psych final exam

A ________ is a specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition A, theory B.hypothesis C. replication D. variable

B

Claire suffers from dissociative identity disorder and exhibits traits of schizophrenia as well. The existence of two disorders at the same time shows that Claire has: A. somatoform disorders B. comorbidity C. joint attention D. hypochondria

B

Freud developed the notion that the human mind has three distinct "provinces," or regions, that involve control and regulation of impulses. On the basis of this notion, the ____________ is the seat of impulse and desire and is usually developed in infancy. A. superego B. id C. ego D. instinct

B

Harry is fond of all the members of his baseball team, but he dislikes the members of the other teams, telling people they are all "dumb jerks." In this case, Harry is displaying a(n) ________________bias. A. self serving B. in group / out group C. actor observer D. myside

B

If a person exhibits behavior that is different from what most people do, that person's behavior is said to be A. delirious B. deviant C. dysthymic D. dysfunctional

B

In the context of the subdisciplines of psychology, which of the following is the study of how people perceive information, how they learn and remember, how they acquire and use language, and how they solve problems? A. Developmental psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Behavioral neuroscience D. Personality psychology

B

James shows signs of low awareness and high wakefulness, Meredith shows signs of moderate awareness and moderate wakefulness, and Chico shows signs of low awareness and low wakefulness. Which choice below accurately describes their states of consciousness A. James is in a coma, Meredith is in a vegetative state, and Chico is in a coma. B. James is in a vegetative state, Meredith is asleep, and Chico is in a coma. C. James is asleep, Meredith is a vegetative state, and Chico is in a coma. D. James is in a coma, Meredith is asleep, and Chico is in a vegetative state.

B

Jayden is a project manager in a multinational company and is currently managing a complicated project. This has affected his mental as well as physical health. He is going through a rough phase where he is neither able to do his regular job properly nor interact with his clients cordially. Which of the following "4 Ds" of determining whether something is a mental disorder does Jayden's condition reflect? A. disturbance B. dysfunction C. distress D. deviance

B

Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift that she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged? A. Storage B. Retrieval C. Encoding D. Consolidation

B

Nancy, a three-year old, enters a store by pushing a door open. Every time she comes to a door after that, she pushes the door expecting it to open even though many doors open by pulling rather than pushing. What is this an example of? A. divergent thinking B. mental set C. insight solutions D. lateral thinking

B

Philippe primarily focuses on improving the athletic performance of his patients through techniques such as relaxation and visualization. This implies that Philippe is most likely a(n) A. cognitive psychologist. B. sports psychologist. C. counseling psychologist. D. educational psychologist.

B

Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong are known as A. attributions B. stereotypes C. idiosyncrasies D. memetics

B

Spanking a child for repeatedly breaking glass showpieces is a form of ___________. A. positive reinforcement B. positive punishment C. negative reinforcement D. negative punishment

B

The term _______ can be defined as the study of changes in the way genes are activated or deactivated without changing the sequence of DNA. A. arborization B. epigenetics C. polygenic transmission D. synaptogenesis

B

The two types of conditioned are A. explicit and implicit B. classical and operant C. short term and long term D. evaluative and cognitive

B

Which of the following is true about theories? A. Theories cannot explain facts. B Theories organize and explain what we have observed. C. Theories prevent people from making observations. D. Theories, in science, are nothing more than mere guesses.

B

which of the following is true about sensory memory? A. Knowledge of how to ride a bike is stored in sensory memory. B. It is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. D. It can be transferred to long-term memory if it is practiced.

C

which of the following major psychological disorders is characterized by distorted thoughts and perceptions, odd communication, inappropriate emotion, and other unusual behaviors A. anorexia nervosa B. factitious disorder C. schizophrenia D. somatic symptom disorder

C

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________. A. observational learning B. enactive learning C. operant learning D. latent learning

A

Loreta, a 10-year-old girl, is a budding singer and, her parents ask her to showcase her talents every time they have guests at home. Loreta likes it when everybody praises her. Therefore, she attends classes and practices singing regularly. Which of the following is influencing her the most? A. extrinsic motivation B. the need for affiliation C. the over justification effect D. intrinsic motivation

A

Natalie is a kindergarten teacher. She gives a candy to the students who successfully complete their activities in class. This ensures that her students pay attention to what is being taught in class. Natalie's act of giving students a candy or a toy for paying attention in class is an example of A. positive reinforcement B. classical conditioning C. enactive learning D. observational learning

A

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has? A. The cocktail party effect B. The Stroop effect C. The "this party really sucks" effect D. Inattentional blindness

A

Replication of a study is important to A confirm the results of the study. B. formulate the hypothesis of the study. C. express the expectations of the study. D. interpret the results of the study.

A

Shane's father wants him to train as an investment banker and join the family business. Although Shane respects his father's opinion, he is very clear that he wants to be an author considering that he is extremely passionate about writing. Which of the following is guiding Shane's choice of profession? A. intrinsic motivation B. extrinsic motivation C. altruism D. peer pressure

A

Sigmund and Anna Freud described psychological ____________ as strategies that the mind develops to protect itself from anxiety-provoking desires, thoughts, and memories. A. defense mechanisms B. fixations C. archetypes D. projective tests

A

The first step of forming memories involves A. encoding one's sensory experiences. B. recalling memories similar to present sensory inputs C. retrieving memories D. rehearsing an experience repeatedly

A

The term ___ is defined as the inherent drive to realize one's full potential A. self actualization B. self obsession C. self deception D. self observation

A

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter released in the brain that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming? A Acetylcholine B. Histamine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine

A

Which of the following statements is true of dreams? A Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. B. Full-blown dreams are more common during non-REM than REM sleep. C. Dreams occur only in REM stage. D. Dreams coincide with the occurrence of sleep spindles.

A

____ is a kind of conformity that occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure A. obedience B. deception C. heterogeneity D. discrimination

A

_______ are photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light A Cones B. Rods C. Lenses D. Fovea

A

________ are examples of stimulants A. Coffee and Tea B. Cocaine and LSD C. Gummy Bears and Sweet Tea D. Alcohol and Tylenol

A

________ are useful when the variables cannot be manipulated or controlled by the experimenter. A Correlational studies B. Experimental studies C. Naturalistic observations D. Case-control studies

A

the ability to generate original ideas or develop a novel solution to problems is known as A. divergent thinking B. convergent thinking C. systems thinking D. counterfactual thinking

A

the tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as A. confirmation bias B. causal inference C. conjuction fallacy D. metacognitive dissonance

A

tom and his teammate are given the task of working on an important presentation. tom does not contribute much because he is sure that his teammates can handle the presentation by themselves. this is an example of ______ a. social loafing b. a self-serving bias c. reciprocal altruism d. cognitive dissonance

A

which of the following best describes cognitive fixation A. the inability to break out of a particular mind set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective B. the ability to methodically develop step by step methods to solve a problem C. the ability to break out of a particular mind set in order to think about a problem from a fresh perspective D. the inability to methodically develop step by step methods to solve a problem

A

which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect A. a person who receives a desired message is more likely to check emails more often B. a person who receives a reply that is less interesting than an ongoing lecture is more likely to keep on texting C. a person who feels less energetic after drinking coffee one morning is more likely to have coffee every morning D. a person who injures his knee while exercising a few times is more likely to exercise more often

A

which of the following is more important for extrinsic motivation than for intrinsic motivation A. enjoyment B. challenge C. reward D. autonomy

C

Which of the following statements is true of the functions of sleep? A. It inhibits neural growth. B. It consolidates memory. C. It enhances cellular damage. D. It resists metabolic cleanup

B

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as A. cognitive programming. B. pruning. C. rewiring D. enriching.

B

____ are inherently biological states of cellular or bodily deficiency that compel drives A. incentives B. needs C. emotions D. moods

B

_____ is defined as the urge to move toward one's goal A. emotion B. motivation C. deprivation D. perception

B

________ are useful when you what to claim that X causes Y. A. Correlational studies B. Experimental studies C. Naturalistic observations D. Case-control studies

B

bama has a high behavioral threshold for anger. based on this statement which of the following is most likely true about bama A. bama has a quick temper B. it takes a lot to make bama angry C. bama becomes extremely violent when angry D. it is in bamas nature to react strongly to the slightest provocation

B

in the context of human personality ____ is the point at which one moves from not having a particular response to having one A. a moral high ground B. a behavioral threshold C. a psychosexual stage D. a quantitative trait locus

B

in which of the following methods of personality assessment are participants provided an ambiguous stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see A. behavioral observation techniques B. projective tests C. personality questionnaires D. interviews

B

the ____ of motivation argues that humans are motivated to be in situations that are neither too stimulating nor not stimulating enough A. evolutionary model B. optimal arousal model C. drive reduction model D. hierarchical model

B

the existence of two or more disorders at the same time is called A. cyclothymia B. comorbidity C. joint attention D. compulsion

B

what can be best defined as the study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior? A. Clinical psychology B. Social psychology C. Educational psychology D. Industrial psychology

B

what is the optimal learning time for language acquisitions A. 5-9 years B. 0-12 years C. 3-7 years D. 6-12 years

B

which of the following big five dimensions of personality is best depicted by the description "how planned, organized, orderly, hard working, controlled, persevering, punctual, and ambitious is someone" A. openness to experience B. conscientiousness C. extraversion D. agreeableness

B

which of the following is an assumption of the psychoanalytic perspective of personality A. one has a natural interest in becoming the best person possible B. one's personality resides in the unconscious, and early childhood experiences lay the foundation for adult personality C. a persons behavior changes in different situations, and humans have a biological foundation for their personality traits D. traits are the major force behind personality

B

which of the following terms refers to the shortcuts people take to make complex and uncertain decisions and judgments A. forecasting B. heuristic C. regression analysis D. critical thinking

B

According to the concept of personality the ____ of a person is the disposition to behave consistently in a particular way A. reaction B. self concept C. trait D. motive

C

An ______ is the process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them in our minds. A. operant response B. oriented response C. association D. accumulation

C

Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys demonstrated that _____ is as essential a function of nursing humans as is providing nutrition. A. breast feeding B. using silly voices C. contact comfort D. animistic thinking

C

The Gestalt Law of _____ occurs when we perceive lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path A. proximity B. figure - ground C. continuity D. Similarity

C

The ________ play an important role in the sensation and perception of touch. A. occipital lobes B. frontal lobes C parietal lobes D. temporal lobes

C

The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. The removal of the annoying beeping is ______ for fastening the seat belt. A. positive reinforcement B. negative punishment C. negative reinforcement D. backward conditioning

C

The term ______ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. theory of mind D. animistic thinking

C

When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of? A. habituation B. unconditioned response C. association D. reinforcement

C

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter that is involved in voluntarily controlling one's muscles and is released during feelings of pleasure or reward? A. Acetylcholine B. Epinephrine C. Dopamine D. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

C

____ occurs when the presence of others improves our performance A. conformity B. social loafing C. social facilitation D. normative social influence

C

______ is defined as a heightened awareness of the present moment, whether of events in one's environment or in one's own mind. A. Hypnosis B. Hypersomnia C. Mindfulness D. Selective attention

C

______, the retention of memory over time, is the third stage of long-term memory formation. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval

C

_______ plays a role in dreaming and in controlling emotional states, such as, anger, anxiety, and depression A. GABA B. Glutamate C Serotonin D. Dopamine

C

________ is defined as the degree to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure, such as intelligence, and not something else, and the degree to which it predicts real-world outcomes. A. Replicability C. Validity B. Acceptability D. Reliability

C

a classic examples of ____ is peer pressure, in which people engage in certain behaviors, such as drinking or trying drugs, so that they will be accepted by a particular social group A. kin selection B. prosocial behavior C. normative social influence D. diffusion of responsibility

C

what is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning A. classical conditioning involves instant learning whereas operant conditioning involves learning over time B. classical conditioning involves learning over time whereas operant conditioning involves instant learning C. classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences D. classical conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli

C

which of the following are types of anxiety disorders A. dysthymia and kleptomania B. depressive disorder and bipolar disorder C. post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder D. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

C

which of the following is a necessary criterion for something to be regarded as creative A. aesthetics and functional fixedness B. preparation and fluency C. usefulness and originality D. elaboration and aesthetic

C

A bird has two legs, two eyes, and feathers, and it uses its wings to fly in the sky. The organizing of this information about birds is known as a(n): A. abstract B. schema C. heuristic D. concept

D

Alcohol and opioids are examples of ______ while marijuana and LSD are examples of ______ A. a good time; a better time B. stimulants; depressants C. hallucinogens; stimulants D. depressants; hallucinogens

D

Farah suffers major brain trauma in a train crash. As a result, she can no longer form new memories. She can recall the memories of her life before the crash quite accurately, but she cannot remember any new people she meets or any experiences she has afterward. Farah's condition is known as A. dissociative fugue. C. lacunar amnesia. B. retrograde amnesia. D. anterograde amnesia.

D

Personality psychology can be best defined as the study of A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. C. the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

D

Skinner's explanation of language could not fully explain how humans learn languages because: A. it did not take into account the various socioeconomic factors influencing language development B. it did not explain how different children begin to utter words and sentences at different ages C. it was found that imitation does not always lead to reinforcement and shaping D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement

D

The Gestalt law of _____ says that we tend to group together objects that are near one another. A. continuity B. similarity C. closure D. proximity

D

Transduction can be defined as: A. the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world. B. the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience. C, the diminishing ability of sensory adaptation. D. the conversion of physical into neural information.

D

____ are the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need A. incentives B. traits C. emotions D. drives

D

____ attributions ascribe other people's behavior to something within them, such as their personality, motives, or attitudes A. peripheral B. external C. situational D. dispositional

D

____ disorders include depressive disorders and bipolar disorders A. somatic symptom B. substance related C. factitious D. mood

D

____ is defined as a device people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness A. the representation heuristic B. anchoring and adjustment C. integrative thinking D. the availability heuristic

D

____ occurs when people conform to the behavior of others because they view them as a source of knowledge about what they are supposed to do A. kin selection B. diffusion of responsibility C. prosocial behavior D. informational social influence

D

______ processing occurs when one carefully attends to and consciously works at remembering information. A. Automatic B. Structural C. Phonological D. Effortful

D

________ are photoreceptors in the retina that play a key role in night vision, as they are most responsive to dark and light contrast A. Lenses B. Glial cells C. Cones D. Rods

D

classical conditioning occurs when an organism A. modifies its behavior as a result of experiencing the consequences of its actions over a period of time B. increases the likelihood of a behavior for a reward such as money or peer approval C. extends the association between a conditioned response and a consequence D. associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

D

developmental psychology can be best described as the study of? A. how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. B. the links among brain, mind, and behavior. C. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.

D

tony behavior often causes his parents a lot of anguish, pain, and discomfort in addition to embarrassment in front of guests. according to the 4Ds of determining whether something is a mental disorder, such behavior is known as A. discordant B dichotic C. dysthymic D. distressing

D

which of the following explains inductive reasoning A. reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions B. proving something by showing that all other possibilities are not possible C. understanding something by considering it as a whole system and splitting it into parts D. drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

D

which of the following individuals is making a situational attribution A. randy finds dirty dishes in the kitchen sink and comments that his daughter was just too lazy to wash them after she ate B. maureen tells her friends that her boyfriend could not choose a nice shirt to wear because he is too fickle minded C. Marissa sees chris trip and notes how clumsy he must be; she didnt see that the concrete of the sidewalk was crumbling D. Faizals girlfriend is late for a party, and he tells the group that she is probably stuck in traffic

D

which of the following is true for convergent thinking problems A. they require that the problem be redefined in a way that makes finding a solution more likely B. there are many possible solutions to these problems, some of which work better than others C. to solve them, we must break away from our normal problem-solving strategies and make unusual associations to arrive at novel ways of thinking D. they have known solutions, which can be reached by narrowing down a set of possible answers

D

which of the following is true of motivation A. it is responsible for every action B. it is usually not caused by physiological drives C. it cannot be caused by external factors D. it is caused by some need

D

which of the following refers to the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive A. evolutionary psychology B. human ethology C. anthropology D. cognitive psychology

D

which of the following statements describes linguistic determinism hypothesis A. environmental and genetic factors determine a child's language capacity B. learning to speak a language is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped C. the biologically based language acquisition device has principles of universal grammar D. language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world

D

which of the following symptoms is characteristic of autistic spectrum disorder A. impulsivity B. hallucinations C. hyperactivity D. impaired communication

D

who among the following argues that humans are born with an innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language A. piaget B. skinner C. Vygotsky D. chomsky

D