Psych last sections

Antecedent Condition

"If". The condition that must come before

Consequent

"Then".IF you have this condition present THEN this will happen. IF you get the antecedent condition there has to be a consequent

Drive Theory

- want to achieve homeostasis or balance. Internal tensions "push" towards satisfying basic needs. See this with hunger. Is restricted

The English language has _____ phonemes

40-45

Means-end analysis is an example of

A general heuristic

Difficulty in solving the "water-jar" problem results primarily from

A mental set

You are given premises that you must assume are true, and your task is to decide whether a certain conclusion can be drawn from these premises. The problem you are working on is called

A syllogism

An ____ is a step-by-step procedure that is guaranteed, eventually, to produce a solution

Algorithm

Jim needs a backyard shed to house his motorcycle, and even though he has never built one, he decides to do it himself. He buys a book of professionally drawn detailed shed plans. In this situation, Jim is using

Algorithm

Using a previously solved problem that seems similar as a model for a new problem describes the use of an

Analogy

Left Hemisphere

Approach related emotions. Positive

Schacghter two factor theory of emotions

Arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs. -Integrated cognitive component as primary in emotion experience. -Two components are a. Physiological arousal b. Cognitive Evaluation *Not enough to be aroused, you must determine what that means.

The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane crash than a car. The is an example of

Availability bias

The language skills of Kanzi, the pygmy chimp in Sue Savage-Rumbaugh's research, are remarkable due to the fact that Kanzi learned language

By observing his mother being taught

Sign language study: Nim

Chimpsky project tried to teach the chimp language without getting emotionally attached. In the end, does this animal really know language? Nope. Nim has learned to make gestures that gets him rewards or punishments

The property of language known as displacement accounts for the capacity to

Communicate about matters that are not in the here-and-now

Which type of problem derived from formal logic takes the form of "if-then" statements?

Conditional Reasoning

The tendency to search for only information that supports your view and ignore contradictory information is called

Confirmation bias

Infinite generativity refers to the ability to

Create unlimited numbers of meaningful sentences

Natural Selection

Darwin's principle of an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring

Whenever scientists use theories and intuitions to make specific predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations, ____ is at work

Deductive Reasoning

When the pygmy chimp named Kanzi was asked about a wound on his body, he made an apparent reference to an incident that occurred more than an hour earlier. Behaviors such as these would seem to satisfy which property of language?

Displacement

James-Lange theory

Emotions occur after arousal. -Have some philological/behavioral changes in the body. fight or flight type of things as well as running, crying etc. -after this, some emotion is experienced Ex. See a snake-sympathetic nervous system reactions take place�behavioral changes (may scream, run away)-after that some kind of emotion is experienced. "I'm afraid because I'm running away." They react because they are aware of some response. *Most believe the emotion is first and the response comes after. These researchers turn it around. "I'm crying because I'm sad." When in actuality, it is opposite. You are sad because you are crying.

Feedback hypothesis

Expressions affect emotions

Beauty

Female strategy: "good genes" resources

Invalid Conclusion

Goes against the premises

Valid Conclusion

Goes with the premises

3 predictors of happiness

Health, financial security and relatedness

After the outcome of an election is announced, you state that you knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of

Hindsight bias

Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general. That is, people often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is termed

Inductive

Arousal come from the brain particularly in the ______ system

Limbic

Morphemes are to ____ as phonemes are to ____

Meaning;sound

A student who has just entered college has the goal to graduate. In order to graduate, she must pass her courses. In order to pass her courses, she must do well on her tests. In order to do well on her tests, she must study, so she is studying. This illustrates

Means-end analysis

3 things the effect happiness

Money, marriage and religion

Is the following conclusion valid: p: all lawyers are rich p: some rich people are dishonest c: some lawyers are dishonest

No

Affirming consequent

Not valid

Denying Antecedent

Not valid

Mate Choice and Attraction

Operates at level of "gut" attractions, not conscious evaluation Identifies what types of attraction in members of opposite sex would have enhanced reproduction success in our ancestral part

Buss cross-cultural studies

Over 10,000 subjects from over 30 countries across the globe Female attractions: decrease parental investment by getting good genes and copious resources Male long-term mate attractions: increase paternity certainty, while maximizing reproductive output

Depersonalization

Person starts talking more in the 3rd person instead of the 1st person

Indirect Pathway

Sends to prefrontal cortex and gives meaning (creates memories) to send to the Amygdala

Cathy just got transferred to a new department. She has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable person. According to confirmation bias, what will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?

She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor

Kanzi

Some elements of syntax Some evidence of displacement 100-200 word vocabulary Use is primarily utilitarian, not for sharing experiences, 90% of Kanzi's utterances are requests/commands About at the age level of a 2.5 child

Premises

Statement assumed to be true for sake of argument, not necessarily empirically true

"The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar." This sentence is

Syntactically correct but semantically incorrect

Direct Pathway

Thalamus straight to the Amygdala

Maternity Certainty

The woman knowing the child is her's

Functional fixedness refers to the tendency to

Think of items only in terms of their typical uses

Affirming Antecedent

Valid

Denying consequent

Valid

Use ____ to evaluate conclusions in syllogistic reasoning

Venn diagrams

According to Noam Chomsky, the fact that all children all over the world acquire language at the same time indicates that

We are prewired to learn language

Adaptation Theory (Hedonic Treadmill)

We quickly adapt to new circumstances requiring ever greater "thrills" to achieve contentment (the more you have, the more you want!)

Parental Investment

What each sex invests-in terms of time, energy, survival risks, and forgone opportunities-to produce and nurture offspring.

Right Hemisphere

Withdrawal related emotions. Negative emotional state. Dealing with avoidance

What men look for in women

Youth, beauty, and sexual conservatism

Language

a symbolic rule-based system of communication shared by a community

Hypothalamus

also part of limbic system. Associated with eating etc. Very important in the good feeling associated with being full after a big meal or the feeling of "wow, this is good." Makes you want to keep eating. Also, this is associated with the good feeling of orgasm and sexual feelings.

Paternity Certainty

an expression of the confidence that a male has that he is really the genetic father of any offspring.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

associated to emotional experiences. These emotions are generally contentment and relaxation and a greater sense of control.

Micro-expressions

brief, fleeting facial expression of the opposite emotion to what the person is trying to convey to the individual. Ex. If they are trying to convey happiness, a brief moment before, they will exhibit an expression of contempt or anger. It may not even be noticeable.

Displacement

can communicate about things/ideas that are not in here and now.

Cannon Bard theory

competitors with James-Lange. Believed Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously. -First you have a stimulus (snake)-this must be processed in the brain (the thalamus) because you have to decide if it is a threat and put meaning on the pattern, once it does this, ANS, BEHAVIOR,EMOTION occur at such a pace, it is difficult to determine which happens first, second, or third. These tend to run together. **Problem was it was difficult to test the argument for James-Lange or Cannon.

Hippocampus

deals with memory and also the major way the hippocampus codes information is by the value it places on the emotion. The brain is set up to remember the emotion that is associated with an event or place. The emotion is more powerful than the memory itself.

Practical Reasoning

deals with social situations so they are easier to solve

Generativity

from a set of finite fundamental units, infinite meaning is possible. From finite and meaningless, you generate infinite and meaningful information

Arbitrariness

fundamental units of language have arbitrary relationship to what they represent. Ex. Dog. Fundamental units of language are meaningless.

Heuristics

general problem solving strategies that are often useful but not always effective. Raise the probability of success but not guaranteed. EX. in football: control line of scrimmage, avoid turnovers. In chess: control center of board. You can still do all these things and lose

Abstract Reasoning

harder for humans to solve problems

Framing effects in decision-making

how you present the options

Physiological Needs

hunger, thirst, and maintenance of homeostasis

Instinct Theory

inborn, unlearned behaviors universal to species explain motivation. It is difficult to identify certain instincts. Complex behavior that we do not know where they came from. Has gone very far with humans

Extrinsic Motivation

incentives (rewards, punishments). Only do it for the rewards. Outside factors

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

lower motives (such as physiological and safety needs) must be satisfied before advancing to higher needs (such as belonging and self-esteem)

Semanticity

meaningfulness drives all communication. Language can be sloppy and have violated rules that can be tolerated

Reasoning

mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions. Doing this in order to draw a conclusion. The conclusion acts as new information

Incentive Theory

motivation results from environmental stimuli that "pull" the organism in certain directions

Arousal Theory

need to be center of attention to be the most comfortable. People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance. People either have high level or low level. Low levels decrease the activity and high levels increase

Intrinsic Motivation

organismic needs and enjoyability and key to achievement. Rewarding in itself. Do not do it for the money

Sympathetic Nervous System

part of the nervous system deals with 'fight or flight' where it takes over when there is some type of threat. Physical changes/responses are noticed at a conscious level. i.e. pupils dilate, mouth becomes dry, respiration increases. Because these are noticeable, they can become a conscious part of emotions.

General Transmission

passed on from one generation to the next. We are not born knowing language. This is why language can die because of the transmission process

Mean-end Analysis

popular general. Breaking problem down into series of sub-problems. No one can solve a complex problem in one step, so you make many small problems and solve those until you solve the whole thing. The challenge is sticking to the program. It's good for breaking down the problems but bad for sticking with it. Tend to do naturally

Syntax

rules for combining words to form phrases and sentences

Confirmation Bias

search only for information that supports our ideas. Very common. We are attracted to certain options so the playing field is not even. We ignore anything that goes against the decision we want. So we ignore a lot of evidence

Amygdala

seems to be the part of the brain that deals with fear and negative events. The fear has to be dealt with for the organism to operate.

Ekman's universals of facial Expression

should be universal among humans. It should be good for our survival to be able to read emotion from faces. the universals were joy, fear, anger, sadness, surprise and disgust.

Morpheme

smallest meaningful unit of language. Basic unit of meaning

Phoneme

smallest unit of speech or sound

Algorithms

step-by-step procedures that are guaranteed to give a solution to a specific problem. EX. recipe to bake a cake, formula to solve for area of a triangle. These are nice because they work. For it to work, it has to be done right and they are very narrow in their scope (a particular algorithm works only for a specific thing).

Mental Set

stick with previous mind set even if it cannot fix the current issue

Conditional Reasoning

takes the form of if/then statements

Early ape studies: Vicki

teaching a chimp to speak. Big disaster. It did not work because it did not acquire language. A chimp is not going to talk because their vocal operatic is not the same as a humans

Sign language study: Washoe

teaching an ape sign language. Same idea as Viki project but communicated with Washoe through sign language. This also did not work. Instead, they became more active in teaching sign language rather than hoping he's just pick up on it and this has more success. Most important claim the Gardner's made was Washoe's use of generativity. He combined signs to make greater meaning.

Functional Fixedness

the function of an object is fixed in our heads.

Syllogistic Reasoning

the function of an object is fixed in our heads.

Esteem Needs

to achieve, be competent, gain approval, and excel

Belongingness Needs

to affiliate with others, be accepted, and give and receive affection

Conclusion

to be valid must be necessitated by the premises. must be only possible conclusion drawn base on relationships expressed in premises. A valid conclusion cannot just be reasonable or plausible based on premises, it must be necessary

Safety Needs

to feel secure and safe, to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Self-actualization Needs

to find self-fulfillment and realize one's potential

Problems of circularity and variability

two humans can be subjected to the same thing and yet behave differently. The very ability of humans are not as predictable as other species. If there are certain instincts, they must be simplistic.

In recent, extensive tests of Kanzi's language ability, his language comprehension skills were compared with that of a

two-and-half-year-old girl

Evolutionary approach to motivation

using Darwinian principles to explain/understand human nature. Why do our emotions push us in one direction and move us from another

Analogies

using past experience/problem as a model for current problem-solving. Tend to do naturally. Created a debate among researchers because their general thought was analogy was positive BUT it is actually detrimental. Some say it is helpful and some say it gets in the way

Cuckholdry

want the male is is not as cute, he's a good provider. When the male is away, female starts to see more attractive males and wants them more when they are not fertile

Zajonc "brain-cooling" theory

when you adopt a smile, the muscles of the face are in such a pattern that it allows the vessels and capillaries to open up and allows a freer flow of blood around the head. This blood acts like a radiator in the car. Tests were done to test this and proved that a cooler brain feels better! The feeling of feeling good is translated into an emotional experience.