PSYCH MIDTERM

Representativeness Heuristic

"Law of Small Numbers"- Things that do not appear to have any logical sequence are regarded as representative of randomness and thus are more likely to occur

Schacter and Singer

"Two factor theory": Emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal E.g., Our physiology and our cognitions- perceptions, memories, and interpretations- together create emotion

Logical constraints:

(all the pieces must be used)

Physical constraints:

(large peg can't fit into small hole)

Cultural constraints:

(license plate)

Semantic constraints:

(there is only one place that a rider can go)

Prevalence and cause of dissociative identity disorder

0.5%-1%, female to male prevalence is 9:1 often correlates with abuse or trauma

Prevalence and cause of Borderline Personality disorder

1-2% twice as common in women neurotransmitter issues, environmental

Prevalence and cause of ADHD

11% of boys 4% of girls partially genetic, partially environmental

Prevalence and cause of phobic disorders

11% of people, more common in women

Prevalence and cause of Autism

3-6 out of 100, males 3:1 genetic

Prevalence and cause of panic disorder

3.5%, more women than men suffer moderate heritability

Prevalence and cause of Antisocial personality disorder

3.6%, males outnumber females 3:1 biological causes, environmental

Prevalence and cause of major depressive disorder

6%-7% of Americans, women twice as likely as men genetic, nuerochemical imbalance

Rosenhan Study:

8 investigators checked themselves into a psychiatric hospital complaining that they were hearing voices All given the diagnosis of schizophrenia After admission, they acted totally normal Staff members treated all of their behaviors as abnormal

Prevalence and cause PTSD

8% of Americans hippocampus may be smaller

stereotypical bias

A bias in memory that comes from the stereotypes that you hold about people

Egocentric Bias:

A persuasive tendency to remember the past in a self-enhancing manner

Jayla is a neurologist meeting a new patient who has recently had a stroke. When the patient enters her office, Jayla says, "Hello. I'm glad to meet you. Did you find my office easily?" The patient replies by saying, "Hard...Speech...Stroke...Find...Office." When Jayla asks the patient to have a seat across from her, the patient does so immediately. Throughout the consultation, the patient appears to understand everything Jayla is saying, but has trouble responding fluently. 44) The description of Jayla's patient is most consistent with what issue or disorder? A) Broca's aphasia B) Wernicke's aphasia C) Hemineglect D) Hemianosia E) Removal of the hypothalamus

A) Broca's aphasia

37) Sarah and Joan are having a conversation on a crowded bus. Sarah is totally focused on what Joan is saying so Sarah isn't aware of any of the conversations going on around her. Then, suddenly, Sarah hears someone in another part of the bus say her sister's full name. The fact that Sarah recognized and became aware of her sister's name being said despite attending fully to Joan is strong evidence AGAINST which theory of attention: A) Early selection model of attention B) Late selection model of attention C) Exogenous model of attention D) Attenuation model of attention E) Covert model of attention

A) Early selection model of attention

45) English has separate words for 'pink' and 'red', while other languages use the equivalent of 'light red' and 'red' for these colors. It will thus be ___________ for English speakers to make a purely visual judgment regarding whether a pink shape is a different color than a red shape than a native speaker of a language that does not have different words for these colors. A) Easier B) More difficult C) It will make no difference because linguistic boundaries do not change the actual wavelengths of light entering the eye D) It will make no difference because linguistic boundaries do not alter the bottom-up color information E) It will make no difference because color words do not affect perception

A) Easier

33) Darren is a sixth grader. His favorite time of day is lunch. At exactly 12:30 PM, the lunch bell rings and he get to leave for lunch. Darren doesn't usually look at the clock at all until around 11:30 PM. After this though he looks at the clock more and more often, until, by 12:25 PM, he's usually looking up at the clock every 10 seconds or so, waiting for it to reach 12:30 PM. This would be an example of what type of reinforcement schedule? A) Fixed interval B) Fixed ratio C) Variable interval D) Variable ratio E) Negative reinforcement

A) Fixed interval

33) A psychologist gives three members of a family - Gina (55 years old), Sarah (25 years old), and Emily (5 years old) a personality inventory. The psychologist returns seven years later and gives the three family members the inventory again. Which of the family members is likely to have the most consistent (ranked ordered) trait values from the first test to the second test? A) Gina B) Sarah C) Emily D) Gina and Sarah are equally likely and both are more likely than Emily E) Sarah and Emily are equally likely and both are more likely than Gina

A) Gina

Greta is extremely calm and unemotional. She rarely gets annoyed or irritated by minor concerns. She almost never worries and is very secure in her choices and beliefs. Based on the description above, Greta would tend to score LOW on what Big 5 personality trait? A) Neuroticism B) Extraversion C) Conscientiousness D) Openness E) Agreeableness

A) Neuroticism

10) Marie wants to train her cat to not scratch the couch. Thus, whenever Marie sees the catch scratching, she sprays the cat with water from a squirt gun. Eventually, not only does the cat stop scratching, but the cat avoids the entire couch as well as Marie. The use of the squirt gun in this case is an example of: A) Positive punishment B) Negative punishment C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement E) Classical conditioning

A) Positive punishment

20) Two candidates for President of the United States are participating in a town hall meeting where they answer questions from undecided voters. All of the undecided voters are interested in what the candidates have to say as well as the policies that the candidates are proposing. What type of persuasion technique should the candidates use and why? A) Systematic (Central Route); reason and logic work best when people are interested B) Heuristic (Peripheral Route); reason and logic work best when people are interested C) Systematic (Central Route); appeals to emotion are always more powerful than appeals to logic D) Heuristic (Peripheral Route); appeals to emotion are always more powerful than appeals to logic E) Justification of Effort; appeals to hard work are always the most effective

A) Systematic (Central Route); reason and logic work best when people are interested

34) A certain slot machine is set up to pay out monetary rewards every 20 pulls on average. However, sometimes it pays out a reward out after fewer pulls (i.e. sometimes it will pay out a reward after only two pulls), while other times it only pays out after more pulls (i.e. sometimes it will take 30 pulls before a payout occurs). This is an example of a ____________ reinforcement schedule. A) Variable ratio B) Fixed ratio C) Variable interval D) Fixed interval E) Classical conditioning

A) Variable ratio

11) Gretchen has panic disorder. Given Gretchen's symptoms (and most likely primary diagnosis), what second diagnosis is Gretchen most likely to also meet the diagnostic criteria for? A) agoraphobia B) bipolar disorder C) schizophrenia D) obsessive-compulsive disorder E) borderline personality disorder

A) agoraphobia

Smelling certain pleasant foods automatically produces salivation in humans. Derrek works in a mall. Every time he walks past a certain cinnamon bun store, he is overwhelmed by the pleasant smell of cinnamon buns and starts to salivate. After several months of working in the mall, Derrek finds that even seeing the sign for the cinnamon bun store (without the smell) is enough to cause his mouth to start watering (prior to his working in the mall, the sign alone produced no response). 31) In this example, salivating in response to the smell of cinnamon buns is an example of: A) an unconditioned response B) an unconditioned stimulus C) a conditioned response D) a conditioned stimulus E) a fixed interval reward schedule

A) an unconditioned response

14) The "Tobacco Free Florida" advertising campaign utilized a series of commercials where video clips of people smoking were interspersed with extremely negative and disturbing video clips including a brain being cut in half to show a clot that had formed due to cigarette smoke and a woman whose teeth slowly turn into tar and leak out of her mouth. What means of influencing behavior is this ad campaign an example of? A) classical conditioning B) systematic persuasion C) framing D) anchoring E) representativeness

A) classical conditioning

40) Daphne hates the President of her country. She thinks that her President lies about literally everything. When her President gives a major speech and says that the country's unemployment rate is now lower than at any point in the last 100 years, Daphne immediately does web searches for, "President lies about unemployment," "high unemployment today," and "President lies about the economy." Daphne's search strategy illustrates what decision-making issue? A) confirmation bias B) information bias C) anchoring D) framing effects E) overconfidence

A) confirmation bias

When Jenny started college, she identified as being somewhat politically conservative. When scandals came out in the press about Republican politicians, Jenny didn't believe such things could be true. As such, when she heard about the possible scandals, she performed internet searches with terms such as, "[Republican politician] scandal fake" and "[Republican politician] scandal untrue." In doing these searches she often landed on very politically conservative blogs. During her time in college she spent more and more time reading and posting on such blogs. When Jenny finished college, she identified as being extremely politically conservative. 26) Jenny's internet search terms reflect what decision-making issue? A) confirmation bias B) information bias C) availability heuristic D) base-rate neglect E) social facilitation

A) confirmation bias

3) The teacher in Viktor's first class has lived in the town for a long time. He knows that many other people have had accidents, or came close to having one, in the exact same place as Viktor when they first drove on that road. The teacher thus knows that Viktor's accident represents _____________ and thus the teacher is likely to make a ________ attribution. A) consensus behavior; situational B) consensus behavior; dispositional C) consistency behavior; situational D) consistency behavior; dispositional E) distinctiveness behavior; situational

A) consensus behavior; situational

Brenden buys a yellow banana at the grocery store. In the store, the banana is lit by fluorescent light bulbs. Brendan then carries the banana outside - where the banana is lit by a bright midday sun. Finally, he carries the banana into his apartment on campus - where the banana is lit by a single incandescent light bulb. The light reflecting off the banana and traveling into Brenden's eyes will be ________ in the three locations (in the store, outside, in Brenden's apartment). A) different in wavelength and in amplitude B) different in wavelength, but the same in amplitude C) the same in wavelength and amplitude D) the same in wavelength, but different in amplitude E) mainly the shortest visible wavelengths

A) different in wavelength and in amplitude

23) Following his surgery, patient H.M. lost the ability to: A) form any new declarative memories B) recall any of his childhood memories C) attend to the left side of visual space D) produce spoken language E) see in the right visual field

A) form any new declarative memories

22) Carol's daughter Kate came home after curfew fifteen times in September. In order to get Kate to start coming home before curfew, Carol decides to remove Kate from the school band. However, it turns out that Kate hated being in the band and she actually misses curfew MORE frequently in October. Removing Kate from the band was thus an example of: A) negative reinforcement B) positive reinforcement C) negative punishment D) positive punishment E) cognitive-behavioral therapy

A) negative reinforcement

Tom, Jessica, and Diane sign up to be participants in a research experiment. They all first receive an injection of epinephrine. Just prior to the injection, Tom is told that the injection will likely cause his heart to beat faster and his face to flush. Jessica and Diane meanwhile are told that the injection is only saline and will have no effect on them. Tom and Jessica are then put into the same room with five other people who all appear to be exceptionally angry. Diane is put into a different room with five other people who all appear to be exceptionally happy. 40) Based upon the Schacter and Singer theory of emotion, after a few minutes in their respective rooms you would expect Tom to feel _________ , Jessica to feel ________, and Diane to feel ___________. A) not much different; angry; happy B) angry; angry; happy C) not much different; not much different; not much different D) angry; angry; angry E) happy; happy; happy

A) not much different; angry; happy

11) Certain high-pitched frequencies naturally make humans wince. Dante buys a used car. He finds that every time he puts on his left turn signal, the car emits a high-pitched frequency that makes him wince. After a month, Dante finally goes to the mechanic and gets the turn signal fixed. That night, when driving with his girlfriend, she points out that Dante still winces every time he puts on his left-turn signal, even though it no longer makes a noise. In this example, the high-pitched noise that occurred whenever Dante put on his left- turn signal is the ___________. A) unconditioned stimulus B) unconditioned response C) conditioned stimulus D) conditioned response E) justification of effort

A) unconditioned stimulus

Doctors are cautious about prescribing anti-anxiety medication (e.g. benzodiazepines) for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A)they can damage the immune system B)they can have negative effects on coordination C)they can have negative effects on memory D)they are highly addictive E)they can be fatal if taken in combination with alcohol

A)they can damage the immune system

8. An individual has a deep feeling and sense of being male and lives his life as a male despite the fact that he was born with 'XX' sex chromosomes and was thus assigned as a female at birth. This individual's __________ is male. A. gender B. sexual orientation C. sex

A. gender

Malik is a participant in a dichotic listening experiment. He is asked to repeat back only the speech being played in his left ear and ignore the speech in his right ear. In the first trial of the experiment, the following sentences are played: Left ear: "A man drives a green car into town and then goes into the grocery store." Right ear: "The child plays with two friends before returning home and eating dinner." Neither of the two sentences contains any words or phrases that would be particularly meaningful to Malik. Malik repeats back the sentence played in his left ear perfectly. When he's asked what he remembers from his right ear, he reports that he doesn't recall anything that was played in his right ear. 26) Malik's behavior in the first trial of the experiment is consistent with what model or models of attention? A) Early-selection model only B) Early-selection model and attenuation model C) Late-selection model only D) Late-selection model and early-selection model E) Attenuation model only

B) Early-selection model and attenuation model

10) Four friends order coffee at a diner. The waitress though is new and, unbeknownst to the friends, messes up some of the orders (i.e., the people that got the wrong drink don't know that's the case). Tina: ordered regular (caffeinated) and received regular (caffeinated) Max: ordered regular (caffeinated) and received decaf (no caffeine) Molly: ordered decaf (no caffeine) and received regular (caffeinated) Shane: ordered decaf (no caffeine) and received decaf (no caffeine) *Note that caffeine is a stimulant that increases blood pressure and heart rate. A new person asks to join their table and begins chatting with the four friends. Knowing only the drinks they ordered and received, and based upon the Schacter and Singer model of emotion, which friend(s) is/are most likely to feel attracted to the new person at the table? A) Tina B) Molly C) Shane D) Max & Shane equal E) Tina & Molly equal

B) Molly

35) The Kwanyama tribe lives in Northern Namibia in Africa. Their language uses the same word for the colors that we call "blue" and "green" in English. It will thus be ___________ for Kwanyama speakers to make a purely visual judgment regarding whether a green shape is a different color than a blue shape than a native speaker of English. A) Easier B) More difficult C) It will make no difference because linguistic boundaries do not change the actual wavelengths of light entering the eye D) It will make no difference because linguistic boundaries do not alter the bottom-up color information E) It will make no difference because color words do not affect perception

B) More difficult

38) Brandon and Karen are having a conversation on the steps of their school. Brandon is paying careful attention to only Karen's voice. Behind them, a school teacher is checking off the names of her students. The teacher says, "Bill, Carol, Diane, Cathy, Courtney, Brandon, Harry, Richard." According to the late selection theory of attention, which of the names said by the teacher should have reached the recognition stage of processing in Brandon's brain? A) Only the name Brandon - it has high relevance and frequency in Brandon's life B) None of the names - Brandon was only paying attention to Karen, not the teacher C) All of the names - in the late selection theory, attention acts after the recognition stage D) Bill, Carol, Harry, Richard - because of the serial position effect E) Bill and Richard - because of the serial position effect

B) None of the names - Brandon was only paying attention to Karen, not the teacher

43) Which of the following is a bottom-up cue to color perception? A) The vergence angle of the eyes B) The wavelength of the light that is reflecting off of objects and entering the eye C) Your knowledge about how different light sources emit light with different proportions of color (e.g. that incandescent bulbs tend to be redder than sunlight) D) Your knowledge about how shadows change the amount of light available to be reflected by objects E) The simple number of photons that hit the retina

B) The wavelength of the light that is reflecting off of objects and entering the eye

Tom, Jessica, and Diane sign up to be participants in a research experiment. They all first receive an injection of epinephrine. Just prior to the injection, Tom is told that the injection will likely cause his heart to beat faster and his face to flush. Jessica and Diane meanwhile are told that the injection is only saline and will have no effect on them. Tom and Jessica are then put into the same room with five other people who all appear to be exceptionally angry. Diane is put into a different room with five other people who all appear to be exceptionally happy. 41) Based upon the James-Lange theory of emotion, after a few minutes in their respective rooms you would predict: A) Tom and Jessica to feel the same emotion, but Diane to feel a different emotion B) Tom, Jessica, and Diane to all feel the same emotion C) Tom, Jessica, and Diane to all feel different emotions D) Jessica and Diane to feel the same emotion, but Tom to feel a different emotion E) Tom and Diane to feel the same emotion, but Jessica to feel a different emotion

B) Tom, Jessica, and Diane to all feel the same emotion

33) Understanding a single word that you hear through headphones is more difficult than understanding the exact same word when you hear it as part of a full sentence that is spoken by a live human. This is because when you hear the single word through the headphones there are no __________ cues to help guide your perception. A) Bottom-up B) Top-down C) Cochlear D) Auditory occlusion E) Linear perspective

B) Top-down

Infants and children will naturally cry when they are in pain. When Debbie takes her child to the doctor's office to get his first vaccination shot, the child shows no response to the doctor's office. After getting the shot though, the child cries. Three months later, when Debbie brings the child back for another vaccination, the child does not respond to the doctor's office, but again, after getting the shot, the child cries. Six months later, as soon as Debbie and her child enter the doctor's office, the child begins to cry. 18) In the scenario above, the child crying in response to the pain from getting a shot would be considered the: A) Unconditioned stimulus B) Unconditioned response C) Conditioned stimulus D) Conditioned response E) Variable interval

B) Unconditioned response

Dion is a neurologist meeting a new patient who has recently had a stroke. When the patient enters his office, Dion says, "What brings you to my office today?" The patient replies by saying, "What do you got to give in logic in this whole place? It goes too slowly to the orange." Throughout the interview, when Dion gives the patient directions or asks the patient questions, the patient doesn't seem to understand. 31) The description of Dion's patient is most consistent with what issue or disorder? A) Broca's aphasia B) Wernicke's aphasia C) Hemineglect D) Hemianosia E) Removal of the hippocampus

B) Wernicke's aphasia

Smelling certain pleasant foods automatically produces salivation in humans. Derrek works in a mall. Every time he walks past a certain cinnamon bun store, he is overwhelmed by the pleasant smell of cinnamon buns and starts to salivate. After several months of working in the mall, Derrek finds that even seeing the sign for the cinnamon bun store (without the smell) is enough to cause his mouth to start watering (prior to his working in the mall, the sign alone produced no response). 30) In this example, the smell of cinnamon buns is an example of: A) an unconditioned response B) an unconditioned stimulus C) a conditioned response D) a conditioned stimulus E) a fixed interval reward schedule

B) an unconditioned stimulus

44) Robert is a participant in a dichotic listening experiment. He is asked to attend to the voice speaking in his left ear and ignore the voice speaking in his right ear. For the first minute of the experiment, he doesn't notice anything being said in the right ear. However, at the one-minute mark, the voice in the right ear begins saying sexually explicit phrases, which Robert immediately notices. The fact that Robert only recognized and became aware of the speech in the right ear when the speech included sexually explicit material is most consistent with the: A) early selection theory of attention B) attenuation model of attention C) late selection theory of attention D) information bias effect E) confirmation bias effect

B) attenuation model of attention

I have to give my cat a pill every night. In order to get her to take the pill, I roll the pill up in a cat treat. My cat's natural reaction to seeing a cat treat is to salivate. Now though, as soon as she sees the pill container (before seeing the treat), she begins to salivate. 14) The pill container is thus an example of a(n): A) conditioned response B) conditioned stimulus C) unconditioned stimulus D) unconditioned response E) negative reinforcer

B) conditioned stimulus

Chaz has two weeks off from work and decides to organize social events every night because she loves spending times with others. She invites friends over for dinner, convinces co-workers to join her for team trivia competitions at restaurants, and plans nights out dancing with friends. However, although Chaz was the driving force behind these events, she usually did a poor job planning and organizing the events. For instance, she didn't buy enough food for one of the dinners, she got the time wrong for one of the trivia competitions so she was 45 minutes late, and she gave her friends the wrong address for the bar where they were supposed to go dancing. 17) Based on the information above alone, Chaz would likely score LOW in which of the Big 5 personality traits? A) openness B) conscientiousness C) extraversion D) agreeableness E) neuroticism

B) conscientiousness

32) One day Tim is flipping a quarter while his friend Thom watches. At one point the coin lands on "heads" 14 times in a row. After the 14th consecutive "heads," Thom says to Tim, "I'll bet you $100 that it won't land on heads on the next flip. That coin is due to come up tails." Thom's belief illustrates what decision-making issue? A) the endowment effect B) gambler's fallacy C) hot-hand fallacy D) availability heuristic E) framing effects

B) gambler's fallacy

40) Which of the following represents the correct order of biophysiological events that occurs when an individual encounters a stressful situation? A) hypothalamus activates & puts out releasing factor; pituitary gland releases ACTH; adrenal gland releases serotonin B) hypothalamus activates & puts out releasing factor; pituitary gland releases ACTH; adrenal gland releases cortisol C) hippocampus activates & puts out releasing factor; pituitary gland releases ACTH; adrenal gland releases cortisol D) hypothalamus activates & puts out releasing factor; parietal lobe releases ACTH; adrenal gland releases epinephrine E) hippocampus activates & puts out releasing factor; pituitary gland releases ACTH; adrenal gland releases epinephrine

B) hypothalamus activates & puts out releasing factor; pituitary gland releases ACTH; adrenal gland releases cortisol

2. Most Americans know very little about the new trade pact being negotiated. A politician wants to persuade as many US citizens as possible to agree with his position on the deal. What type of persuasion should he use? A) central/systematic persuasion B) peripheral/heuristic persuasion

B) peripheral/heuristic persuasion

Jackie decided to play a prank on her roommates. She bought a large plastic spider and put it in the bathtub. Although the spider looked somewhat fake, Jackie thought that it would still scare her roommates. Jackie watched as her roommate Denise walked into the bathroom and then immediately ran back out screaming, "Spider!" Later that day, Jackie watched her roommate Charlie walk into the bathroom. Several seconds later she heard Charlie say, "Haha Jackie. Very funny fake spider." 5) Denise's decisions were likely driven by the "speedy low road" (fast path). The correct sequence of brain areas in this pathway (in order) is: A) amygdala; thalamus; response B) thalamus; amygdala; response C) primary visual cortex; thalamus; response D) primary visual cortex; amygdala; response E) prefrontal cortex; response

B) thalamus; amygdala; response

38) We saw the following image a number of times in class. The bottom-up information from the squares marked 'A' & 'B' respectively is _________, which is ________ for the two squares. A) raw number of photons coming off of the two squares and entering your eye; different B) the raw number of photons coming off of the two squares and entering your eye; the same C) your knowledge about which square is in direct light and which is in shade; different D) your knowledge about which square is in direct light and which is in shade; the same E) the wavelength of light coming off the two squares and entering your eye; different

B) the raw number of photons coming off of the two squares and entering your eye; the same

21) Ivana had a relaxing summer after graduating high school. She took the entire summer off and mainly read books, visited with friends, and went to the swimming pool. She then started college in September. She took an exceptionally heavy course load. She started having important exams in late September and this continued almost weekly all the way through the end of the semester in December. Considering ONLY Ivana's likely stress levels and the predictions from General Adaptation Syndrome, which of the options below represents the time periods ordered from when Ivana was LEAST LIKELY to get a cold to MOST LIKELY to get a cold. A) the final week of summer; the second week of college; the last week of the semester B) the second week of college; the final week of summer; the last week of the semester C) the last week of the semester; the final week of summer; the second week of college D) the final week of summer; the last week of the semester; the second week of college E) the second week of college; the last week of the semester; the final week of summer

B) the second week of college; the final week of summer; the last week of the semester

All other things being equal, which of the following individuals would you expect to have the HIGHEST measured IQ? A)Tom, male, 50-years-old B)Peter, male, 75-years-old C)Derrek, male, 24-years-old D)Chris, male, 95-years-old E)Brent, male, 65-years-old

B)Derrek, male, 24-years-old

Dana is a clinical psychologist assessing a new patient. The patient indicates that she has been having difficulty thinking and concentrating, has had trouble sleeping, has diminished sexual interest, and has been overwhelmed by feelings of sadness and hopelessness. What second disorder is most common amongst individuals whose primary diagnosis is the same as this patient's? A)Antisocial personality disorder B)Generalized anxiety disorder C)Bipolar disorder D)Borderline personality disorder E)Autism

B)Generalized anxiety disorder

What is a critical/sensitive period? A. a period of time when the skull is not fully formed and thus it is easy to damage the brain B. a period of time in which the brain is particularly receptive to certain types of stimuli C. a period of time in which the skin is overly sensitive to touch D. a period of time in which if language is not learned, no words can ever be learned again

B. a period of time in which the brain is particularly receptive to certain types of stimuli

5. Balint syndrome can occur after: A. damage to just the right parietal lobe B. bilateral parietal lobe damage C. damage to the hippocampus D. damage to just the right parietal lobe

B. bilateral parietal lobe damage

9. A female with androgen insensitivity syndrome will likely show what biological phenotype? A. Male B. female

B. female

4. In a dichotic listening experiment, the late selection model of attention hypothesizes that: A. the input to the unattended ear is detected, but it is not recognized C. the input to the unattended ear is not detected or recognized B. the input to the unattended ear is detected and recognized, but does not reach conscious awareness

B. the input to the unattended ear is detected and recognized, but does not reach conscious awareness

Case study: Elliott

Benign tumor in his frontal lobe Lost ability to exhibit emotion

35) Samuel never played soccer until he was about 20 years old. He was pretty terrible at first, but after about five years of playing, he was the best player at his local soccer club. Now, when Samuel thinks of himself first playing soccer, he remembers himself being pretty good - not great, but pretty good. Samuel's distorted memory of his abilities when he first started playing soccer is an example of what memory issue? A) Misattribution B) Source confusion C) Consistency bias D) Forgetting E) Overconfidence

C) Consistency bias

28) Damion suffers a stroke that causes complete bilateral damage to his occipital lobes. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this damage? A) Damion will be unable to hear B) Damion will be unable to smell C) Damion will be unable to see D) Damion will be unable to attend to the left side of space E) Damion will be unable to produce spoken language

C) Damion will be unable to see

37) Dylan's grandmother wants Dylan to visit more often. She buys a bag of candies and every time Dylan visits, she gives Dylan five of these candies and insists that he eat them right away. Dylan secretly hates these candies. As such, he starts visiting his grandmother's house less and less often. If we think of this example as Dylan's grandmother giving Dylan something (the candies) after a certain behavior (visiting) and this in turn serves to decrease the probability of Dylan doing that behavior, this would be an example of: A) Positive Reinforcement B) Negative Reinforcement C) Positive Punishment D) Negative Punishment E) A Conditioned Response

C) Positive Punishment

Daphne discovers a previously uncontacted tribe. She is interested in mapping the words they use for emotions to words that are used in English. One such emotion is labeled as "Scondora." The chief describes this emotion as being one with positive valence and low arousal. Which emotion below is "Scondora" most likely to be in English? A) Excited B) Gloomy C) Satisfied D) Delighted E) Afraid

C) Satisfied

Dazen always set an alarm with the same special ring tone to remind him that he has to leave for work. Dazen hates his job; even thinking about his job automatically makes him feel tense, angry, and frustrated. On one of his days off, Dazen was at the supermarket and he heard someone's phone go off with that same special ring tone. Immediately, Dazen started feeling tense, angry, and frustrated. 24) In this example, the special ring tone is an example of _____________. A) an unconditioned response B) a conditioned response C) a conditioned stimulus D) an unconditioned stimulus E) a priority reinforcer

C) a conditioned stimulus

19) Which of the following disorders is much more common in males than in females? A) generalized anxiety disorder B) specific phobia C) antisocial personality disorder D) panic disorder E) major depression

C) antisocial personality disorder

17) Ryan is a high school teacher who teaches Current Events. He has his class read a list of 20 current U.S. politicians. The students are then asked to say if the list contains more Democrats or more Republicans. The list contains exactly 10 Democrats and 10 Republicans. However, the 10 Democrats on the list are all politicians who have recently announced that they are running for President in the year 2020 and thus they have been discussed in the class recently. None of the 10 Republicans on the list have been covered recently in the national news or the Current Events class. Ryan finds that almost all of his students estimate that there are more Democrats on the list than Republicans. Which decision-making issue would explain this outcome? A) the serial position effect B) conjunction fallacy C) availability bias D) representativeness heuristic E) base-rate neglect

C) availability bias

2) An advertisement agency designs a new ad campaign to try to increase the extent to which buyers in Wisconsin have positive thoughts and feelings about a new soft drink. Their 30-second ad contains nothing but famous and well-liked people drinking the soft drink. In this case the advertisement agency is attempting to produce positive thoughts and feelings via a form of _______________. A) the social facilitation effect B) the mere exposure effect C) classical conditioning D) operant conditioning E) cognitive dissonance

C) classical conditioning

35) Alton believes that it is incredibly important that he study every single night once he reaches college in order to reach his goal of becoming a doctor. However, during Alton's first month in college he almost never studies. This state of affairs would likely cause Alton to experience ______________, which could be relieved if ____________. A) systematic persuasion; Alton decides that studying is not actually very important B) internal persuasion; Alton starts to study nightly C) cognitive dissonance; Alton decides that studying is not actually very important D) the repetition salience effect; Alton starts to study nightly E) the social exposure effect; Alton starts to study nightly

C) cognitive dissonance; Alton decides that studying is not actually very important

1) Najat works in an office for a boss who is short-tempered and rude to Najat. At least once a day Najat's boss will scold, scream at, or otherwise criticize Najat. Humans tend to naturally show physiological responses associated with fear or anxiety when they're yelled at by an authority figure. These automatic responses include increases in perspiration (sweating) and increases in heart-rate. Najat's boss happens to use a brand of shampoo with a very strong and distinct smell. On a day off, Najat visits a bookstore and smells the scent of this particular shampoo as she passes another customer. Najat's heart immediately begins to race and her palms becomes sweaty. In this situation, Najat's physiological reactions in the bookstore would be classified as a(n) ________________. A) conditioned stimulus B) unconditioned stimulus C) conditioned response D) unconditioned response E) fixed interval response

C) conditioned response

32) After the parents leave the experiment, Janet tracks their web search history for two weeks. She finds that most of the parents have used search terms like the following to further investigate the safety of vaccines: "Scientific proof that vaccines do cause autism"; "Vaccines and autism not a myth"; "Vaccines are actually linked to autism". Not surprisingly, Janet finds that most of these searches lead the parents to websites that support their initial beliefs. The parents' web search behavior is most consistent with what decision-making issue? A) availability heuristic B) information bias C) confirmation bias D) representativeness heuristic E) the endowment effect

C) confirmation bias

7) Brendan is an avid soccer fan. After his team loses a big match, he finds himself in a large group of fellow fans that are all very angry. Some of the fans start tipping over cars, smashing windows, and setting things on fire. Although ordinarily Brendan would never do such things, he nonetheless finds himself joining in and sets several fires himself. This illustrates the phenomenon of: A) prejudice B) cognitive dissonance C) deindividuation D) reactivity E) obedience

C) deindividuation

Chaz has two weeks off from work and decides to organize social events every night because she loves spending times with others. She invites friends over for dinner, convinces co-workers to join her for team trivia competitions at restaurants, and plans nights out dancing with friends. However, although Chaz was the driving force behind these events, she usually did a poor job planning and organizing the events. For instance, she didn't buy enough food for one of the dinners, she got the time wrong for one of the trivia competitions so she was 45 minutes late, and she gave her friends the wrong address for the bar where they were supposed to go dancing. 16) Based on the information above alone, Chaz would likely score HIGH in which of the Big 5 personality traits? A) openness B) conscientiousness C) extraversion D) agreeableness E) neuroticism

C) extraversion

13) The robotics club enters a competition to design a robot to sort household recycling. The club's plan is to first have the to-be-recycled items placed on a conveyor belt. The conveyor belt then moves the items past a digital camera that feeds into a computer that identifies the type of item. A robotic arm then picks up the item and puts it into the correct recycling bin. Several team members have internal concerns about the plan; they worry about whether the computer can identify the items quickly enough and whether the arm will be able to pick the items up off the conveyor belt smoothly. However, despite these internal concerns, they feel pressured to reach a unanimous group consensus. As such, they never raise their concerns and they don't do any tests to check if the group's plan will work well. The behavior of the members of the robotics club is an example of: A) social facilitation B) social loafing C) groupthink D) cognitive dissonance E) the fundamental attribution error

C) groupthink

Jackie decided to play a prank on her roommates. She bought a large plastic spider and put it in the bathtub. Although the spider looked somewhat fake, Jackie thought that it would still scare her roommates. Jackie watched as her roommate Denise walked into the bathroom and then immediately ran back out screaming, "Spider!" Later that day, Jackie watched her roommate Charlie walk into the bathroom. Several seconds later she heard Charlie say, "Haha Jackie. Very funny fake spider." 6) Charlie's decisions were likely driven by the "thinking high road" (slow path). The correct sequence of brain areas in this pathway (in order) is: A) amygdala; thalamus; prefrontal cortex; primary visual cortex; response B) thalamus; primary visual cortex; response C) thalamus; primary visual cortex; prefrontal cortex; amygdala; response D) thalamus; primary visual cortex; amygdala; prefrontal cortex; response E) primary visual cortex; amygdala; prefrontal cortex; thalamus; response

C) thalamus; primary visual cortex; prefrontal cortex; amygdala; response

Peter was treated for his psychological disorder with electroconvulsive therapy. What type of psychological disorder did Peter most likely have? A)schizophrenia B)generalized anxiety disorder C)severe depression D)borderline personality disorder E)obsessive-compulsive disorder

C)severe depression

Two groups of individuals are given a shot of epinephrine. Group #1 is told that the shot may cause physiological arousal including flushing on the skin, increased heart-rate, and increased respiration rate. Group #2 is told that the shot is a placebo that will have no effect whatsoever. Both groups are then exposed to a confederate in the experiment who is smiling and clearly happy. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, the participants in the two groups should feel __________. According to the Schacter & Singer theory of emotion, the participants in the two groups should feel ___________. A)different; the same B)the same; the same C)the same; different D)disgust; anger E)different; different

C)the same; different

Cognitive Abilities Perception

Cognitive Barriers (Many steps, length of each step, etc) Cognitive Load (# of choices)

Christine goes to see her clinical psychologist. Christine tells her psychologist that she is always worried. Christine's worries aren't centered on one thing, but change from day to day. She even tends to worry about how much she worries. She also finds it difficult to concentrate and to sleep. Given Christine's symptoms (and the correct diagnosis for those symptoms), what treatment might a psychologist recommend as the best short-term solution to Christine's disorder? A) Exposure therapy B)Lithium C) Systematic Desensitization D) A benzodiazepine E) Phototherapy

D) A benzodiazepine

44) Christine and Jason are running for president of their college political club. All of the club members are very politically active and are highly invested in the success of the club. The entire club is present and listening attentively when Christine and Jason give speeches indicating why they believe they should be the next president. Christine's speech is extremely detailed. She presents a number of well-thought-out plans for events the club can sponsor. She also provides a thorough list of her qualifications for the position and she argues that she is the logical choice to be the next president. Jason spends most of his speech talking about how awesome their political club is, how great he is, and how much fun they've all had together in the past year. He also tries to lead the club members in a chant about how dumb the opposing college political club is. From the information above, you would expect that __________ will win the election because he/she used __________ persuasion. A) Jason; central route B) Jason; peripheral route C) Jason; justification of effort D) Christine; central route E) Christine; peripheral route

D) Christine; central route

17) James and Susan are watching a scary movie where a person is being attacked by a grizzly bear. James naturally moves his face in a fearful expression and eventually becomes fearful. Susan though was asked by an experimenter to hold her face in a smiling position while watching the movie. Susan was thus smiling during the scary grizzly bear scene. Unlike James, Susan experienced much less fear while watching this scene. The difference in emotion experienced by Susan and James is consistent with which of the following theories? A) James-Lange B) Cannon-Bard C) Universality hypothesis D) Facial feedback E) General adaptation syndrome

D) Facial feedback

42) The washing machine in Bill's dorm take exactly 30 minutes to finish. After starting a load of clothes in the machine Bill does not check to see if it is finished for the first 25 minutes. However, after 25 minutes he starts checking more and more frequently until finally, right at the 30-minute mark, the machine has just finished. This is an example of a ______________ reinforcement schedule. A) Variable ratio B) Fixed ratio C) Variable interval D) Fixed interval E) Classical conditioning

D) Fixed interval

41) Greg randomly samples 1000 University of Wisconsin undergraduates and divides them into two equal groups. He shows Group 1 an advertisement for a new car that has the headline, "90% of owners are satisfied with their purchase." He shows Group 2 an advertisement for the same car with the headline, "10% of owners are dissatisfied with their purchase." He then asks the students in each group to rate how likely they'd be to buy the car. He finds that the students in Group 1 are far more likely to want to buy the car than the students in Group 2. This is an example of what decision-making issue: A) Egocentric bias B) Endowment effect C) Cognitive dissonance D) Framing effect E) Consistency bias

D) Framing effect

12) An individual with Turner's syndrome has the following sex chromosome makeup: A) XX B) XY C) XXY D) X E) XXX

D) X

33) Two groups of participants are shown the exact same jar full of jelly beans. Participants in Group A are first asked whether they believe there are more or less than 10 jelly beans in the jar. They are then asked to estimate exactly how many jelly beans they believe are in the jar. Participants in Group B are first asked whether they believe there are more or less than 10,000 jelly beans in the jar. They are then asked to estimate exactly how many jelly beans they believe are in the jar. The average estimated number of jelly beans for the participants in Group A was 150. The average estimated number of jelly beans for the participants in Group B was 700. The difference in estimate between Group A and Group B illustrates what decision- making issue? A) conjunction fallacy B) representativeness heuristic C) cognitive dissonance D) anchoring E) gambler's fallacy

D) anchoring

34) Which of the following disorders is roughly equally common in males and females? A) major depression B) generalized anxiety disorder C) ADHD D) bipolar disorder E) borderline personality disorder

D) bipolar disorder

1. The following terms describe Jennifer: organized, self-disciplined, calm, secure. According to the Big Five factor model of personality, Jennifer would rate HIGH for _________, and LOW for ___________. A) neuroticism; openness to experience B) neuroticism; extraversion C) agreeableness; neuroticism D) conscientiousness; neuroticism E) conscientiousness; extraversion

D) conscientiousness; neuroticism

2) Ethan is opening a new restaurant in Wisconsin. He contracts with an advertising agency to make a 30-second television commercial. The agency puts together a commercial that interleaves shots of Ethan's restaurant with shots of great plays by the Green Bay Packers and the University of Wisconsin football team. When Ethan points out that his restaurant doesn't have anything to do with football, the agency head says, "Don't worry about that. People like the Packers. People like the Badgers. And now people will like your restaurant." What technique is the advertising agency using in the commercial for Ethan's restaurant? A) central route persuasion B) peripheral route persuasion C) informational conformity D) evaluative conditioning E) justification of effort

D) evaluative conditioning

37) Fran is going to dinner at a restaurant that opens at 6 PM. She arrives exactly at 6 PM and sees that there are several individuals standing around the door, but none seem to be going in. Rather than try to open the restaurant door, Fran stands at the end of the group of individuals. This is an example of: A) the social exclusion principle B) systematic persuasion C) the actor-observer effect D) informational social influence E) heuristic social influence

D) informational social influence

35) Rita is sitting in class and feels extremely bored. This emotion is _______ in valence and ______ in arousal. A) positive; high B) positive; low C) negative; high D) negative; low E) negative; medium

D) negative; low

44) Joshua and his sister Anne are at home for Thanksgiving break. On Thanksgiving Day, their large extended family all comes for dinner. On holidays such as Thanksgiving, which is a _________________ type of stressor, what hormone is likely to be found in Anne, but not Joshua? A) chronic negative situation; testosterone B) significant life event; adrenaline C) significant life event; testosterone D) significant life event; oxytocin E) daily hassle; oxytocin

D) significant life event; oxytocin

42) Chris is playing an extremely scary video game with a friend. As they explore the video game town, they decide to split up to cover more ground. Chris leads his character down a dark and frightening alley. All of a sudden he sees a dimly lit object jump out in front of him. He screams as he immediately shoots at the object. Unfortunately, the dimly lit object was his friend. Game Over. Which of the following likely reflects the correct order of brain regions that were activated in Chris that led to his decision to shoot? A) amygdala, prefrontal cortex B) amygdala, thalamus, sensory cortex C) thalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, sensory cortex D) thalamus, amygdala E) thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala

D) thalamus, amygdala

11) Trish's biology book has a blue cover. When Trish looks at the book in the direct sunlight it looks blue. When she looks at it in her dorm, lit by an incandescent bulb, it still looks blue. The bottom-up cue to the color of Trish's biology book is the ____________. This information is ____________ when the book is lit by the sun and when it is lit by an incandescent bulb. A) the amplitude of the light rays reflecting off the book; the same B) the amplitude of the light rays reflecting off the book; different C) the wavelength of the light rays reflecting off the book; the same D) the wavelength of the light rays reflecting off the book; different E) the amount of light being emitted by the book; different

D) the wavelength of the light rays reflecting off the book; different

I have to give my cat a pill every night. In order to get her to take the pill, I roll the pill up in a cat treat. My cat's natural reaction to seeing a cat treat is to salivate. Now though, as soon as she sees the pill container (before seeing the treat), she begins to salivate. 15) Salivating in response to seeing a treat is an example of a(n): A) conditioned response B) conditioned stimulus C) unconditioned stimulus D) unconditioned response E) negative reinforcer

D) unconditioned response

Tina is a psychologist who works for a federal prison. She is reading the medical file of one of the inmates at her facility. The results of the inmate's personality inventory indicates that the inmate is ruthless, uncooperative, and manipulative. If Tina did a brain scan on the inmate, what brain area (one that is known to be very important in processing and producing the emotion of fear) might she find is either smaller than average or else damaged in the inmate? A)Prefrontal cortex B)Cerebellum C)Hippocampus D)Amygdala E)Adrenal gland

D)Amygdala

5. A slot machine uses what type of reinforcement schedule? A. variable ratio B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. fixed interval

D. fixed interval

4. Jenny trained her dog Daisy to fetch the newspaper by first rewarding Daisy for going near the newspaper, then by rewarding Daisy for touching the newspaper, then by rewarding Daisy for picking the newspaper up in her mouth, and finally by rewarding Daisy for picking the newspaper up in her mouth and bringing it to the table. This procedure is known as: A. Pygmailion scheduling B. positive scheduling C. negative reinforcement D. shaping E. classical conditioning

D. shaping

Phineas Gage

Damage to his frontal lobe

What is "Abnormal"? The "4 Ds"

Deviance: behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ from society's ideas about proper functioning Distress: must cause distress/unhappiness to be considered abnormal Dysfunction: interferes with the ability to live a normal daily life Danger: to themselves or others

Treatment for Depression

Drug treatments Cognitive behavioral therapy Electroconvulsive therapy Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation deep brain stimulation

Treatment for anxiety

Drugs: xanax, valium

22) All other things being equal, an individual in which age range would be most likely to score the lowest on a standardized measure of intelligence? A) 16-20 years old B) 20-30 years old C) 40-50 years old D) 60-70 years old E) 80-90 years old

E) 80-90 years old

In the second trial of the experiment, Malik is again asked to repeat back only the speech being played in his left ear and ignore the speech in his right ear. In this second trial of the experiment, the following sentences are played: Left ear: "The dog chased the tennis ball all the way to the back of the yard." Right ear: "Diego decided to go over to his friend Malik's house to play a video game." In this case, while Malik repeats back the sentence played in his left ear perfectly, when he's asked what he heard in his right ear, he says that he heard, "Malik is going to play a video game." The fact that Malik reported no memory or awareness of the sentence played in the right ear in the first trial of the experiment, but heard the name "Malik" in the second trial is most consistent with what model or models of attention? A) Early-selection model only B) Early-selection model and attenuation model C) Late-selection model only D) Late-selection model and early-selection model E) Attenuation model only

E) Attenuation model only

9) Which of the following pairs of individuals would be expected to have the MOST similar levels of intelligence: A) Two (non-twin) sisters raised in different households B) Two (non-twin) sisters raised in the same household C) Two adoptive siblings raised in the same household D) A father and son - with the son raised by the father E) Identical twins raised in different households

E) Identical twins raised in different households

34) You are facing away from someone who is talking to you. You are having trouble understanding what the person is saying until you turn around and look at them as they repeat the statement that they had previously said. What information is likely helping you better understand the person as they repeat their statement and what type of information is this? A) Syntax/grammar of the statement, top down B) Syntax/grammar of the statement, bottom up C) Phonemes being processed in auditory cortex, bottom up D) Mouth movement, bottom-up E) Mouth movement, top-down

E) Mouth movement, top-down

42) Laura is a psychology researcher who studies personality. She is interested in performing a correlational study to determine if there's an association between level of education and the Big 5 personality traits. Which of the following measures of personality would Laura be MOST LIKELY to use to assess the Big 5 personality traits? A) MMPI-2 B) Myers-Briggs C) the Enneagram test D) Rorschach Inkblot test E) NEO-PI

E) NEO-PI

32) Greta is extremely calm and unemotional. She rarely gets annoyed or irritated by minor concerns. She almost never worries and is very secure in her choices and beliefs. Based on the description above, Greta would tend to score LOW on what Big 5 personality trait? A) Openness B) Conscientiousness C) Extraversion D) Agreeableness E) Neuroticism

E) Neuroticism

25) Which of the following is a bottom-up cue to lightness/darkness? A) The vergence angle of the eyes B) The wavelength of the light that is reflecting off of objects and entering the eye C) Your knowledge about how different light sources emit light with different proportions of color D) Your knowledge about how shadows change the amount of light available to be reflected by objects E) The simple number of photons that hit the retina

E) The simple number of photons that hit the retina

34) Given the description of the participants, you would expect participants who watched Video #_______ to be more likely to say they'll eat more foods containing lycopene because this video used ________ persuasion. A) Video #1; central route (systematic) B) Video #1; peripheral route (heuristic) C) Video #1; mere exposure D) Video #2; central route (systematic) E) Video #2; peripheral route (heuristic)

E) Video #2; peripheral route (heuristic)

39) Walter looked at his new green shirt in three locations: (1) the store dressing room - which was lit by a fluorescent light bulb; (2) in the mall parking lot - which was lit by the sun; and (3) his bedroom - which was lit by an incandescent bulb. In all three locations, Walter perceived the shirt to be the same green color. The bottom-up information related to the color of the shirt was the _____________. This information was _____________ in the three locations. A) total number of photons reflecting off the shirt; different B) total number of photons reflecting off the shirt; the same C) the total number of photons of different wavelengths reflecting off the shirt; different D) the total number of photons of different wavelengths reflecting off the shirt; the same E) Walter's knowledge about the wavelength of light emitted by different light sources, the same

E) Walter's knowledge about the wavelength of light emitted by different light sources, the same

3) You are participating in a dichotic listening task, where you need to attend to information in one ear while ignoring information in the other ear. Which of the following examples provides the MOST support for the attenuation model of attention and not the other theories of attention? A) You do not notice any words from the unattended ear, even the mentioning of your father's name B) You notice that the voice in the unattended ear changed from Italian to Spanish (both are similar sounding languages) C) You notice that the voice in the unattended ear drastically changed pitch D) You notice that the voice in the unattended ear spoke about going shopping, even though you have little interest in shopping E) You notice that the voice in the unattended ear named a famous celebrity, but you did not recognize any other words from the unattended ear

E) You notice that the voice in the unattended ear named a famous celebrity, but you did not recognize any other words from the unattended ear

41) Which of the following disorders is FAR more common in women than in men? A) bipolar disorder B) schizophrenia C) anti-social personality disorder D) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder E) borderline personality disorder

E) borderline personality disorder

Tim is a high school junior. Although he doesn't love baseball, he tries out and makes the team. However, he is told by the team captain that before he can officially become a team member, he has to pass a series of tests. These "tests" turn out to be hazing activities. The activities include laying still while being covered in rotten food, being forced to clean the locker room toilets with his bare hands, and having to drink a bottle of hot sauce. Under normal situations, Tim would never perform these degrading and uncomfortable acts. However, despite this Tim nonetheless performs the activities and joins the team. 9) Tim initially experiences a great deal of mental discomfort after joining the team due to the fact that his behavior (undergoing hazing) did not match his beliefs (would not allow himself to be degraded). This discomfort is known as: A) deindividuation B) generalized anxiety disorder C) justification of effort D) conjunction fallacy E) cognitive dissonance

E) cognitive dissonance

20) Patricia is at a casino playing 5-cent slot machines. 5-cent slot machines don't cost very much to play (each pull of the slot machine costs 5-cents), but they also don't pay out very much money when you win. After winning on three pulls in a row, Patricia says, "I'm going to move to a 10-dollar slot machine so that I can win as much money as possible while I'm on this lucky streak!" Patricia's behavior represents the impact of what decision-making issue? A) gambler's fallacy B) the endowment effect C) framing effects D) sunk-cost fallacy E) hot-hand fallacy

E) hot-hand fallacy

32) Carol moves to a small town in Japan. The only soda she can find in the whole town is "Salty Watermelon" soda. Although the first time she drinks it, she finds it disgusting, as the weeks go past and she drinks it more and more, she finds that she actually likes it quite a bit. Carol's change in attitude about the "Salty Watermelon" soda most likely came about due to the __________. A) social facilitation effect B) social exposure effect C) self-serving bias D) availability bias E) mere exposure effect

E) mere exposure effect

Tom and Jessica sign up to be participants in a research experiment. They both first receive an injection of epinephrine. Tom is told that the injection will likely cause his heart to beat faster and his face to flush. Jessica meanwhile is told that the injection is only saline and will have no effect on her. Tom and Jessica are then put in two separate rooms. In Tom's room there are five other people who all appear to be exceptionally happy. In Jessica's room there are also five other people, in her case though, all the people appear to be exceptionally angry. Based upon the Schacter and Singer theory of emotion, after a few minutes in their respective rooms you would expect Tom to feel _________ and Jessica to feel ________. A)no differences in emotion compared to when the experiment started B)happy; angry C)angry; happy D)happy; happy E) no differences in emotion compared to when the experiment started; angry

E) no differences in emotion compared to when the experiment started; angry

39) Andrew works as a graphic designer. He enjoys making his own hours and choosing for himself what projects to work on. He feels pride that his designs have been becoming better over time. However, he works from home and spends entire days alone. He picks his projects through an app so he does not even interact with others online. According to self-determination theory, which of the following psychological needs for growth and success is NOT being met by Andrew's job? A) autonomy B) determination C) flexibility D) competence E) relatedness

E) relatedness

13) An investigator from the Transportation and Safety Board is interviewing a witness to the TWA Flight 800 plane explosion. This incident had been major national news and the witness indicated that he had watched many reports on the incident. When the investigator asked the witness to describe what he remembered seeing, the witness specifically mentioned that he had seen "TWA 800" written across the plane. The investigator knew though that this was impossible because the plane had been far too high above the witness for letters or digits to be visible (and in fact, there was no '800' on the plane). The fact that the witness nevertheless remembered these details illustrates what memory issue? A) confirmation bias B) egocentric bias C) affirmation bias D) bottom-up bias E) suggestibility

E) suggestibility

31) Which of the following reflects the correct order of brain regions for the "slow route" (also called the "high road") of processing of fearful visual stimuli? A) thalamus, sensory cortex, amygdala, prefrontal cortex B) amygdala, thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex C) thalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, sensory cortex D) thalamus, amygdala E) thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala

E) thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala

43) The case study of Genie is often used to make what point about human language? A) that humans are the only creatures that can learn to use symbols to make requests B) that humans are the only creatures that can learn to map symbols to semantic meaning C) that humans are the only creatures that use language for out-of-sight events D) that humans are the only creatures that use language to describe thoughts or feelings E) that it is possible to have reasonably normal human intelligence but little to no language ability

E) that it is possible to have reasonably normal human intelligence but little to no language ability

A small community has two charities that are both targeted to raising money for children's poverty. In this community, people are looked highly upon when they show involvement in the community such as by donating to charities. Both charities have a policy that they will post information on who donates to the charities. The charities operate the same except that charity A lists everyone's name that donates no matter how much money they donated while charity B lists both who donates and how much money they donated. Charity B tends to raise more money than charity A. This is likely because of which psychological phenomenon? A) Social facilitation B)Bystander apathy C)Cognitive dissonance D)Group think E)Social loafing

E)Social loafing

Ethan is opening a new restaurant in Wisconsin. He contracts with an advertising agency to make a 30-second television commercial. The agency puts together a commercial that interleaves shots of Ethan's restaurant with shots of great plays by the Green Bay Packers and the University of Wisconsin football team. When Ethan points out that his restaurant doesn't have anything to do with football, the agency head says, "Don't worry about that. People like the Packers. People like the Badgers. And now people will like your restaurant." What technique is the advertising agency using in the commercial for Ethan's restaurant? A)peripheral route persuasion B)justification of effort C)informational conformity D)central route persuasion E)evaluative conditioning

E)evaluative conditioning

Jason has been diagnosed with panic disorder. What type of phobia is Jason most likely to have in addition to his panic disorder? A)fear of spiders B)fear of dogs C)fear of snakes D)fear of heights E)fear of public places

E)fear of public places

Emotion is the consequence- not the cause- of our physiological reactions E.g., We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble

Emotion is the consequence- not the cause- of our physiological reactions E.g., We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble

Turner's Syndrome

Female missing a second 'X' (sometimes called 45,X)

Triple X syndrome

Female with three 'X' chromosomes (sometimes called 47,XXX)

In Jan's favorite video game, players are given $1000 of video game money every 24 hours. They are given the money at exactly 12 noon every single day. What kind of reward schedule is this? Fixed ratio Fixed interval Variable ratio Systematic reward

Fixed interval

Broca's area

Frontal lobe (left)

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Has a 'Y,' but at least one extra 'X' (e.g., XXY - sometimes called 47, XXY) Typically considered genetically male

arousal

How active or passive the experience is

valence

How positive or negative the experience is

Consistency Information

How the person's behavior varies from time to time If someone is almost always friendly, you make a dispositional attribution. If it varies, you make a situational attribution

Fight or Flight Response

Hypothalamus (releasing factor)→Pituitary gland→Adrenal gland

Ignoring the Base Rate

If presented with related base rate information (i.e generic, general information) and specific information (information only pertaining to a certain case), the mind tends to ignore the former and focus on the latter

Consensus behavior

If someone behaves the same way that you believe you/others would behave in the same place, you make a situational attribution otherwise you make a dispositional attribution

Openness to experience

Imaginative......down-to-earth Variety......routine Independent.......conforming

Jane Elliott

In/Out experiment

Suggestibility

Incorporating misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

Treatment for Bipolar

Lithium sometimes both lithium and an SSRI

Roots are in psychoanalysis (Frued)

Need to know Frued's name

cognitive dissonance

Occurs when there is a mismatch between two attitudes or thoughts/feelings and behaviors (thinking cigarettes are bad for you, and then smoking them)

XX Male Syndrome (de la Chapelle syndrome)

One of the X chromosomes (from the father) contains the SR-Y gene (due to unequal crossing over)

One way to show Conspicuity

One way to attract attention? Contrast Contrast can be in luminance (white vs black) Contrast can be in color Contrast can be in motion

Conscientiousness

Organized........disorganized Careful.........careless Self -disciplined........weak-willed

Implicit Attitude Test:

People are not always aware that they hold subtle stereotypes/attitudes

Source confusion

People may remember correctly an item or fact from a previous experience but misattribute the fact to an incorrect source

Treatment for ADHD

Pharmacological (aderal) Behavioral

Treatment for Schizophrenia

Pharmacological treatments: Clozapine Psychosocial treatments

Prevalence of Social phobia: a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Prevalence: 11% of men and 15% of women suffer from social phobia

Group Think

Results when group members try to maintain harmony in a decision-making group and ignore conflicting evidence or opinions

Prevalence and cause of generalized anxiety disorder

Roughly 5% of North Americans suffer from GAD, women are twice as likely as men mild heritability

Treatment for Childhood depression

SSRIs, CBT, combination TAD:Treatment for adolescents with depression study

Extraversion

Social.....retiring Fun loving.....sober Affectionate.....reserved

Agreeableness

Softhearted......ruthless Trusting.........suspicious Helpful.........uncooperative

Acquisition of phobias:

Some phobias can be traced to a specific event

Stressors

Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's wellbeing

Cannon-Bard

Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous and causes an emotional experience in the brain E.g., Our physiological arousal and our emotion experience occur simultaneously

Overconfidence

Tendency for people to be too certain about their ability to accurately remember events and to make judgements

Speedy low road (Fast Path):

Thalamus→Amygdala

Thinking High Road (slow route):

Thalamus→Sensory cortex→prefrontal cortex→Amygdala

Consistency bias

The bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present

Incorrect localization

The certain items are remembered correctly- but they're remembered in an incorrect location (Eg. Remembering a person you saw but not where you saw them)

Androgyny

The combination of masculine and femine characteristics

Visibility Perception

The sign should be visibility under all lighting conditions

Grouping Principles Perception

The sign should take into account how we naturally group items

Social Facilitation

The tendency for weaknesses or strengths in performance to be magnified when people are watching

unintentional plagiarism

This is conceptually very similar to source misattribution; Unintentional plagiarism you misremember yourself as the source for something that you actually saw/heard/read elsewhere

Prosocial Behavior

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another person or society as a whole

conditioned taste aversion

When you pair eating a food with nausea/vomiting, you develop an immediate and severe aversion to the tase of that food, whether or not the food is the reason that you vomited

Neuroticism

Worried........calm Insecure......secure Self-pitying......self-satisfied

Relaxation response:

a condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure

Token economy:

a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards Reducing unwanted emotional responses

Mindfulness-based cognitive thinking:

a form of cognitive therapy that teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment, to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations, and to detect symptoms before they become a problem

The social desirability factor

a person may not be willing to acknowledge having certain beliefs/attitudes for fear of being judged unfavorably by others

conditioned response

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

Relaxation therapy:

a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body

Cognitive restructuring:

a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

Phototherapy:

a treatment for seasonal depression that involves repeated exposure to bright light

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):

a treatment that involved inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS):

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

Brandon and Karen are having a conversation on the steps of their school. Brandon is paying careful attention to only Karen's voice. Behind them, a school teacher is checking off the names of her students. The teacher says, "Bill, Carol, Diane, Cathy, Courtney, Brandon, Harry, Richard." According to the late selection theory of attention, which of the names said by the teacher should have reached the recognition stage of processing in Brandon's brain? a)All of the names - in the late selection theory, attention acts after the recognition stage b)None of the names - Brandon was only paying attention to Karen, not the teacher c)Only the name Brandon - it has high relevance and frequency in Brandon's life d)Bill, Carol, Harry, Richard - because of the serial position effect e)Bill and Richard - because of the serial position effect

a)All of the names - in the late selection theory, attention acts after the recognition stage

Prevalence and cause of Schizophrenia

about 1% slightly more common in men genetics, neurodevelopment effects, abnormal brain structure, abnormal neurochemistry, environmental

rows are.....

across

Agoraphobia:

an extreme fear of venturing into public places; correlates with panic disorder

Repressive coping:

avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

Treatment for panic

behavioral therapy

Autonomy:

being in control of one's own goals and behavior

Hippocampus is where?

bilateral

Damage to V1 will cause?

blindness

objects that reflect a lesser percentage of light that hits them =

darker

negative punishment

decreases the likelihood of behavior

positive punishment

decreases the likelihood of behavior

Asexual:

do not feel sexually attracted to others

Treatment for OCD

exposure and response is superior to the use of clomipramine

Relatedness:

feeling attachment to others with security and intimacy

late selection theory

filtering occurred after stimulus input was analyzed to the point of recognition

what is brocas aphasia

good language comprehension, language production impaired

Transsexual:

he or she undergoes a social transition from male to female or female to male, which in many, but nit all, cases also involved a body transition by cross-sex hormone treatment and genital surgery

negative reinforcement

increases the likelihood of behavior

positive reinforcement

increases the likelihood of behavior

Early selection theory

information in the right ear never makes it to the level of meaning

Rational coping:

involves facing the stressor and working to overcome it Involves three steps: acceptance, exposure, and reframing

top down information

knowledge about the world that helps you interpret the bottom up information

Wernike's Aphasia

left posterior part of the temporal lobe

Objects that reflect greater percentages of light that hits them =

lighter

What is hemineglect?

looks as if they are ignoring the left side of space

Amplitude =

loudness

Competence:

mastering appropriately challenging tasks

The Big 5 theory

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Differences in amplitude

perceived in differences in brightness

Differences in wavelengths=

perceived in differences of color

Frequency=

pitch

selective attention =

regions of colors, shapes, and space

variable schedule

reward given according to some probability distribution

interval schedule

reward given after a certain amount of time

ratio schedule

reward given after a certain number of actions

fixed schedule

reward is given every x action

where is Hemineglect

right posterior parietal cortex

unconditioned stimulus

something that naturally produces an occurring reaction in an organism

what is wrenicke's aphasia

speech comprehension deficit, difficulty in word finding and naming

Psychosurgery:

surgical destruction of specific brain areas

Treatment for specific phobias

systematic desensitization

Heuristic persuasion

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

Systematic persuasion (Central Route)

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

bottom up information

the raw sensory information

Physical attractiveness stereotype

the tendency to perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics

attenuation model

unattended information has an influence when that information is particularly relevant, or frequent

Columns are.....

up and down

Prevalence and cause of OCD

~1.3%, slightly greater in women conditioning, moderate heritability level, caudate nucleus

Prevalence and cause of Personality disorders

~15% of the population

Prevalence and cause of Bipolar disease

~2% of men and women biological causes heritability, biological causes, stressful life experiences