psych final
critics worry that many physicians and teachers
are too quick to diagnose normal childhood behaviors as ADHD
if development is continuous then
development is gradual and cumulative
which of the following is not a protective buffer against SIDS?
infant sleeping in the same bed as parents
Parenting strategies that focus on social interactions and positive resolutions to a series of developmental stages such as developing trust, encouraging initiative, promoting industry, and stimulating identity exploration are based on the work of:
Erickson
Which of the following would Erik Erikson and John Bowlby most likely recommend regarding the soothing of a crying infant?
Pick up and soothe the baby so that a healthy sense of trust develops
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the prevention of suicide?
There are no warning signs, people who talk about suicide will not do it, young people are more likely than old people to kill themselves, people who are suicidal remain so forever, people who attempt suicide are intent on dying
psychosocial development during adolescence and now emerging adulthood is often seen as a quest to answer the question
Who am I?
Doris, age 59, and Ashley, age 28, work in the same office at the local middle school. Based on their age, what would researchers predict regarding the likelihood of accidents on the job?
accidents would most likely occur by Doris, due to her age?
according to jean piaget, children learn best when they
actively seek solutions for themselves
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons older individuals are happier and report more satisfaction with their lives?
an increase in physical problems
Experiments allow researchers to:
answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables
Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always wanted to be told that she was loved and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a(n) ________ attachment style.
anxious
which of the following is a consistent finding regarding age identity?
as adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age
__________ involves providing lethal means to cause a person's death, with the individual performing the act that ends his or her own life.
assisted suicide
Huan is 20 months old, and his mother is in a hurry. She wants to put his shoes on for him, but Huan rejects that by squirming and declaring, "No! Me!" It takes him five minutes, and his shoes end up on the wrong feet, but he proudly skips out to the car when he's done. Huan is in Erikson's ______ stage.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:
begins at conception and continues through the human lifespan; the product of biological, cognitive & socioemotional process
In a conservation problem, the difference between preoperational and concrete operational thought is that children in the preoperational stage
believe the taller/bigger glass has more (shape changes amount of liquid there is)
Fewer gastrointestinal infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and fewer middle ear infections are all associated with
breast feeding
during middle childhood, gender stereotypes
broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females
Andrew, 52 years old, is typical of most people in middle age. Work plays a _____ role in his life.
central
If a research finding is confounded because a specific age group has had a different experience than another age group, such as a generation that was raised during wartime versus a generation that grew up during peacetime, it is called:
cohort effects
Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?
conscientiousness
A researcher who wants to study the effect of parenting styles on development would need to take into consideration the socioeconomic status and cultural settings of the families being studied. These aspects are a part of the "_______" of development.
context
The rate of teen sexual activity has _____ over the past two decades in the United States.
decreased
Kübler-Ross' stages of dying:
denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
what theory describes multiple interrelationships among developmental domain as well as dynamic interactions with the contexts in which children develop?
developmental-contextual theory
Bill has just been diagnosed with a learning disability. He faces difficulty with math computations but can read and write fairly well. Bill is likely suffering from
dyscalculia
Ron thinks he is more unique and admired than other adolescents his age, and he is certain that everyone is paying attention to his every action. It appears that Ron has started to experience adolescence
egocentrism
D'Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. They had lived vicariously through their children, letting their sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now they may experience __________, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.
empty nest syndrome
Jerry is dying a slow, painful death from cancer and has thought about ending his life by suicide. His desire to die is most likely based on his need to
end the pain
when conducting research, the most important safeguards are those that:
ensure that no one is harmed
evolutionary theory suggests that the relationship between childhood stress and onset of puberty exists to
ensure that reproduction occurs early in stress-filled environments
the ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment
epigenetic
the local school board, government agencies, and mass media are included in which of Bronfenfrenner's levels?
exosystem
which of the following statements about novices and experts is TRUE?
experts process information more automatically than novices
true or false: never spanked children are better behaved that the who are spanked
false
regarding the family life cycle and marital satisfaction: at what point in the family life cycle does marital satisfaction dip the lowest?
families with young children
the increase in myelination during middle and late childhood is linked to
faster, effective processing
bob made a decision that he must remain in a job that allows little scope for personal effort and satisfaction. It would be best if he
finds something outside the job that fulfills his need for recognition, significance, productivity, and excitement
Piaget called his last stage, the reasoning that characterizes adolescence
formal operational thought
Erickson proposed that middle aged adults face a significant issue that he termed
generatively versus stagnation
Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating:
her belief in an imaginary audience
Emily is dying, and her family has placed her in a homelike environment where she will be allowed to die with dignity. Emily is in a:
hospice
Piaget's theory of development focused primarily on:
how our thinking changes as we get older
Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store (unless they write them down on a list and take it with them) than they are to forget how to drive a car?
implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory
Lewis had hoped to retire in his early sixties, but now he believes he will work until he is close to 70. In addition to having less money in his "nest egg" due to the decline in defined-benefit pensions, he is also aware of the:
increased uncertainty about health insurance costs
Evan is a slow learner who is in the fifth grade. He has been attending remedial classes where he receives training to retain and recall information better. His teachers have reassured his parents that the cumulative effect of these remedial classes takes some time and is not visible instantly. Despite this knowledge, Evan's father often chastises him for his mediocre marks and compares him unfavorably to his peers. Evan's father's approach to his academic performance is likely to lead to a _____ in Evan.
inferiority
According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.
integrity vs. despair
______ is a document in which the person specifies the conditions under which he or she wishes to receive certain treatment or to refuse or discontinue life-sustaining treatment.
living will
Whereas ________ is important in new relationships, especially in young adulthood, ________ becomes more important in middle adulthood.
love & security
the level within an ecological model that refers to broad cultural influences on human development is the
macrosystem
While in both cases more _____ have died, the mortality rate of emerging adults is _____ the mortality rate of adolescents.
males & more than twice
examining the multiple interactions among teachers, peers, health services and family members is a study at the level of the
mesosystem
which of the following is the leading cause of death from middle childhood through emerging adulthood?
motor vehicle injuries
which of the following assumptions are you making if you think a child is outgoing because of how he was raised?
nurture based; influenced from environment
behaviorism focuses on which of the following
observable behavior
who is most likely to develop an X-linked disease such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
occur in males, males have only one x chromosome
Researchers increasingly are finding that _____ is linking to being healthier and living longer.
optimism
in regard to the acceptance stage of dying:
person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of one's fate, and in many cases, a desire to be left alone
Which of the following would be a good example of a "positive rephrasing" of the statement, "Don't leave your dirty dishes on the table" that is more likely to get kids to cooperate?
please take your dishes to the sink
the ____ region of the frontal lobe has the most prolonged development of any brain region, with changes detectable at least into emerging adulthood
predrontal
Unused synaptic connections will be replaced by other pathways or they disappear. In the language of neuroscience, these connections are said to be
pruned
the period when children bodies become adults in terms of size, shape, and sexuality is called
puberty
all of the following are ways that parents can help reduce obesity in children EXCEPT
putting the child on a strict diet until they lose weight
_____________ is about continuing to foster the memory of a person's life even after he or she dies by involving the person in our daily lives, in our conversations, in the choices we make, and in our resources for living.
re-membering
greater sense of self-esteem
self efficacy
An increased capacity in the area of ______ is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement.
self-regulations
which of the following statements about sexual orientation is considered true today?
sexual orientation is a continuum form exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations
how do sleep needs change with age?
sleep decreases as we get older
During adolescence, a crucial part of the identity-formation process requires individuation, which refers to
spending time away from mother, happens during adolescence when a child begins to explore their identity
younger children are more likely to decide whether something is right or wrong based on _________, and older children consider _________.
the results & intentions as well
Kelly McGonigal discussed "How to Make Stress Your Friend" in her Ted Talk, what was her overall recommendation?
to change our mind about stress to change our body's reaction to it.
Kelly responds to her infant son's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:
trust
