saying that it was a black man who drove away in an older Pontiac car. Adam agreed with Paul fairly quickly. Jessie, who is not absolutely sure of the race of the suspect, is likely to ________ with Paul and Adam because of the effect of ________ social influence.
agree; informational
A possible reason why authority figures can be so successful in getting obedience for horrific tasks is that they _
allow the obedient person to escalate their tasks very gradually.
John is learning to play the guitar. He is in the process of mastering several new songs. From the perspective of Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, John should practice
alone until mastery is achieved, and then perform in the presence of others
Norman is in a group where he strongly believes that his judgment is correct, but he does not want to appear different. A possible way he may deal with this situation is to
alter his perception of the information provided so that he can feel comfortable with conforming to the group influence
When your feelings are negative about something in your environment, and another person just happens to be with you, you will tend to evaluate that person in negative terms, illustrating the impact of a(n) ________ on attraction.
an associated effect
When in college, Kayla and Marie went on a road trip during their summer break. At one point during the trip, Kayla, who was driving, looked down to check her phone and, when she looked up, realized she had crossed over the center line of the road. She quickly tried to readjust her steering, but the car veered off the road and into a ditch. Kayla emerged from the car relatively unhurt, but Marie, who was not wearing her seatbelt, was paralyzed. Now, 10 years later, Kalya still has guilt and anxiety about the event, and her health is deteriorating. Kayla is suffering from ______
an inability to forgive herself
Mark just received notice that he was accepted to law school. Excited, he walks outside his house to tell his roommate, who is working in the front yard. As he exits his house, he runs into the postal worker who always delivers the mail to his house. He has never liked the postal worker much, but now he is happy to see him and eagerly strikes up a conversation. Mark's evaluation of the poster worker is due to the __________ effect of receiving the news about law school.
associated
Joshua happened to be sitting next to Brittany when the professor returned term papers to the class. Brittany received an unexpectedly high grade and the teacher's comments were very flattering to her. Brittany now finds herself liking Joshua a bit more than before. This occurrence is best explained by the
associated effect of emotions
Karen and James are taking the same social psychology class. Karen happened to be standing next to James in the college post office when he received a letter from home that contained an unexpected $50.00. A short time later, James was asked to evaluate Karen as part of a class project. His evaluation of Karen is higher than it otherwise might have been because of the
associated effect of emotions
If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n)
attitude.
After seeing a commercial for sneakers supposedly designed by the basketball star Michael Jordan, Dave decides to rush out and buy a pair. Dave has been influenced as a result of the compliance principle of ________.
authority
Bruce has a relatively high need for affiliation. As such, he would likely
avoid making negative comments to fellow workers
Angela and Becky are good friends. Carol greatly dislikes Angela but is not acquainted with Becky. Given this information, if Carol sees Angela and Becky interacting, Carol is MOST likely to react to Becky
by having a negative reaction to her
Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity. He may well ________ publicly, believing active member decision makers will hear of his views. He is, in private, ________ to express those same views.
badmouth other fraternities; unlikely
The desire to affiliate with others seems to be a(n) _________ characteristic of the human species
basic
Suppose John has completed a study where he engaged in stereotype negation training. Given this scenario, John will likely
be much less inclined to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the matching race
Jeremy was a victim of a violent crime. The police have presented Jeremy with a lineup of four suspects whom the police think were involved in the crime. The officer running the lineup tells Jeremy, "The person who did this to you is there in that room. Tell us who did it." The officer is giving Jeremy ________ instructions.
biased
Of the following famous sayings, the one that MOST accurately describes the similarity- attraction relationship is
birds of a feather flock together
Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by
blocking women's progress in the workplace
According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's
capacity to process information and level of motivation
Jim works in advertising. He works with his team to create a television commercial for a new laundry detergent. In the commercial, a college student opens a package from his mother. In the package are a number of the students' old blankets that the mother has washed with the laundry detergent in question. The student smells the blankets and is immediately transported to happy childhood memories. A month after the commercial aired, sales of the laundry detergent spiked, especially among college students. This effect was achieved by ________ conditioning.
classical
Upon learning that soda sales are in decline, a soda manufacturer, ABC Fizz, decides upon a new advertising tactic. Using demographic data, ABC Fizz discovers that 30-34-year-olds show a strong affiliation with Apple products. In the new advertising campaign, the company repeatedly pairs images of its soda with 30-34-year-olds using Apple products. Before long, they find that sales of their soda increase within this demographic. This is an example of
classical
Quentin is a devout religious follower. The holy books of the religion Quentin subscribes to strongly advocate helping the poor. However, Quentin believes that the poor simply need to work harder, and he refuses to offer them any assistance. Quentin's reaction to the poor is a form of ________.
cognitive dissonance
Jenna is hoping to become a member of a very exclusive club. Many of her friends are already members, and Jenna would do anything to gain acceptance into such an exclusive group. One night, Jenna is hanging out with many of the women who are already members in the club, and they suggest going skinny-dipping in the town's public pool. Usually, Jenna would never consider doing something of this nature, but, on this night, she agrees. Jenna's agreement is likely due to
cohesiveness
Sarah is a white woman who lives in New York. She frequently hears stories of how other white men and women join hate groups and discriminate against minorities throughout the United States. She feels horrible and disgusted that white Americans can still be thinking and acting in such a way. Sarah is experiencing
collective guilt
Vince has formed a new political think tank in Washington, DC. He and the other members consider themselves to be relatively liberal, but the more they interact with other liberal think tanks in the area, the more liberal they become. Eventually, Vince's think tank is full-on progressive, and is considered to be the most liberal think tank in the country. This group shift toward extremity can be explained by social
comparison
Amy is always trying to defeat others in all types of situations, even as inconsequential as seeing who can brush their teeth the fastest. Amy probably has a ________ personal orientation toward social dilemmas.
competitive
Mike has very high levels of well-being, particularly concerning his job. His boss is concerned because these high levels of happiness can be related to
complacency
Two brothers have inherited a small plot of land from their parents. One brother wants to sell the land and divide the money with his brother. The other wants to use the land as collateral for a business loan. This is an example of
conflict
On a backpacking trip, Carla lost her wallet, which contained all her cash and credit cards. She is waiting on a money transfer from her father, but it will take over two days. She already hasn't eaten anything for a whole day, and she is considering stealing food from a supermarket and then paying the store back after she receives the money. Carla is having trouble bringing herself to steal the food, though, because not stealing food is a(n) ________ norm.
conformity
University alumni associations, as a group, have ________ for many of its members.
considerable entitativity
Even though there is a sign that clearly says "Park closes after 9 P.M.," Mary says to herself, "What a silly sign! I just want to walk around here; I'm not a 'bad guy'" and proceeds to walk in the park. Mary's behavior is ________ with normative focus theory since she
consistent; is disobeying an injunctive norm that she does not see as related to her own actions
Two neighbors are working together to build a stone fence through a field. They both help each other move the larger rocks. This is an example of
cooperation
Evie woke up and found that her car would not start. She walked to the bus stop, but arrived just as the bus drove away. After catching a later bus and arriving at work just barely in time, she finds that her computer will not start up. A computer technician comes in and fixes her computer and recovers her lost email and she realizes she missed an emergency meeting because she didn't get the email in time. Evie will undoubtedly be stressed due primarily to ________.
daily hassles
Pauline asked her neighbor, Tom, if he could watch her dog for a night because she had to go on an overnight business trip. Tom agreed. The next month, Pauline asked Tom if he could watch the dog for two nights, and Tom agreed. Then, 2 months later, Pauline asked Tom if he could watch the dog for a week, and Tom agreed. Pauline was successful with getting compliance from Tom on her requests due to the fact that she utilized the
foot-in-the-door technique
Jessie is thrilled to be considered for the CFO position of XYZ Computers. They offer her the job, and she works for a year before the company dissolves due to financial duress. Only later does Jessie come to learn the full extent of the company's financial problems and their origins. Jessie was appointed to her position due to a
glass cliff
Group polarization involves the tendency of
group members to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held as a result of group discussion
A number of venture capitalists know that they want to invest in Phoodle, a new tech startup company. Up until now, the VCs had never met as a group, but they each knew they could invest up to $1 million of their own money. They finally get everyone together to discuss the matter and, by the end of the all-day meeting, each member has agreed to invest up to $3 million. This is an example of ________.
group polarization
Approval for a new light rail has been granted by a major city. Those on the project are excited to begin, as they have been planning the project for many years now. However, not long before the first day of work on the project, one of the team members notices a critical flaw in the business plan for the project. He can't believe no one noticed it before, as the error is so large that it puts the entire project in jeopardy. He pleads his case to the project manager and the financial committee, but everyone he speaks to is so committed to the project that they refuse to look at his evidence. He eventually quits, as he doesn't want to work for a team besieged by___
groupthink
Strongly cohesive groups may assume that their decisions can't be incorrect and to put pressure on all group members to strongly support the group's decisions. This is known as ________.
groupthink
Omri, in his professional association, serves informally as a kind of "father confessor," listening attentively to members of that group. This best reflects ________ in(of) the group.
his role
Paul, Sarah Deborah and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by
holding periodic pep rallies for themselves in which each group member becomes increasingly committed to the project and its outcome
At a college football game in Ohio, a crowd of 50,000 people gathered. When the game began, the crowd abided by the stadium's regulations, but by the end of the game, many of the people in the crowd had begun to vandalize signs, push over portable toilets, throw trash all over the aisles, and engage in physical violence. This is an example of
hooliganism
Suppose that during a conversation with one of your best friends, you discover that she dislikes social psychology and your professor. You, on the other hand, like both of these things very much. Under these conditions, your relationship with your friend can be described as
imbalanced
Suppose you are taking a friend to a party. The invitation specified that the party would begin at 6:00. When you arrive at your friend's apartment at 5:45 to pick her up, she tells you she won't be ready to leave before about 6:30 and comments that "Nobody arrives on time, anyway." Your friend is following a(n)
implicit social norm
Since George, a college student, prefers privacy, he should choose to sit
in the back of the room, away from others
On Monday, a stranger approached Dani and asked her to give a donation to a local charity that supported new artists in town. While she supported the mission of the charity, she declined to give any money. Then, on Wednesday, another person approached Dani and asked her the same question. During the discussion, Dani found out that she and the person were from the same hometown in Iowa. Dani gave $100 to the charity. The cause of the difference in Dani's behavior is likely due to the concept of
incidental similarity
When asked to view a simultaneous lineup, witnesses are more likely to
incorrectly choose a person who did not commit the crime
The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that _______
increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups
Transactional justice involves individuals' judgments
individuals' judgments about whether the decisions relating to the distribution of rewards have been adequately explained and distribution was courteous
Family members other than a child's mother ________ in that child's social development.
influence a child in a variety of ways
James and Wanda just bought a house, and moved into a new, upscale neighborhood. One of their friends, who lives down the street from them, has installed a hot tub in her rock garden and has pointed out all the advantages of having one. James and Wanda are debating whether to install a rock garden with a hot tub in their new home. Their decision may be strongly influenced by the
informational social
Martha tells her friend June, "Didn't you hear that eating lots of garlic is good for you?" If June then changes her eating habits to include a lot of garlic, it would be due to
informational social influence
Three college friends went swimming in a local creek, ignoring both a No Trespassing sign and a No Swimming sign. These friends were violating
injunctive norms
Ahmed belongs to his university's Student Senate, a group that is high in entitativity. It is likely that Ahmed feels that the Student Senate
is of great consequence to him
In several variations on Asch's classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, two of three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. The third accomplice sometimes chose a correct response and sometimes chose a more incorrect response. Under these conditions, respondents were more likely to choose the correct response. These results suggest
it becomes easier to resist conformity pressure once unanimity of the group is broken
Tina and Rachael are the only two members of a jury who are trying to convince the rest of the jury that the defendant is not guilty. Tina and Rachael offer very different explanations for why the jury should vote not guilty. Because of their differing explanations, they will be ________ to convince the majority to acquit the defendant than if both had a common explanation.
less likely
Smaller rewards lead to greater attitudinal change due to the
less-leads-to-more effect
According to balance theory, balance is achieved when two people
like each other and discover they are similar in some way
Margot daydreams about having a wide circle of friends whom she can socialize with on the weekends and whom she can connect with on a personal level. Margot currently doesn't have any friends, however, and feels isolated and, at times, depressed. Margot suffers from ________.
loneliness
Jack has agreed to purchase a new car for $18,000. However, just before he gets ready to sign the contract, the salesman tells Jack that the sales manager will not approve the amount allowed for his trade-in, and that the contract will have to be higher, probably around $19,000. Jack has just been the victim of the
lowball technique
George has been asked to join a "secret society" (similar to a small fraternity) at his college. This group's initiation rituals are quite severe and somewhat dangerous. In addition, members tend to identify strongly with the group. If George decides to join, he can expect that ________.
members are very unlikely to leave the group after they have joined
We hold values similar to, and identify with
members of our reference group(s).
Frank hires a handyman to install drywall in a room he's renovating. Frank has always wanted to know how to do this himself, so he watches much of the work the handyman does and takes notes on the supplies needed and the procedures followed. The following year, Frank installs drywall in another room by himself. Frank was able to do this due to
modeling.
Research shows that sexual attraction is a ________ but not ________ condition for being in love.
necessary; sufficient
James, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, however, several of his new friends regularly smoke and say to him, "C'mon, don't be a jerk, have one of mine." As a result, James is likely to begin smoking because of the
normative social influence
Jimmy considers himself to be an atheist and does not pray. However, he is dating a girl, Eileen, whose family is religious. He has never met her family before and wants to make a good impression when he does. On Thanksgiving, he goes to Eileen's family's house to meet them for the first time. Before the meal is served, the family bows their heads to pray. Jimmy follows along and even says "Amen" at the need of the prayer. This change in Jimmy's behavior is due to
normative social influence
The idea that there is a curvilinear relationship between happiness and task performance is readily explained by _
optimum level of well-being theory
According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and
our attitudes toward a particular behavior.
Different cultures have varying expectations regarding the parent-child relationship. In the United States
parents are expected to care for their children often into adulthood
High levels of positive emotions create life satisfaction because
people think, feel, and act in ways that build their emotional, physical, and social resources.
One way in which symbolic social influence may work is by allowing the psychological presence of others to trigger goals with which the other persons are associated. This may, in turn, influence our
performance on tasks and our commitment to reaching these goals
One reason that people are willing to obey persons in authority who order them to engage in destructive behaviors is that
persons in authority often possess visible signs of their status that remind us of the social norm for obedience to authorities.
Kevin has very high levels of positive affect. Sometimes people say he is too happy. The result for his marriage is likely
positive; the relationship between happiness and relationship success is linear
Arthur was a Navy Seal for decades and was often involved in dangerous missions in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other war-ravaged countries. Arthur is now retired, but each night he wakes up sweating after having intensely vivid dreams of his missions, the suffering and deaths of causalities, and the deaths of his fellow soldiers. Arthur is experiencing
post-traumatic stress disorder.
Erin has been living with her boyfriend for a year. During that time, Erin has heard her boyfriend and his family make many negative comments about Asians. When her boyfriend's family is around, Erin also occasionally makes negative comments about Asians, even though she doesn't believe these comments are based in facts. This situation best represents the distinction between ________ and ________.
private conformity; public acceptance
Attraction toward another increases if the other person ________ and decreases if the other person
produces positive affect; produces negative affect
integrative agreements
provide greater joint benefits than simple compromise
Results from a variety of studies indicate that ________ in the legal system is often corrected for by
racial bias; jury deliberation
Bothwell et al. (2006) conducted research examining racial bias in jury decision making. The results show that
racial biases existed for private judgments but not after deliberation
Two years ago, Ursula loaned Katie $300 even though the two women didn't know each other very well. Now, Ursula has approached Katie to ask if Katie can loan her $200. Katie says yes. Katie's compliance rests on the principle of
reciprocity
One primary goal in negotiating with an individual or a group is to
reduce the opposing side`s aspirations
Your best friend Natalie has recently warned you against giving anyone you don't know well a ride home from a party. Recently, you attended a party and spent the whole night reminiscing with other friends about fun times you had all shared with Natalie. Later, a stranger approaches you and asks for a ride home; because your relational schema is activated, you will most likely
refuse to give the stranger a ride.
The proportion of similarity is predictive of the degree of attraction between two people
regardless of the importance of the topics they discuss
In order to manage stress and improve mental and physical health, __________ is very important, although motivation for this action can be a major obstacle.
regular physical exercise
One way to help people become more resistant to commands from authorities that may lead to destructive behaviors is to
remind people that they—not the authorities—are responsible for any harm done
Suppose Diane and Mark, as first-year students, are assigned dorm rooms right next door to each other. Shortly thereafter, they begin dating, and after college, they wed. The factor that would be MOST responsible for their initial acquaintance is
repeated exposure due to proximity
Scott and Elizabeth grew up in the same small town. They attended the same school and went to the same college, where they took many of the same classes. At first, they were not particularly interested in each other romantically, but over time, they became increasingly attracted to each other and eventually married. This is best explained by the
repeated exposure effect
Tony disagrees with a certain political commercial. When the commercial comes on, he immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of
selective avoidance
Members of a group can benefit from "existential security," meaning that once a member belongs to a group, he or she can't imagine not belonging to the group because the membership provides meaning and identity definition. Members feel this way because, by becoming part of a group, they gain
self-knowledge
Barb just witnessed a mugging and is brought to the police station to identify the suspect. If Barb is shown one person at time and asked after viewing each person if that person is the suspect, this is called a _______ lineup.
sequential
When creating a group of experts, all of whom bring different expertise to the table, it may be particularly important to make sure that dissent within the group is welcome. This is because groups tend to
share only unshared information
Zosha and three of her friends have just watched a new movie. As they walk out of the movie, Zosha's friends are talking about how much they enjoyed the movie and how good the actor's portrayal was. If one of her friends then asks Zosha how she liked the movie, she is likely to say that
she also enjoyed the movie
Brad takes the bus to work every day. He is happy when a woman named Jill is riding the bus because they have a lot in common and chat on the way to work. He isn't happy when Kyle is on the bus because they don't have anything in common, and Kyle often makes Brad feel bad. This is an example of the
similarity-dissimilarity
Bekah just witnessed a mugging and is brought to the police station to identify the suspect. If Bekah is shown five people at time and asked after viewing the group as a whole if the suspect is present, this is called a ________ lineup.
simultaneous
Two weeks ago, Roberta was mugged while walking home from work. The person who did this to her attacked her, beat her up, and stole her purse. Now, the police have called Roberta into the police station. They sit her in a room with a large piece of glass and, through the glass, Roberta can see a collection of six men who are suspects in the crime. The police ask Roberta to identify which of the men did this to her. Roberta is viewing a ________ lineup.
simultaneous
Tomas is beginning his first year of college. As one of his goals is to meet people and make new friends in his classes, Tomas would be well-advised to
sit between other students in his classes whenever possible
Jessica considers herself to be a private individual. Although she is taking college courses and working toward her degree, she doesn't enjoy interacting with her fellow students very much. In order to minimize interactions in the classroom, Jessica should
sit in the back of the room, and either in a corner or at the end of the row whenever possible
Zimbardo's prison experiment demonstrates that ________ can overpower ________, and people may conform to expected roles.
situations; personalities
When it comes to decisions, Ilene thinks she is bolder than her coworkers. In a recent meeting, she discovered that other workers in the office favored even bolder decisions. As a result, Ilene shifted toward an even bolder position herself. The process underlying Ilene's change is
social comparison
Marla and Tim are watching a documentary on television about the kidnapping of children. At one point during the documentary, during a scene in which a dramatization shows the reaction of a father when he learns of his daughter's kidnapping, Marla looks over at Tim and notices that he is crying. Tim's emotion is due to
social contagion.
A group cooperates well when the members know the reputation of the others involved in the group. This knowledge is known as _
social embeddedness
Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother says that dishes are women's work, which makes their father smile. Her brother sees the smile and walks away. This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of
social learning
Jason, Paul, and Mark are working on a group project for their social psychology class. Jason believes that Paul is not doing as much work on the project as he and Mark are doing. If Jason is accurate in his perception, Paul is engaging in
social loafing
While watching a movie in a theater, Bill turns around to see a coworker of his, Ori, talking very loudly on his cell phone. Ori is receiving many dirty looks from people in the theater. Ori is violating
social norm
There is a three-person Editorial department at Luscious Literature, a literary journal. Tom is an editorial assistant, Kara is a senior editor, and Helen is a managing editor. The team members differ in
status
Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as ________ training and has the effect of ________ stereotype activation.
stereotype negation training; reducing stereotype activation
Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic. Jason is most likely to be persuaded by
strong, convincing arguments from a speaker delivering a message.
Individuals who are in stressful situations frequently experience an increase in their need to affiliate with others in a similar situation. This may be because
such affiliations provide opportunities for social comparisons
Rachel attends a New Year's Eve party with her friends. They are having fun at the party, dancing and drinking champagne. At one point during the party, a woman that Rachel doesn't know asks her if she wants to go into another room and try some cocaine with her. Instinctively, Rachel's first thought is "what would my mother think if she knew about this?" Rachel can't bear the thought and declines. Her decision is due to
symbolic social influence
Mark is experiencing a great deal of stress at home, at work, and in his daily life. He is having financial trouble, car trouble, and cannot afford to take time off of work to get his car fixed. His friend Greg provides social support by
taking Mark's car in to the shop for him.
Wealth may diminish our happiness by ________.
taking away our capacity to savor and enjoy the little pleasures of life.
All of the following individuals would likely be considered a "compliance professional" EXCEPT a(n)
telephone operator
Jeremy is an actor who specializes in comedy. His friends persuade him to perform at a venue that specializes in audience-led improvisation, meaning that the audience chooses the subject matter for the actors. During the performance, Jeremy performs better than he ever has during comedic scenes, but performs more terribly than he ever has in serious dramatic scenes requiring strong emotion. Jeremy's overall performance can be explained by
the drive theory of social facilitation
Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager. She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs. Recently, Jessica has been passed over for several promotions. The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica. This situation probably represents
the glass ceiling effect
In Asch's classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. Frequently, the subject would then also select an incorrect response. This result illustrates
the influence of group pressure to conform
Having not met any members of a new social group, you hear a person expressing negative views of that group. Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if
the person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself
Group decision making involves the
the processes involved with combining and integrating available information in order to choose one of several different courses of action
Which of the following is responsible for proximity influencing our level of attraction to another person or object?
the repeated exposure effect
Personal happiness is influenced by having goals and _
the resources necessary to attain those goals.
The extent to which the ratio of contributions by group members to the rewards they receive should be ________ for all group members in order for us to believe that ________ justice exists.
the same; distributive justice
When an auto dealer offers you an extra option as a "closer" for a deal, the dealer is using
the that's-not-all technique
When individuals don't have all the information needed to make judgments about the fairness of a particular situation, they tend to rely on
their current affective state
Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2 percent of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents
tokenism
The performance of relatively trivial positive actions for members of a minority group can be later used as an excuse for later discriminatory treatment. This is known as
tokenism
When confronted with the that's-not-all technique, we should always remember that the person making the request ________.
ultimately just wants to gain compliance
Jenna falls in love with one of her coworkers, a man named Omar. She thinks about him at all hours of the day and is very happy when they spend time together at social outings or at work gatherings. They sometimes go out to dinner, to the park, or to a movie. One day, however, Omar tells her that he can tell that she has feelings for him, but he only wants to be friends with her. Jenna has experienced
unrequited
Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by
using self-affirmation, whereby we restore positive self-evaluations by focusing our attention on positive self-attributes
When are women more likely to gain access to high-status positions?
when companies are in a time of crisis
Theresa owns and operates a craft beer brewery in her hometown in upstate New York. Recently, there has been a legislative proposal to increase the drinking age in New York from 21 to 23. Theresa is fervently opposed to this proposal. The strength of Theresa's opposition likely stems from
vested interest
One result of tokenism is that it
helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair
Wendy, Greta, Tom, and Bill have all made New Year's resolutions to lose weight. Based on the information below, which of them is MOST likely to lose weight?
Greta, who intends to dramatically reduce her fat intake and tells others that she is greatly committed to her diet
In what health context might positive messages be much better than fear-inducing messages for effecting behavior change?
When the message's health concern is very serious or fatal
In general, when do whites oppose affirmative action policies?
When they think these policies will negatively affect White Americans' chances to obtain jobs and promotions
In general, which gender do people tend to feel more positively about and why?
Women, because women are viewed as kind and nurturing
If, as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated, Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans, it is because
although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture, he has good knowledge of those stereotypes
One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.
common in-group identity model
Suppose a breaking news story has occurred involving an incident of terrorism. A certain news station invites a well-respected terrorism scholar to discuss the event. His views will likely be persuasive because he will be seen as
credible
LaPiere's research with the Chinese couple pointed out the
difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes.
Students entering college who had social networks with more ________ attitudes toward affirmative action exhibited ________ change over the following 2 months.
diverse; more
Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job. He may feel more correct in his attitude if
he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude
A CEO of a Midwestern company gave a press briefing and espoused some fairly restrictive regulations aimed at reducing carbon emissions and water pollution. His excellent credibility was probably due to the fact that
he is CEO of a chemical company
Patty is a politician running for public office. At a town hall meeting, she claims that she has always fought for and will continue to fight for the LGBT community. At this, a person who does not support Patty stands up and claims that Patty only began to support marriage equality after the majority of U.S. states had legalized same-sex marriage. This person is trying to generate feelings of
hypocrisy
Dan, an admissions officer at a private university, is informed by human resources that he is discriminating against black applicants. Dan cannot believe this, as he has no knowledge that he did such a thing and knows he wouldn't do something like this intentionally. Human resources informs him that he rejected outright the applications of nearly every applicant with a name that "sounded" black. It's likely that Dan holds ________ attitudes toward black people.
implicit
Arlene was always averse to physical contact with pigs because she thought pigs were essentially dirty animals. Despite her concerns, she was induced to kiss a clean-looking pig on the snout for $2.00 while appearing on a television game show. As a result, Arlene has become a staunch advocate of pigs, and she soon plans to have one as a pet. The most probable explanation for this change in attitude is the
less-leads-to-more effect.
In the march toward racial equality, whites may perceive black progress as a ________, while blacks perceive it as a ________. If people generally tend to evaluate ________ more heavily than ________, then whites should see ________ progress for blacks than (as) blacks see
loss; gain; losses; gains; more
Mrs. Smith has a son, Brad, who is in the military and who is specially trained in interrogation tactics. Brad is currently on duty in Afghanistan. Mrs. Smith cannot fathom her own son being tortured, but she feels that his torturing of terrorist operatives is warranted. Mrs. Smith is experiencing
moral disengagement
In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student ________ in the ________ condition than in the ________ condition.
more negatively
Tina, who favors the death penalty, hears two different, though persuasive, messages: one favoring the death penalty and one against it. Tina will likely report ________ oppositional (than supportive) thoughts about the counterattitudinal message (the message arguing against her attitude), and ________ supportive (than oppositional) thoughts about the proattitudinal message (the message in line with her attitude). Because of this experience, she will be ________ able to resist counterattitudinal persuasion in the future on this topic.
more; more; better
When our membership in a group is salient, a stereotype (about an outgroup) that our ingroup endorses is more likely to ________ our ________ about that outgroup.
overcome; personal beliefs
Simone feels somewhat ambivalent about premarital sex. However, most of her friends seem to be unambiguously in favor of sexual activity before marriage. As a result, in a recent group discussion in her health class, Simone expressed fairly strong opinions in favor of premarital sex and avoided voicing her real concerns about the topic. Simone's actions are most likely due to
pluralistic ignorance.
At Thanksgiving dinner, Rachel, a Ph.D. student in economics, gets into a conversation with her father about the current state of the economy and income inequality. He claims that the top-down policies under Reagan in the 1980s, known as "trickle down" economics, are what this country needs. Rachel stresses that current research shows that this type of economic distribution hurts those that are not in the top one percent of earners. Afterward, she sends her father links to academic studies, popular essays, and YouTube videos that explore this topic. The next week, her father is even more resolute in his conviction than ever. The father's behavior is a form of
reactance
Tricia's friend informs her of a real estate opportunity. The market has been tumultuous lately, but if it performs well, Tricia could gain a significant amount of money from the real estate purchase. However, if the market performs badly, Tricia could lose a significant amount of money. Tricia decides not to pursue the opportunity because of
risk aversions
Marlon is a liberal. When he wants to watch the news on television, he only watches MSNBC. On the Internet, he only views popular liberal sites such as The Nation, Salon, and Slate. When he's using Facebook, if any of his friends posts links with conservative viewpoints, he hides these from his feed. Marlon is resisting persuasion through the use of
selective avoidance
Irene considers herself to be an environmentalist, and she wants to reduce her carbon footprint. One day, her husband comes home and says that he sold their electric lawn mower and used the money, plus some savings, to by a new, powerful gasoline-powered mower. Irene is shocked, but when she uses the mower, she decides that she really likes it. This makes her feel uneasy, so she reminds herself of all the good environmental work she has done in the past. Irene is engaging in
self-affirmation
A film studio pairs with a brewery and exclusively includes scenes of people drinking this beer or the beer standing in the background of scenes throughout many of its summer blockbusters. Sales of the brewery's line of beers skyrocket. The increased sales were likely due to ________ conditioning.
subliminal
Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women. He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit "soft." Mike recently met Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits Mike's ideas about women. Rather than revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a(n)
subtype
Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry are research participants who were individually exposed to the bona fide pipeline procedure. After seeing a picture of a Hispanic face, each was shown the word "bad." The number of seconds it takes for Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry to respond to the word "bad" is 5.2, 3.8, 2.1, and 4.4, respectively. On the basis of this information, which of these individuals MOST likely holds the greatest amount of negative attitudes toward Hispanics?
barry
Encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status increases their ________ guilt, which, in turn ________ racism.
collective guilt; reduces
A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during the candidate's next major speech. Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages, the demonstration is useful because
distractions can increase the persuasiveness of a speech.
Ursula has decided that she will quit smoking by January 1 of next year. She creates a weekly calendar. On each week of the calendar, she notes down how many cigarettes she can smoke, gradually reducing the amount over the course of the year, so that by January 1 she will be able to give up the habit for good. Ursula has created a(n)
implementation plan
Which of the following has been shown to reduce negative reactions among members of differing and competing groups?
Groups working together to reach superordinate goals
One study employing the IAT suggests that the gender gap in wages may be linked to implicit attitudes. Which of the following findings support this idea?
Reaction times are faster for associations between men and wealth
Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because
he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy.
Wilma, who is white, will likely show greater care not to act in a prejudiced manner if
her parents do not hold prejudicial attitudes
Mike harbors many prejudicial feelings toward homosexual people; in fact, whenever he encounters a gay man, he is likely to make more negative, cynical, and disgusted comments than he normally would (although none directly related to homosexuality or to the homosexual nature of the person he is talking to). This example illustrates that prejudice is often ________ in nature
implicit
Erin works at a think tank in Washington, DC. She is a progressive liberal and, as most of her colleagues are around her age and come from similar backgrounds, she makes the assumption that her colleagues are too, even though a large percentage of them do not identify as such. Erin has fallen susceptible to
pluralistic ignorance
Alice's friend, Zoë, is very concerned and troubled about many of Alice's prejudices. Although she has pointed this out to her many times, Alice's views have not been altered. Another possible effective strategy that Zoë might use to convince Alice (who has two children) to change her views would be to ____
point out shared group membership with disliked others (e.g., we are all human).
Bethany has been listening to a political speaker who is encouraging people to support a law that would require all people to recycle aluminum cans and severely penalize those who do not recycle. The speaker is giving strong arguments in favor of this proposed law and is couching his appeal in moral and ethical language. As a result, Bethany is becoming increasingly annoyed and resentful of the speaker and his arguments. She may be experiencing
reactance