Psych Final Chap 11,12,13,15,16 (No 14 on exam)

What did the researchers, who identified the Hawthorne effect, see as evidence that employee performance was influenced by something other than the physical work conditions?

Any change in a variable, such as lighting levels, led to an improvement in productivity; this was true even when the change was negative, such as a return to poor lighting.

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

What is a social role?

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Among older Korean Americans, approximately 14% polled felt that having a mentally ill family member would

bring shame to the family.

Roscoe suffers from cocaine use disorder as well as bipolar disorder. The fact that he has two psychiatric diagnoses at once would make his a ________ situation.

comorbid

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.

confirmation bias

Managers at S-Mart routinely expect their employees to volunteer hours at the local veteran's center. The organization supports this practice since it shows commitment, empathy, and compassion, all things that S-Mart endorses as part of its company mission. This represents the ________ aspect of organizational culture.

espoused values

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether Is an example of what technique of persuasion?

foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion

Which concept describes traits that are fundamental to one's personal identity (e.g., skin color and hair texture) that an employer cannot use to discriminate in hiring job applicants?

immutable characteristic

In job specification, what does the acronym KSA stand for?

knowledge, skills, abilities

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing a(n) ________ episode.

manic

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?

strategic

Halima is excellent at organizing events, but she is weak in delivering the opening address. She decides to focus on what she is good at and delegate the opening address to her immediate subordinate who excels in public speaking. Halima is practicing ________.

strengths-based management

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________.

scapegoating

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails and that the spiders will hatch inside his skin and will eventually begin to eat his organs. What kind of delusion is this?

somatic

Which of the following is true regarding the accuracy and reliability of a job analysis?

It can depend on the nature of the descriptions and the source for the job analysis.

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

James, who lives in England

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average American work spends approximately ________ hours working each week.

42 to 54

Researchers have found that approximately _____ percent of those with dissociative identity disorder were physically and/or sexually abused in childhood, leading to the conclusion that trauma can be a cause of this disorder.

95

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as individual traits or temperaments.

Dispositionism

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

Foot-in-the-door technique

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freduian slip

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesn't want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society

inferiority

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

involuntary

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion?

Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about dissociative disorders?

People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

Simon bites his mother

Which child is most likely to receive treatment for her or his psychological challenge?

Stavros, who suffers from ADHD

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.

Several influential early psychologists studied issues that today would be categorized as industrial psychology. These individuals included James Cattell, Hugo Münsterberg, and Walter Dill Scott, who were all students of ________.

Wilhelm Wundt

What has research found to be the primary difference between male and female leadership style?

Women tend to practice an interpersonal style and men practice a task-oriented style.

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.

cardinal

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

companionate

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Which pair of neurotransmitters has received the most attention as a potential explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia?

dopamine and serotonin

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is responsible for ________.

enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate in the hiring of employees

In Medieval times, what would be the most likely form of treatment for someone suffering the symptoms of a psychological illness?

exorcism

Which of the following is a frequent trigger for workplace violence?

feeling of being treated unfairly, unjustly, or disrespectfully

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing dissociative ________.

fugue

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"

homophobia

Rosetta is a master electrician. Often, she is the only woman at the construction site. Her male coworkers frequently make sexual comments about her appearance and tape explicit pictures of women up at the worksite. She complains to the site manager, but he tells her to toughen up. What form of sexual harassment does this represent?

hostile environment

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person.

phlegmatic

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia's left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Martha and Mikey go to meet with a psychotherapist and other parents to learn about their adult son's symptoms of schizophrenia. They spend time discussing the illness, learning to understand his challenges, and getting information about how to most effectively help him recover. This approach is called a ________ group.

psychoeducational

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck?

psychoticism versus superego control

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self.

real; ideal

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

According to Edwin Locke, job ________ is the state of feeling resulting from appraising one's job experiences, and a more modern definition includes the extent to which a person enjoys their job.

satisfaction

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during the fall and winter months when she gets less direct exposure to sunlight What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

Autism spectrum disorder is marked by all but which of the following categories of symptoms?

severe depression symptoms

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Dr. Piccolo is working with a family and determines that the parents do not make rules together and often contradict each other. This leads to confusion among the children who act out because they don't understand what is expected of them in the home. She helps them to get "on the same page" with regard to each family member's place in the home and helps the parents work on their own relationship as co-parents. This is called ________ family therapy.

structural

According to research, what kind of job interview is most successful at predicting a candidate's later successful job performance?

structured interviews

The ________ perspective of psychological disorders attributed symptoms of such ailments to forces that were beyond scientific understanding, such as black magic or evil spirits.

supernatural

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a hierarchy of stimuli related to her phobia. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

A police or FBI SWAT team handling a hostage situation exemplifies a ________ team.

tactical

Melora has a sick child at home. Her employer allows her to ________ for a week, so she can work from home, set her own hours, and complete most of her work while caring for her child.

telecommute

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy

Which important legislation protected employees against discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?

the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII

In the African American community, what has been found to play a significant role as an alternate source of support to mental health services?

the church

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.

the fundamental attribution error

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?

thoughts affect actions

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

Dr. Diop is the head of an academic department in a school whose teachers have all been told to teach from home for the next month. She gets them all to have weekly check-ins using web-conferencing software so that they can meet while they're all at home. This is an example of a ________ team.

virtual

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?

when the correct choice is unclear

What might exemplify a worker-oriented approach to job analysis?

works well under pressure and in group situations

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect.

Asch

What does research suggest about gender diversity and team productivity?

Gender-balanced teams performed better, as measured by sales and profits, than predominantly male teams.

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Philip Zimbardo

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetypes

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

Addiction is often viewed as a(n) ________ disease that can rewire the sufferer's brain.

chronic

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional positive regard

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies ________.

how human behavior and psychology affect work and how they are affected by work

Isolation, a lack of job security, work overload, harassment, and bullying are all examples of factors that can lead to ________.

job stress

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence

normative

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.

peripheral

What is the most common reason for invoking a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) as a defense against an employer accused of discrimination?

sex

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus. This is called __________

Groupthink

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

How you think determines how you feel.

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?

In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

avoidant personality disorder

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?

because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying

The approach to psychology suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ________ perspective.

biological

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.

consummate

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

Ted conducts a study regarding how walking on a treadmill instead of sitting at a desk impacts worker productivity. Ted's study is within the industrial-organizational specialty area of ________ psychology.

human factors

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Dr. Smyth conducts research that examines how stress, disease, and disorders can impact individuals in the workplace. She is working in the area of ________ psychology.

occupational health

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

orbitofrontal cortex

According to Freud's psychosexual theory of personality, the ________ stage involves a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

genital