Psych Final Exam

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agoraphobia

"fear of the marketplace"... fear of situations in which it may be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack

Heart disease symptoms

"silent killer" -> asymptomatic, agina (chest pain),

Phallic

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings... fixation can lead to Oedipus complex or penis envy

Event Schema

(cognitive script) - a set of routine or automatic behaviors... can change among cultures and dictate behavior

Genital

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests, fixation can result in

1) Trust vs. mistrust

- 0 to 1 year - child will come to trust his environment as well as himself - if mistrust wins, the child will be suspicious of the world

Prenatal Development - Germinal Stage

- first 2 weeks -Mitosis - the fertilized ovum is called a zygote

Teratogen examples

-Alcohol - FAS -Smoking - premature birth, low birth weight -Drugs

Stressor

"Threatening Events"

The Misinformation Effect Study (1974) (Loftus Study)

Asked college students to estimate the speed of cars using different questions, used different words (smashed, hit, bumped) to see if different words influenced participants response... found that implied meaning of a word used influenced the participants memory of the accident

Neuron Firing

At resting potential, Na+ (blue pentagons) is more highly concentrated outside the cell in the extracellular fluid (shown in blue), whereas K+ (purple squares) is more highly concentrated near the membrane in the cytoplasm or intracellular fluid. Other molecules, such as chloride ions (yellow circles) and negatively charged proteins (brown squares), help contribute to a positive net charge in the extracellular fluid and a negative net charge in the intracellular fluid.

Ego

Attempts to balance the id with the super ego, operates on reality principle

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis... psychosexual theory -> believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults, development is discontinuous. unconscious drives influenced by sex, aggression, and childhood sexuality influence personality

Oral

0-1 years, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing... Fixation- smoking, overeating, nail biting

Anal

1 to 3 years, erogenous zone is bowel and bladder control. If fixated, anal-expulsive (messy, wasteful, or destructive) or anal-retentive (stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive)

2 different visual pathways

1) "What" pathway: - object recognition and identification 2) "Where/How" pathway: - location in space, how one might interact with a particular visual stimulus

Social Learning Theory

1) Attention - focus on the behavior 2) Retention - remember what you observed 3) Reproduction - be able to perform the behavior 4) Motivation - must want to copy the behavior

PTSD Cognitive Theory

1) Disturbances in memory for event 2) Negative appraisals of the trauma and its after math

2 personality dimensions

1) Extroversion/Introversion 2) Neuroticism/Stability

Manic Episode symptoms

1) Flight of Ideas: abruptly switching from one topic to another 2) Grandiosity: Inflated but unjustified self esteem and confidence

How to acquire phobias...

1) Learning (classic conditioning) 2) Vicarious Learning (modeling... seeing someone fear something) 3) Verbal Transmission... hearing how "bad" something is

3 styles of coping used by children to relieve anxiety

1) Moving toward people 2) Moving against people 3) Moving away from people

3 fundamental Social Tasks (Alder)

1) Occupational Tasks 2) Societal Tasks 3) Love Tasks

Why does Prejudice occur?

1) People are treated according to expectation 2) People learn prejudiced attitudes and conform to social norms 3) Self- Fulfilling Prophecy: Expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true 4) Confirmation Bias 5)Influence people to act to stereotypical expectations

Process of Scientific Research

1) Scientists form ideas (theories & hypothesis) through deductive reasoning 2) Hypotheses are tested through empirical observations, then conclusions are formed through inductive reasoning

Types of Encoding

1) Semantic Encoding (words and meanings) 2) Visual Encoding (images) 3) Acoustic Encoding (sounds)

Factors affecting Perception

1) Sensory Adaptations (not perceiving stimulus that remain constant) 2) Attention (Inattentional Blindness) 3) Motivation (signal detection theory) 4) Beliefs, values, prejudices, and expectations 5) Life/Cultural Expectations

Auditory Transduction

1) Sound along auditory canal -> tympanic membrane 2) vibration of tympanic membrane-> movement of 3 ossicles (stapes->oval window of cochlea 3) Fluid in cochlea moves-> stimulates hair cells 4) Hair cells->neural impulses->auditory nerve-> brain

Brain Imaging

1) Techniques involving radiation - CT Scan, PET Scan 2) Techniques involving magnetic fields - MRI, FMRI 3) Techniques involving electrical activity - EEG

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

1-3 years Develop a sense of independence in many tasks

Requirements for healthy attachment

1. caregiver must be responsive to child's physical, social, and emotional needs 2. caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions

5. Identity vs. confusion

12-18, experiment with and develop identity and roles.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

19-29, Establish intimacy and relationships with others.

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

3-6, take initiative on some activities... develop guilt when unsuccessful

Prenatal Development - Embryonic Stage

3-8 weeks, zygote splits into 150 cells and travels down fallopian tubes and becomes embryo

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

30-64, contribute to society and be a part of a family

Latent

6-puberty, sexual feelings are inactive superego continues to develop while the id's energies are suppressed, if fixated... immaturity and inability to form relationships

8. Integrity vs. Despair

65+, Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions.

4. Industry vs. Inferiority

7-11, Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not.

Prenatal Development - Fetal Stage

9-40 weeks, the baby's brain develops and the body adds size and weight until the fetus reaches full term devlopment

10 personality disorders cluster in 3 groups...

A - odd or eccentric, PS= paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal B - impulse or erratic, PS = Antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, histrionic C - nervous and fearful, PS = avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Phoneme

A basic sound unit (ah, eh)

Locus of Control

A belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their life.

Attribution

A belief about the cause of a result... locus of control, stability, controllability

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner... organism learns to associate a behavior and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment)

John B. Watson

Behaviorism

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

Recall

Being able to access information without cues... used for an essay test

Recognition

Being able to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again... multiple choice test

Just world hypothesis

Belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.

Social Norm

A group's expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members... how they are supposed to behave and think

Dysgraphia

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

Persona

A mask that we consciously adopt

Schema

A mental construct of a collection of related concepts

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation in response to food)

Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation Test

A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment... identified 4 styles of attachment

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

Social Roles

A pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting . Typically defined by culturally shared knowledge and can change on the setting

Obsession

A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring

Scripts

A person's knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a setting... i.e. how you act on the first day of school or in an elevator

Cognitive Dissonance

A psychological discomfort arising from holding 2 or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions... i.e. smoking/addiction

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A scale of major life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point value. The higher the score, the greater the chance of having a serious medical event.

uninvolved parenting

A style of parenting in which the parents minimize both the time they spend with their children and their emotional involvement with them and provide for their children's basic needs, but little else.

Representative Sample

A subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

Short-term memory/working memory

A temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory information... usually lasts 20 seconds

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

A theory that sees love as having three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment

Motor Skills

Ability to move our body and manipulate objects

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

G.A.S. 2) Stage of Resistance

Body has adapted to stressor... remains alert though (long)

G.A.S. 1) Alarm Reaction

Body's immediate response, analogous to fight or flight (short)

Depression Medication

Boosts serotonin and norepinephrine

GABA (Neurotransmitter)

Brain Function, sleep.... decreased anxiety, decreased tension

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

Also where dopamine is produced... mood, reward, addiction

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, and accelerated heart rate .

Higher-Order Conditioning

An established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, so that eventually the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response, without the initial conditioned stimulus being present

Types of Psychophysiological Disorders

Cardiovascular (hypertension and coronary heart disease_, Gastrointestinal (IBS), Respiratory (asthma and allergies), Musculoskeletal (low back pain and tension headaches), and Skin (acne, eczema, and psoriasis)

Accomadation

Change schemata based on new information

Signal Detection Theory

Changes in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state

Compassionate Love

Characteristics of close friendships and family relationships

Neo-Freudians

Childhood experiences matter, less emphasis on sex, focused on social environment and effects of culture on personality

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning: dogs

Carl Jung

Analytical Psychology, Collective Unconscious and archetypes, extroversion vs. introversion

major depressive disorder symptoms

Anhedonia, fatigue, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness, persistent thoughts of death or suicide, inability to concentrate or make decisions, change in physical activity, psychomotor agitation (figity)

Psychosocial theory

Erik Erikson's theory that emphasized the social nature of development... personality develops across the lifespan

The International Classification of Diseases

Examines general health of a POPULATION to monitor health internationally. Primarily focuses on clinical diagnosis (DSM = Research)

Stroop Effect

Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors. (Sensory Memory)

Ambient Pressure

External factor that causes stress

Mania

Extreme euphoric states, extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness

Inattentional blindness

Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of lack of attention

Figure-Ground (Gestalt Principle)

Figure- The focus of the visual field Ground- the background ... we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to receive a doctorate in psychology

Partial Reinforcement Scales

Fixed vs Variable Interval vs Ratio

Piaget

Focused on childhood cognitive development and theorized cognitive abilities develop through specific stages... children develop schemata

Gestalt Psychology

Focuses on humans as a whole rather than individual parts

Behaviorism

Focuses on observing and controlling behavior ... pavlov, koffka, kohler

Clinical/Case Studies

Focuses on one individual

Individual Psychology (Alfred Alder)

Focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority, social motive is force behind thoughts, placed emphasis on social connections

Memory Errors

Forgetting: 1) Transience - Accessibility of memory decreases over time (storage decay) 2) Absent Mindedness- Forgetting caused by lapses in attention 3) Blocking - Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked Distortion: 4) Misattribution- Source of memory id confused 5) Suggestibility 6) Bias Intrusion: 7) Persistence- inability to forget undesirable memories

Temporal Theory

Frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron

William James

Functionalism

Multiple Intelligences theory

Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence... lingusitc, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Survey

Gather large amounts of data from a sample from a larger population

Causes of Schizophrenia

Genetic factors, Dopamine Hypothesis (too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia), Brain Anatomy (enlarged ventricles), events during pregnancy (marijuana, obsteric complications during birth, exposure to influenza)

Norming

Giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups

Schizophrenia Main symptoms:

Hallucinations (perceptual experience occurring in the absence of an external stimulus, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized/abnormal motor behaviors (catatonic behaviors- decreased reactivity to environment), negative symptoms

Cerbreal Cortex

Higher level processing, broken into 4 lobes, surface of the brain

Noam Chomsky

Cognitive Revolution, need to incorporate mental functioning into focus... also proposed that the mechanisms underlying language are biologically determined

Opponent-Process Theory

Color is coded in pairs black-white yellow-blue green-red

inductive reasoning

Conclusions are drawn from observations (small thought -> applied to all observations)

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment

Conducted by Phillip Zimbardo, demonstrated the power of social norms, roles, and scripts on human behavior. 700 men volunteered-> 24 mentally fit. Guards were rude to prisoners... study had to conclude.

elaboration likelihood model

Considers variables of the attitude change approach. Considers Central Route and Peripheral Route

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Constant pattern of inattention/hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning

Trial and Error

Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved

Medulla (Hindbrain)

Controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate

seasonal affective disorder

Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring.

Wilhelm Wundt

Credited as a founder of psychology. Emphasized structuralism, understanding structure and characteristics of the mind through introspection... suggested personality could be described using 2 major axis: Emotional/nonemotional and changeable/unchangeable

Collectivistic Culture

Culture that focuses on communal relationships. Less likely to commit the F.A.E.

Artificial Concept

Defined by a specific set of characteristics (squares, triangles)

Stress

Demanding or threatening event

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Description of disorders, diagnostic features, diagnostic criteria, prevalence rate, and risk factors

Ruffini Corpuscles

Detect stretch

Place Theory

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

Raymond Cattell

Divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan

Seligman experiment

Dogs received shocks and jumped to the side with no shocks. They then electrocuted both sides -> Learned Helplessness

Antagnonist

Drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

Emotion-Focused Coping

Efforts to reduce negative emotion ties with stress (unlikely to change)

Humanism

Emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Why do we forget?

Encoding Failure (never stored in the first place)

Effortful Processing

Encoding of details that takes time and effort

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

In the early 1900's, Alfred Binet created an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school

Harlow's monkey experiment (Attachment)

In this experiment The wire surrogate "mother" provides the food for this infant rhesus monkey. But the infant spends all its time with the soft, cloth-covered surrogate. According to Harlow, this demonstrates the importance of contact comfort in attachment.

Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment

In this experiment children watched a model attack a doll and then the children were put in a room with toys including the same doll and children it was found that the kids who watched the model were much more likely to imitate the actions.

Functional Fixedness

Inability to perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

Anterograde Amnesia (NO NEW INFO)

Inability to remember new information after point of trauma

Assimilation

Incorporates information into existing chemata

social facilitation

Individual performs with audience better than alone. Associated with skilled and practiced tasks. More skilled -> Better Performance

Marshmallow Study

Kids who resisted the temptation to eat marshmallows later had more success in school and socially

Semantic Memory

Knowledge about words, concepts, and language (knowing who the president is)

Biological Perspective of Psychological Disorders

Largely valid and accepted, most disorders do have genetic components. States that genes, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities influence personality disorders.

Karl Lashley and Engrams

Lashely was searching for evidence of an engram (a group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory")... unsuccessful in finding anything

Habituation

Learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Relearning

Learning information that you previously learned

Anatomy of the Visual System

Light waves (cornea-> pupil)... pupil/iris... lens-> fovea (part of retina) -> Optic Nerve -> Brain

central route

Logic driven, uses data and facts to convince people of an arguements worthiness.

Perception of Color

Longer wavelengths = reds Intermediate wavelengths = greens Shorter wavelengths = blues and violets

Depersonalization Disorder

Loss of attachment from oneself

Functional Magnetic resonance imaging

MRI that show changes in metabolic activity over time

Schizophrenia

Major disturbances in thought emotion, and behavior

Role schema

Make assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

Career options for a Psychology degree...

Management positions, sales, social work, human resources, administrative positions, insurance/ real estate, business, marketing, healthcare, finance

Causes of OCD

Moderately genetic, neurotransmitters (seratonin, dopamine, glutamate), hyperactive orbitofrontal cortex (involved in learning and decision making)

Dopamine (Neurotransmitter)

Mood, sleep, learning... increased pleasure, suppressed appetite

Serotonin (Neurotransmitter)

Mood, sleep... modulated mood, suppressed appetite

Reflexes

Motor/Neural Reactions to a specific stimulus

Acetylcholine (Neurotransmitter)

Muscle action and memory... increased arousal, enhanced cognition

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature - intelligence is inherited from parents Nurture- intelligence is shaped by a child's developmental environment... combination of both

Prejudice

Negative Attitude and feeling toward an individual based soley on one's membership to a particular social group.

Karen Horney (1885-1952)

Neo-Freudian who found psychoanalysis negatively biased toward women and believed cultural variables are the foundation of personality development, 3 styles of coping

Retroactive Interference (FORGET OLD)

New information hinders recall of old information

Rods

Night time vision, best in low light conditions, sensitive, perception in movement and peripheral vision, located in periphery of the retina

Attitude

Our evaluation of a person/idea/object

obsessice-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Overlapping disorders that involve intrusive thoughts, and repetitive behaviors

Extended release of cortisol can lead to...

PTSD, Depression, etc.

romantic love

Passion and intimacy with little commitnment

Amplitude

Peak to trough

Informational Social Influence

People conform because they believe the group is competent / has the correct info

normative social influence

People conform to the group norm to fit in/ be accepted

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value

Early Adulthood (20s-40s)

Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak

positive affect

Pleasant emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest. Can be brief or long

Blind Spot

Point of no receptors where information exits the eye

Operant Conditioning Terminology

Positive - to add something Negative - to take something away Reinforcement - Increasing a behavior Punishment - Decreasing a behavior

Body Dismorphic DIsorder

Preoccupation with imagined or exaggerated defects in physical appearance

Introspection

Processes by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break into its component parts

Critical Period

Proficiency at acquiring language is maximal early in life

Aaron Beck

Proposed depressed people have depressed schemas. Depressed schemas contain themes of loss, failure, rejection, and worthlessness

To form relationships...

Proximity and Similarity are needed

Dispositionism

Human behavior is determined by internal factors.

Abraham Maslow

Humanism / Hierarchy of Needs, healthy, creative, and productive people tend to share similar characteristics

Carl Rogers

Humanism... client centered therapy... ideal self (person you would like to be) vs. real self (person you actually are)

Light Waves

Humans can see wavelengths ranging from 380-740nm

problem-focused coping

Identifying a stressor then selecting an alternative (controllable)

Equipotentiality Hypothesis

If part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part if the same area can take over that memory function

Wernicke's Area (Temporal Lobe)

Important for speech comprehension. Damage can lead to difficulty in understanding language.

Sucking Reflex

Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the mouth

Secondary Reinforcers

Reinforcers that have no inherent value (praise, money)

Thalamus

Relay center of brain

Rumination

Repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms rather than ignoring them.

Cognitive Development - 9-12 months

Respond to verbal requests

Triarchic theory of Intelligence

Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions

Endomorph

Round and heavy body type... relaxed, comfortable, good-humored, sociable

psychoanalytic theory

SIGMUND FREUD focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

PET Scan

Shows activity in different parts if the brain. Injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance

Deindividuation

Situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others

Late Adulthood (60+)

Skin continues to lose elasticity, reaction time slows further, muscle strength diminishes, smell, taste, hearing, vision decline

Social Strain Theory

Social relationships are strained... negative attitudes create social strain

Sensory Receptors

Specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli

stereotype

Specific belief or assumption about individuals based soley on their membership in a group, regardless of individual characteristics

Algorithm

Step-by-step problem-solving formula

Order of Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination

Stereotype -> Prejudice -> Discrimination

Procedural Memory

Stores information about how to do things (skills and actions, how to ride a bike, how to drive)

Agonist

Strengthens or mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter

Arousal Theory

Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

Ebbinghaus (1885)

Studied the process of memorization... 50% after 20 minutes, 70% after 24 hours

Self-Serving Bias

Tendency to explain our successes due to internal (dispositional) characteristics, but explain our failures due to external factors

Anchoring Bias

Tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving

Behavioral Inhibition

Tendency to show fear when presented with an unfamiliar situation

Prenatal Influences

Teratogen - any environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

The skinner box

To study operant conditioning, Skinner placed animals in an operant conditioning chamber. Lever that when pressed causes food to be dispensed as a reward

Memory Consolidation

Transfer of short term memory to long term memory

Stressor Examples

Traumatic Events, Life Changes, Hassles, Job-Related Stress

PTSD Conditioning Theory

Traumatic event (UCS) -> extreme fear and anxiety (UCR) + Traumatic reminders (CS) -> extreme fear and anxiety (CR)

Anatomy of the Auditory System

The ear is divided into 3 divisions: Outer - pinna and tympanic membrane Middle - the three ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes Inner - cochlea and basilar membrane

Flynn Effect

The idea that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last

Acquisition

The initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Just Noticable Difference Threshold

The minimum difference in stimuli required to detect a change or a difference between stimuli

Group Think

The modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Persuasion

The process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication

Spontaneous Recovery

The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

Grammar

The set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

Morpheme

The smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning

Self-Reference Effect

The tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

The Halo Effect

The tendency to let the overall impression of an individual color the way in which we feel about their chararcter

Lexicon

The words of a given language

Hippocrates

Theorized personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with four fluids ('humors of the body')

Antisocial personality disorder

lack of regard for other's feelings symptoms: do illegal activities, lying, impulsive, reckless, irritable, aggressive, lack of remorse, superficial charm More common in males, mainly genetic based

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk factors

lack of social support, trauma, life stress, female gender, low socioeconomic status, childhood adversity, family history

hippocampus (Limbic System)

learning and memory, associated with explicit memory... Patient H.M. - both temporal lobes were removed (including hippocampi) to help control seizures, declarative memory was significantly effected

Observational learning

learning by observing others

Latent Learning

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

threshold of excitation

level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active.... Na+ rushes into the cell, becoming more positive

Self Eficacy

level of confidence in our own abilities

Derealization Disorder

loss of attachment from the world and its surroundings

Retrograde Amnesia (NO OLD INFO)

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged

Central Trait

make up our personality

Issues to consider in research

manipulating variables, ethics

wavelength

measured from peak to peak

Normative Approach

measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development

Limbic System

mediates emotional response and memory. Made up of Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus

Depolarization

membrane potential becomes less negative making the neuron more likely to fire (excitation).

Hyperpolarization

membrane potential becomes more negative making the neuron less likely to fire (inhibition)

Explicit (declarative) Memory

memories of facts and events we can consciously remember and recall/declare... include semantic and episodic

Implicit Memory

memories that are not part of our consciousness, formed through behaviors... procedural memory

Glutamate (Neurotransmitter)

memory, learning... increased learning , enhanced memory

unconscious

mental activity of which we are unaware and unable to access

Supernatural Perspectives of Psychological Disorders

mental disorders are supernaturally occurring. People were possessed with black magic or spirits. Also Dancing Mania - people began randomly dancing and claimed to see demons

absolute threshold

minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

Bipolar Disorder

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

Asian Cultures

more collectivist, tend to be less extroverted

DSM-5 (cont.)

most used by mental health professionals, provides information about comorbidity

Gross motor skills

motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking

Discrimination

negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group

difficult temperament

negative emotions, difficulty adapting to change and regulating emotions

distress

negative stress

Pruning Period

neural connections are reduced during childhood and adolescence to allow the brain to function more efficiently

Blooming Period

neural pathways form thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood

Wechsler adult intelligence scale

new IQ test, tapped into verbal/nonverbal skills and is widely used... tests verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

correlation coefficient

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

Frequency

number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period... expressed in hertz (Hz)

naturalistic behavior

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Archival Research

uses past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

Importance of research

validation of claims, tangible evidence, prove certainty,

ectomorph

very think and skinny... anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet

genetic environmental correlation

view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes

continuous development

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills (adding inches to your height each year)

discontinuous development

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

cultural expectations

violating cultural expectations is NOT a way of identifying psychological disorders

Sensory Systems

vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, balance, body position, movement, pain, temperature

Perception

way the sensory information is interpreted, organized, and consciously experienced

Continuity (Gestalt Principle)

we are more likely to perceive things overlapping rather than unconnected pieces

social exchange theory

we help others when the benefits to ourselves are likely to outweigh the costs. Examining the costs and benefits of forming and maintaining relationships

Classic Conditioning

we learn to associate stimuli and anticipate events... conditioned(learned) and unconditioned (unlearned) response... dog and bells

Shaping

we reward successive approximations of a target behavior

justification of effort

we value goals and achievements that we put a lot of effort into (rewarding item)

Closure (Gestalt Principle)

we will perceive something as whole rather than a series of segments

Dependent Variable

what is measured to see the effect of the independent variable

Associative Learning

when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Observer Bias

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

Encoding

when the brain receives information from the environment... 1)it labels it 2)organizes it with other similar information 3) Connects new concepts through 2 types of processing

substantia nigra

where dopamine is produced... control of movement

Optic Chasm

where optic never merges from both eye

Lymphocytes

white blood cells that circulate in the body's fluid... stress leads to less lymphocytes being produced

Most suceptible to traumatic events

women, non-whites, lower socioeconomic groups

Job Strain

work situation involving the combination of excessive job demands and workload with little decision making or job control

Sensorimotor (0-2)

world experienced through senses and actions, D.I. Object permanance and stranger anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder causes

worry represents a mental strategy to avoid other emotions, worrying acts as a distraction, child maltreatment, mostly... genetic

Stages of Language Development

~0-18 months: First Words ~18-24 months: Simple sentences ~2-5 years: Complex sentences

Middle adulthood (40s to 60s)

•Physical decline is gradual. •Skin loses elasticity (wrinkles form). •Visual acuity decreases. •Women experience menopause. •Men and women both tend to gain weight. •Hair begins to thin and turn gray.

Thermoception

temperature perception

Europeans

tend to score higher on neuroticism

Central and South American Cultures

tend to score higher on openness to experience

homphily

tendency for people to form social networks

negative affectivity

tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, feel distressed, and be critical of oneself and others

Confirmation bias

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

availability heuristic

tendency to make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

Representative Bias

tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Hypothesis

tentative and testable statement about the relationship between 2 or more variable -predicts how world will behave if correct - usually if-then - is falsifiable

Object Permanance (Piaget)

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

learned helplessness theory

the belief that one has no control over one's situation based on past experience

percieved control

the belief that we can influence our environment in ways that determine whether we experience positive or negative outcomes

Prototype

the best example or representation of a concept... i.e Gandhi being a prototype for the category of civil disobedience

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

the biological system responsible for the stress response. Hypothalamus alerts pituitary gland which alerts the adrenal glands (cortisol is released)

General Adaptation Syndrome

the body's nonspecific physiological response to stress... 3 stages

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information to be remembered

Five Factor Model

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Depth Perception

our ability to perceive spatial relationships in 3D

Population

overall group of individuals that the researcher is interested in

Beta-Endorphin (Neurotransmitter)

pain, pleasure... decreased anxiety, decreased tension

Secure Base

parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

participant bias

participant expectations skew the results of the study

Choleric (yellow bile)

passionate, ambitious, and bold

archetypes

patterns that exist in our collective unconscious cultures/societies

Selective Migration

people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

placebo effect

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

Proprioception

perception of body position

Kinesthesia

perception of the body's movement through space

Projective Tests

personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

self-report inventories

personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior

foot-in-the-door technique

persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one

fight or flight response

the initial reaction of the body to stress. Uses sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system

Fine motor skills

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. Physical symptoms: small head size & abnormal facial features Cognitive: Poor judgement, poor impulse control, ADHD, learning issues, low IQ

job burnout

physical and mental exhaustion from work stress

Frequency of Soundwaves

pitch... High frequency = high-pitched sound Low frequency = low-pitched sound

Motor Cortex (Frontal Lobe)

planning and coordinates movement (FL)

secondary traits

the less obvious and less consistent traits

elements of happiness

pleasant life (daily pleasures) , good life (using skills for enrichment), meaningful life (contributing to greater good)

easy temperament

positive emotions, adapt well to change, and capable of regulating emotions

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Id

primitive urges, impulsive, operates on "pleasure principle"

Vicarious Punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

Vicarious Reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

Amygdala (Limbic System)

processes fear, and associated with fear memories

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)

projective test that is similar to a word association test in which a person completes sentences in order to reveal their unconscious desires, fears, and struggles

Franz Gall

proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person's personality traits, character, and mental abilities

Standardization

the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent

Sematics

the meaning we derive from morphemes and words

Treatment of ADHD

psychostimulants, helps narrow focus

2 dimensions of temperament

reactivity and self-regulation

False Memory Syndrome

recall of false autobiographical memories

Electroencephalography (EEG)

recording of the electrical activity of the brain

Sublimation

redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

reaction formation

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

Attrition

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

Denial

refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

Broca's Area (Frontal Lobe)

region in left hemisphere essential for language production. Damage to broca's can lead to difficulties producing language (FL)

hypothalmus (limbic system)

regulates homeostasis

Reticular Formation (Midbrain)

regulates sleep/wake cycle

Ways to enhance memory

rehearsal, chunking (organizing into manageable bits), elaborative rehearsal (technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory), Mnemonic Device

Fixed Ratio

reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses (factory workers being paid for every x number of items manufactured). (eyeglass saleswoman)

Variable Ratio

reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling). (gambler)

Fixed Interval

reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals (patients take pain relief medication at set times) (Surgery Patient)

Variable Interval

reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (checking facebook). (restaurant manager)

Primary reinforcers

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities (food, water, sleep, sex, pleasure)

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Correlation

relationship between two or more variables... if they are correlated one variable changes as the other does

Somatic Nervous System

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

Binocular Cues

relies on both of our eyes... binocular disparity refers to the different view of the world that each eye receives

Monocular Cues

relies on one eye, uses... 1) Linear Perspective - when 2 parallel lines seem to converge 2) Interposition - the partial overlap of objects

Experimenter Bias

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

single-blind study

researcher knows participants in experimental group/control group, but participants do not

double-blind study

researchers and participants are blind to group assignments

melancholic (black bile)

reserved, anxious, and unhappy

Merkel's Disks

respond to light pressure

Meisnerr's corpuscles

respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations

Pacinian corpuscles

respond to transient pressure and high frequency vibrations

Fixed

responses are set and unchanging

Variable

responses vary and change

prefrontal cortex (Frontal Lobe)

responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning... involved in remembering semantic tasks, encoding + retrieval

deductive reasoning

results are predicted based on a general premise. (Large Observation -> Small conclusion)

Regression

returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

self-discolsure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Ratio

schedule is based in number of responses between reinforcements

Interval

schedule is based on time between reinforcements

Psychopathology

scientific study of psychological disorders

Adrenal Gland

secretes hormones involved in stress response

pancreas

secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar

gonad

secretes sex hormones

Thyroid

secretes thyroxine, regulates growth, metabolism, and appetite

illusory correlation

seeing relationships between 2 things when in reality no such relationship exists

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Neuron

semipermeable membrane allows smaller molecules to pass through, incoming electrical signals received by dendrites which send signal down axon

Cognition

senses and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become thoughts

Parietal Lobe

sensory and perceptual information, contains somatosensory cortex (processes sensory information)

Nociception

sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain

Pituitary Gland (Endocrine System)

serves as the master gland, controls secretion of other glands

Baddely and Hitch Model

short-term memory has different forms depending on the type of information received

Resistant Attachment

show clingy behavior, but then reject mothers attempts to interact with them. Child did not explore the toys, became extremely disturbed and angry when mother left, were difficult to comfort when mother returned. Common when caregiver is inconsistent with level of response.

disorganized attachment

show odd behavior around caregiver Behaved oddly when mother left, tried to run away when mother returned common in abused children

CT Scan

shows brain tumors, involves x-rays passing through densities within the brain

Inflammatory pain

signals some type of tissue damage

Reciprocity

the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us

partial reinforcement

the organism does not get reinforced every time they display the desired behavior

American Psychological Association (APA) definition of a psychological disorder

significant disturbances in thought, feelings, and behaviors

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

Interaural timing difference

small difference in the time at which a given sound arrives at each ear

Psychology

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

Positive Punishment

something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. - Scolding a student for texting in class.

positive reinforcement

something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior (High grades, paychecks, praise)

Negative Punishment

something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (taking a toy away when a child misbehaves)

Negative Reinforcement

something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. (The beeping sound that will only go away when you put your seatbelt on.)

Interaural level difference

sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear

negative symptoms

specific schizophrenic symptoms 1) Avolition - lack of motivation 2) Alogia - reduced speech 3) Asociality - Social withdrawl 4) Anhedonia - removal of the expression of pleasure

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Neutral Stimulus

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (ringing a bell - does not cause salvation itself prior to conditioning) ... NS and UCS are paired repeatedly

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Sensory Memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes... stored for seconds

Group Polarization

strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group. Greater observation in social media. Stronger endorsement when backed by group

Auditory cortex (Temporal Lobe)

strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information

Mood Disorders (Bipolar and Depression) are...

strongly genetic, in depression high levels of cortisol are present, in both: imbalances in neurotransmitters... norepinephrine and serotonin

Longitudinal Research

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

Epigenetics

study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes

Dissociative Amnesia

Unable to recall personal information due to trauma

Concrete Operational (7-11)

Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations. D.I. Conversation and Math

Structuralism

Understanding the conscious experience through introspection

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Preoperational (2-6)

Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning. D.I. Pretend Play, Egocentrism, Language Development

Participants

subjects of psychological research

Random Sample

subset of a population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Sample

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Baillargeon (1987) study

Very young children understand objects and how they work long before they have experience with those objects.

Hindsight Bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Repression

suppressing painful memories and thoughts

Theory

Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

dissociative identity disorder

When a person exhibits 2 or more separate personalities/identities

stimulus generalization

When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Discrimination

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Bottom-Up Processing

system in which perception are built from sensory input (sensory input-> perception)

Transactional Model of Hostility

the thoughts and feelings of a hostile person promote antagonistic behavior toward others which in turn reinforces complimentary reactions from others thereby intensifying ones' hostile disposition and intensifying the cyclical nature

Situationism

the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings

syntax

the way words are organized into sentences

Figure 15.4 indicates that...

Women are higher in DSM disorders... women are more likely to open up about mental health than men

Type A

Workaholic, always has a deadline, more competitive... more likely to develop heart disease

Rooting Reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

Cardinal Trait

a characteristic or feature that is so pervasive the person is almost identified with it

Persistant Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

a chronic form of unipolar depression marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

Autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind, vaccines do not cause autism

outgroup

a group that one does not belong to or identify with

Flow

a particular experience so worthwhile and engaging that it becomes worth doing for its own sake

Mesomorph

a person with a compact and muscular body build... adventurous, assertive, competitive, and fearless

inferiority complex (Alfred Alder)

a person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standards of others or of society

bystander effect

a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress

Flash Bulb Memory

a record of an atypical and unusual event that has very strong emotional associations

Secure Attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

The Endocrine System

a series of glands that produce hormones to regulate normal bodily functions. Hypothalamus links nervous system and pituitary gland

Chronic Stressor

a source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly

Acute Stressor

a stressful situation or circumstance that happens in the short term and has a definite endpoint

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

collective unconscious

a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us

Freudian Slip

a verbal mistake that is thought to reveal an unconscious belief, thought, or emotion

Vestibular Sense

ability to balance and posture

Creativity

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

Convergent Thinking

ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem

emotional intelligence

ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

Validity

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure... does the test measure what it is supposed to measure

crystallized intelligence

acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it... knowing facts

Scapegoating

act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

Misinformation Effect

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

Factors connected to happiness

age, family, social relationships, married people, not money... GDP, employed/educated, religion/culture

instrumental aggression

aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal

hostile aggression

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

Trichromatic theory of color

all colors can be produced by combining red, green, and blue

Random assignment

all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories (flashbacks), nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Action Potential

an electrical signal... acts on all or none principle

Proximity (Gestalt Principle)

things that are close together tend to be grouped

similarity (Gestalt Principle)

things that are similar tend to be grouped together

Divergent Thinking

thinking "outside the box"... used when more than one possibility exists on a situation

Cognitive Development - 6-11 years

thinking becomes more logical and organized, understand past, present, and future, can plan and work towards goals, understand cause and effect relationships

peripheral route

an indirect rule that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message

Grasping Reflex

an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand

heart disease

any disease of the heart muscle or other working parts of the heart

Traumatic Event

any event that has a stressful impact sufficient to overwhelm your normal coping strategies

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

peripartum onset (postpartum depression)

applies to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child

Mental Sets

approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past

diagnosis

appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

socioemotional selectivity theory

as we get older, our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years.

Displacement

transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

Range of Reaction

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

Temporal Lobe

associated with memory, hearing, emotion, and some aspects of language . Contains auditory cortex and wernicke's area

parasympathetic nervous system

associated with routine day to day operations of the body under relaxed conditions

Occipital Lobe

associated with visual processing. contains visual cortex

Projection

attributing unacceptable desires to others

Moro Reflex

baby spreads arms and pulls them back in when they feel startled/ fell as if they are falling

Gestalt Psychology

based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts, consists of different principles

Instincts

behaviors triggered by a broader range of events... more complex than reflexes

grandiose delusions

beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important

somatic delusions

believes that his body is changing in an unusual way, such as growing a third arm

Phlegmatic (White phlegm)

calm, reliable, thoughtful

Cognitive Development - 6-9 Months

can shake their head no

Concept

categories of linguistic information, images, ideas or memories (i.e. idea of justice or types of birds)

Etiology

cause of disease

Neuropathic pain

caused by damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system

Cause and effect relationship

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

borderline perosnality disorder

characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships symptoms: intense and unstable relationships, unstable view of self, reckless

Pheromones

chemical messages sent by another individual... used by species to communicate

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Psychosexual Theory (Freud)

childhood experiences shape our personalities, lack of proper nurturance and parenting during stages lead to a child becoming fixated in that stage

Cognitive Development - 3-5 years

children learning counting, coloring , basic time concepts, time sequencing, enjoy pretend play

locus of

cognitive processes (beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics), behavior, and context all interact

Hopelessness Theory

cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression

Cognitive Development - 8 months

understand object permenance

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals.

Cross-Sectional Research

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time... i.e. age groups

compulsion

compelling; strong desire that is difficult to control; irresistible impulse... in response to obsession

Pons (Hindbrain)

connects the brain and the spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep

Reliability

consistency of measurement... would you get the same results every time?

Hindbrain

consists of Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum

Midbrain

consists of reticular formation, substantial nigra, and ventral tegmental area

Forebrain

contains cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and limbic system

Bipolar Medication

contains lithium... which blocks norepinephrine activity at the synapses

Afterimage

continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

Long-Term Memory

continuous storage of information, broken into explicit and implicit memory

Autonomic nervous system

controls internal organs and glands that can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Cerebellum (Hindbrain)

controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, important in processing of memory... procedural memories (i.e. how to play the piano) and classical conditioning

Natural Concept

created "naturally" through either direct or indirect experience... i.e. snow

Charles Spearman

creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept

As we age...

crystalized intelligence (information, skills, strategies gathered through experience) remains steady or improves Fluid Intelligence (information processing abilities, reasoning, and memory) begins to decline

avoidant attachment

unresponsive to parent when present, no distress when she leaves, react to stranger similar as to parent, slow to greet parent when she returns, ~20% show this pattern in the U.S.

Cones (Photoreceptors)

daytime vision, works best in light, high acuity color information, located in fovea

Coping

dealing with problems and troubles in an effective way

Extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

The Case of Genie

deprived of language until 13 years of age

Operational definition

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variable and manipulate the independent variables

Superego

develops through interactions with others, learning rules for right and wrong, strives for perfection

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors... ATYPICAL

Inattention Signs

difficulty in tasks, failure to follow instructions, disorganization, lack of attention to detail, being easily distracted

Dissociative Fugue

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity

Personality Disorders

display personality styles different from expectations of their culture

Type B

easygoing, relaxed people

how to reduce prejudice

education, contact, interactions, and building relationships

Suggestability

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

affective forecasting

efforts to predict one's emotional reactions to future events

Psychosocial development

emotions, personality, and social relationships

Automatic Processing

encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words... done without conscious awareness

Memory process

encoding, storage, retrieval

Conductive hearing loss

environmental factors that lead to hearing loss

social psychology

examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation

Reuptake

excess neurotransmitters in the synapse either drift away, are broken down, or are reabsorbed. movement of a neurotransmitter from the synapse back to the axon terminal from which it was released

Hyperactivity Signs

excessive movement, fidgeting, failure to remain seated

Frontal Lobe

executive functioning, motor control, emotion, language. contains motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and Broca's area

Stress reduction techniques

exercise, meditation, relaxation, biofeedback (electronic equipment to measure neuromuscular and anatomic activity)

Dual Attitudes Model

explicit attitudes (conscious and controllable), and implicit attitudes and (unconscious and uncontrollable) ... typically implicit is stronger

Biopsychology

explores the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior

specific phobia

extensive fear for a specific object/person

social anxiety disorder

extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others. These people typically perform safety behaviors.

Congenital Deafness

failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles, hearing aids, caused by age, genetics environmental effects

Sensorineural Hearing loss

failure to transmit neural signals from cochlea to brain

Functionalism

focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

Formal Operational (12+)

formal operations, utilize abstract reasoning. D.I. Abstract logic, moral reasoning

Heuristic

general problem-solving framework... i.e working backwards- begin the problem by focusing on the end result

Cause of ADHD

genetics with some evironment maybe

Biopsychology studies...

genetics, structure and function of nervous system, nervous system x endocrine system

In Group

group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

Norepinephrine (Neurotransmitter)

heart, intestines, alertness... increased arousal, suppressed appetite

Defense mechanisms

used by ego to restore balance between the id and superego

Hypertension

higher than normal blood pressure (blood pumps harder)

Lawrence Kohlberg

identified three stages of moral development

immunosuppression

immune system breaks down and is unable to do its job

Dyslexia

impairment of the ability to read

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

individual asked to make up a story about each of a series of ambiguous drawings

Rorschach inkblot test

individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's unconscious feelings and struggles

Immanuel Kant

individuals could be categorized into one of 4 temperaments and developed a list of traits to describe the temperaments

Bowlby and attachment theory

infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments

Independent Variable

influenced/ controlled by experimenter... difference between control/experimental

Episodic Memory

information about events we have personally experienced (your fifth birthday party, the who, where, when of an event

Temperament

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

The Diathesis-Stress Model

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

Top-Down Processing

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.

paranoid delusions

involve the false belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

involved in stress-related activities and functions; prepares for fight or flight

Egocentric Bias

involves enhancing our memories of the past

Stereotypical Bias

involves racial and gender biases

sanguine (red blood)

joyful, eager, and optimistic

Secondary Appraisal

judgment of options available to cope with a stressor and their potential effectiveness

Rationalization

justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons

Internal Factors

An attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament

Primary Appraisal

judgement about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail

Little Albert

John B. Watsons classical conditioning experiment on a baby that caused the baby to fear of the stimulus alone

Harmful Dysfunction

Occurs when an internal mechanism (cognition, perception, and learning) breaks down and can no longer perform its normal function.

Sensation

Occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli... energy detected converted into action potential

Proactive Interference (FORGET NEW)

Old information hinders recall of new information

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems... knowing how to do something

Retreival

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. 3 ways to retrieve information -> recall, recognition, relearning

Conditioned Response (CR)

The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus (Bell (CS) -> Salivation (CR))

How can Cognitive Dissonance be removed?

1) Changing Discrepant Behavior 2) Changing our cognitions through rationalization or denial 3) Adding a new Cognition

individualistic culture

A culture that focuses on individual achievement. A person's disposition is an explanation for their behavior. People of individualistic cultures commit the highest F.A.E.

Eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal

Implicit Association Test

Acts for "In group", confirms subconscious racial bias

G.A.S. 3) Stage of Exhaustion

Body no longer adapts to stressor and the stress takes a toll in the organism

How people bully

Boys: Physical... Girls: Social

Physiological effects of stress

elevated heart rate, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, pupils dilating, muscles tense, sweat, quickened respiration

Cognitive Effect of stress

Difficulty making decisions

Consummate Love

Healthy relationship, has intimacy, passion, and commitment

The effect of Initiation

Idea that difficult initiation influences us to like the group more

Walter Cannon

Identified body's reaction to stress and fight or flight response

Actor-Observer Bias

Phenomenon of attributing people's behavior to internal factors while attributing our own behavior to situational forces.

fundamental attribution error

Tending to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables and thus to a person's state

Hans Selye

Tested the effect of stress on mice and observed their responses... General Adaptation Syndrome

Yale Attitude Change Approach

The study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on the source of the communication, the nature of the message, and the nature of the audience

heart disease risk factors

aging, education, income, employment, unhealthy diet, tobacco, etc.

fatuous love

passion + commitment

Stanley Milgram's Experiment

tested obedience to an authoritative figure. The "shocking experiment".

Asch Effect

the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgement. Some influences can be the size of the majority, presence of another dissenter, public/private nature of response

health psychology

the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable


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