Psych

Divergent thinking is defined as:

the ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem.

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

the availability heuristic

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

_____ is defined as the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned (i.e., conditioned) response.

Extinction

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

Jasmine uses a ruler to measure the distance between two points. She does this five times and each time she gets the same measurement of 3.5 inches. She checks this measurement with her dad's high-tech laser ruler and discovers that her ruler is inaccurate; the correct measurement is actually 5 inches. How would you describe Jasmine's ruler?

It is reliable, but not valid.

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?

It would be unethical by today's research standards.

In the operant conditioning techniques reinforcement and punishment, what do the terms positive and negative refer to?

Positive refers to a stimulus that is added and negative refers to a stimulus that is removed.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

A heuristic is:

a mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Jaime is able to hum the tune to his favorite song because it has been _____ encoded in his memory.

acoustically

Ella has suffered a head injury. She is no longer able to form new long-term memories. She is suffering from:

anterograde amnesia.

Joy's doctor tells her that supplements are not effective at lowering cholesterol and that she shouldn't waste her money. Joy takes her doctor's advice without doing any additional research on her own. Joy is demonstrating the:

authority heuristic

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus must be presented _____ the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus in order for an association to be made.

before and during

Joe is 10-years-old. His parents have him take an IQ test and discover that his IQ is 80. How would you describe Joe's IQ?

below average

Sly is assigned a locker in gym class with the combination 19, 5, 4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering involve

chunking.

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning by repeatedly presenting the _____.

conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Howard found evidence that one of Sheldon's published theories is incorrect. Even after multiple outside labs confirmed Howard's new findings, Sheldon refuses to believe his theory is wrong. Sheldon is falling victim to the:

confirmation bias.

After spending two hours studying, Daryl goes to bed early to get plenty of sleep. This is because he knows it will help him convert the information he just learned from short-term to long-term memory. This process is known as:

consolidation.

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

distributed

What is the correct order of the three basic processes of memory?

encoding, storage, retrieval

I am trying to learn the names of all of the countries. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

explicit

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit memories

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

fear can be a conditioned response

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

fluid

What is the confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Spearman's "g" is a measure of _____ intelligence.

general

What brain structure serves as a temporary storage bin for episodic and semantic memories?

hippocampus

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its motherâ s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Vince is failing Chemistry. Halfway through the year, his teacher, Mr. Nye, pairs him up with Lisa. Vince has had a crush on Lisa since the seventh grade and he really wants to impress her. Mr. Nye is shocked; since getting paired up with Lisa, Vince has gotten every question right! Vince is demonstrating _____.

latent learning

in Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

The tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation refers to a(n)

mental set.

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept.

natural

Anita says she can't define art but she knows it when she sees it. In Anita's mind, art is a(n):

natural concept.

Jamal suffers from severe migraines. His doctor prescribes him a new drug, Migrex, which takes away his migraine in no time! Jamal continues to take Migrex whenever he has a headache because it takes away the pain. What is this an example of?

negative reinforcement

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Byron watches as his dad hammers a nail into a piece of wood. Byron picks up his toy hammer and imitates his dad by hammering a plastic nail. Bryon is demonstrating _____.

observational learning

A(n) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.

practical

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her previous address prevented her from accurately remembering her current address. This is an example of:

proactive interference.

Lily performed a dance routine at a competition three months ago. When her grandmother asks her to show her the routine, Lily finds that she makes very few mistakes. Lily is using her _____ memory to perform the dance routine.

procedural

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

The _____ can contribute to the creation of stereotypes. For example, Denise went to the lake with her friends last week and she noticed that everyone was waving and acting very friendly. Denise now believes that everyone who owns a boat is extremely friendl

representative heuristic

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Liza uses _____ to help her recall information. For example, she remembers that the temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information because temporal contains the word "tempo," which reminds her of music.

retrieval cues

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Which of the following is considered to be the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

salivating/drooling in response to the bell

Chuck is a spy for the C.I.A. He suffered a head injury during his last secret mission. His doctors are trying to assess whether he is experiencing memory loss. They ask him questions such as "Who is the current president of the United States?" and "What do you remember about your sister's wedding last weekend?" Remembering who is president is a(n) _____ memory and remembering the events of your sister's wedding is a(n) _____ memory.

semantic; episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Sydney is learning how to play pool. At first, her uncle reinforces her for hitting any of the pool balls. Next, he only reinforces her for hitting the pool balls into a pocket. Finally, he only reinforcers her for hitting her own pool balls into a pocket. What operant conditioning technique is Sydney's uncle using to teach her how to play pool?

shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.

standardization

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination

"Little Albert" learned to fear a white rat when it was paired with a loud noise. When "Little Albert" was presented with other similar stimuli that he had not been conditioned to fear, such as a white rabbit or white Santa Claus mask, he would scream and cry just the same. This is an example of _____.

stimulus generalization

When Alex kisses Joanna, her heart rate increases. Alex always wears the same cologne. Now, whenever Joanna smells Alex's cologne, her heart starts to race. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

Alex's cologne

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

Alfred Binet

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

Artificial

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

_______ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts