Psych Final

The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was

Edward Tolman

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of

effect

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?

Attention

Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?

Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.

Although Paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. Paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?

Cognitive

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?

Grandmother's house; falling

Which of the following describes one of the functions of the temporal lobe of the brain?

It is where declarative memories are stored.

A young child says, "Where did you goed?" Which of the following psychologists would most likely argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule?

Noam Chomsky

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal?

The eardrum

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

area of the hypothalamus

Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the

cerebellum

In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the

dependent variable

A researcher uses debriefing when he

explains the true purpose of a study immediately after the study is complete

A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked: "Did you see a broken headlight?" Participants in group two are asked: "Did you see the broken headlight?" The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall?

framing

A female student was rejected by a college because her score on a test used by the college to predict performance there was below the college's cutoff score. An influential alumnus of the college intervened on the student's behalf and the student was admitted. Four years later the student graduated with honors. The most likely explanation of this outcome is that the test

had less than perfect validity

The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the

hypothalamus

A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is

limited in capacity

A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units, is called a

morphene

In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent

response, reinforcement

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study

the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull?

Schemas

According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity othesis, which of the following is true?

Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways.

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

Which of the following psychological approaches suggests that jealousy might serve an adaptive function in protecting a sexual relationship from threats?

Evolutionary

In order to get more audience participation, a radio show offers a prize to the first person to call the show at the beginning of every hour. The show is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

Fixed interval

For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?

Fixed ratio

Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

Hippocampus

A dog bit Sam when he was a small child and now Sam believes all dogs bite. Which of the following is a type of reasoning that Sam is using to come to this conclusion?

Inductive

In set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies which of the following was the conditioned stimulus?

Touch to the body

Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule?

Variable-interval

Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in

a decrease in heart rate

A standardized test must have all of the following EXCEPT

multiple-choice questions

Balance is influenced by the

semicircular canals