Psych Modules 10 & 11

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Iliana taking her dog to the vet once a year

The basic idea behind observational learning is that

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

In order for ________ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds.

acquisition

Which is an example of negative reinforcement?

buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car

When Joe drinks alcohol at a party he has a great time, but he also feels awful the next day. What principle of learning explains Joe's continued drinking?

immediate consequences are more powerful than delayed consequences

Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

implicit

To help think about the processes involved in memory, some memory researchers have developed

information-processing models

Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a

instinct

Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________.

instincts

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

interference

The ________ is the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world hypothesis

Zoe believes that homeless people deserve to be homeless because she thinks they don't work hard enough. Her belief is an example of the

just-world hypothesis

Cindy has taken the bus to and from school for the past three weeks. Today, however, she misses the bus and must walk to school. Cindy has never had to walk to school before, but she makes it to school without a single wrong turn. This demonstrates

latent learning

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

latent learning

________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.

latent learning; behaviorism

You find that no matter how much or how little you study for your Spanish course; it never makes any difference in your grade. So, now, you do not bother to study for Spanish. This is an example of

learned helplessness

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.

learning

Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will

develop an increasing dislike for his brother

3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ________.

discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

how long ago we learned that information

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

primary

Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of

primary reinforcers

A person will be less likely to fall prey to the Asch effect if there is at least one other dissenter in the group, if the group is small, or if responses are made in ________.

private

The saying, "I scratch your back, you scratch mine." best fits with the concept of

reciprocity

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.

reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior

Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do that using the concept of shaping?

reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Playing the slots at a casino works on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

variable ratio

Malik is memorizing some lines for his school play and struggles with, "Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; This is not Romeo, he's some other where." To practice, he writes it out emphasizing words with capital letters: "Tut, I have lost myself; I AM NOT HERE; This is not Romeo, he's some OTHER WHERE." He is utilizing principles of ________ encoding.

visual

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories

was not restricted to single, specific regions of the cortex

Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

watching a movie

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot

Before Bandura proposed his Bobo doll experiment, most learning specialists believed that learning only occurred ________.

when an individual did something and discovered the consequences directly

________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.

B.F. Skinner

Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let in more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?

Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell.

A group of operating room nurses were asked about their beliefs and best practices in the operating room. When a doctor ordered some things during a procedure, all of the nurses obeyed, even if that meant doing things they previously said they would not do. This behavior is supported by

Stanley Milgram's obedience studies.

Larry is studying for his final exam the next day, but a friend calls and invites him to a party. Larry really wants to go to the party and decides that he will get up early and study for the exam the next morning before going to class. According, to Learning theory, why does Larry decide to go to the party?

The value of short-term, immediate reinforcer (going to the party) has outweighed the value of a long-term, delayed reinforcer (good grades).

Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.

a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

Positive Reinforcement refers to a situation where ________.

a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior

Richard can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Richard's memory of this personal event in his life is an example of what is called:

a flashbulb memory

Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of

a mnemonic device

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

a newborn baby knowing how to nurse

Miguel signed up for match.com because he thought it might actually be a good way to meet a nice girl who shares his interests, but he assumes his roommate only signed up because he is shallow wants to look through all the pictures and profiles. This is an example of the

actor-observer bias

In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia.

anterograde

In classical conditioning, organisms learn to

associate events that repeatedly happen together.

When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ________ learning.

associative

The four steps of observational learning are...

attention, retention, imitation, and motivation

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself.

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This ________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

attitude

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called

bias

Which is an example of classical conditioning?

being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes.

Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?

being told "nice work!" after completing your homework

Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates

central route persuasion

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day

Jamie found the ISBN number of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number, 19772552901, she mentally treated it like the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

chunking

When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam outside, she excitedly runs to the door and barks. This is an example of

classical conditioning

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of

cognitive dissonance theory

Diego teaches third grade and has heard that one of his students, Farrah, is coming to his class next year. She's supposedly a big troublemaker who likes to talk back to teachers, so Diego is not surprised when she talks back to him on the second day of school. He didn't recognize that she had been obedient and respectful o the first day, however. This experience is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study

conformity

If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

continuous

________ reinforcement is giving a reinforcer every time that a behavior is displayed.

continuous

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?

determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.

Whenever your English teacher is giving a quiz, he carries the copies of the quiz into the room in a black box and you react with anticipation. If he walks into the room with any other colored box, you know that it is not a quiz and feel no anticipation. This illustrates the concept of stimulus

discrimination

Compared with how we explain our own actions, in explaining other people's behavior we are more likely to refer to

dispositional influences

By consciously rehearsing in many separate study sessions over the semester the facts you need to learn, you are most clearly taking advantage of

distributed practice

The use of mnemonics such as the peg-word system illustrates

effortful processing

Jamie decides to go for a bicycle ride. Although he has not ridden his bicycle for three years, he remembers the time he fell off and hurt his arm. This an exam of:

episodic memory

Ivan Pavlov

established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.

Fred is tired of hearing two-year-old Pebbles cry whenever she did not get her way. Fred decides to ignore Pebbles anytime she had a crying outburst. Over the course of several weeks, the frequency of outbursts decreased and eventually cease What operant conditioning process was Fred utilizing?

extinction

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.

extinction

Monthly paychecks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

fixed interval

Napoleon works at the golf course. In addition to his salary, they told him he can get $10 for every bucket he fills with stray balls he finds scattered throughout the course. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

fixed-ratio

A light and a shock are associated so the light now produces a fear response without presentation of the shock. If a new light that is similar to, but not identical to the original light produces the fear response, we have an example of ________.

generalization

After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

generalization

When Anna's old roommate would go to the kitchen first thing in the morning, she would always make coffee. Anna would stay in bed a few extra minutes and grab a cup of coffee as she left for class. Now Anna hears her new roommate go to the kitchen, so she stays in bed a few extra minutes. As she leaves for class, she is surprised that there is no coffee. Anna's mistaken assumption that her roommate would make coffee is based on ________.Question 17 options:

generalization

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin

The process of encoding refers to

getting information into memory

Which is an example of operant conditioning?

giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

Internet communication that enables like-minded health care advocates to share their ideas also serves to strengthen their prevailing health care attitudes. This best illustrates

group polarization

The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as

hindsight bias

After watching a happy film, patients' happy emotion persisted even though they could not consciously recall the film. These patients had suffered damage to the

hippocampus

Aliens abducted Wally and destroyed his capacity to form any new episodic memories. In other words, they damaged Wally's _______________, causing ___________ amnesia.

hippocampus; retrograde

Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies

learning

Removing a rat's hippocampus 48 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of

memory consolidation

The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of

memory construction

Mrs. Johnson will only buy popular brand names when she is grocery shopping. When I asked her why she only buys "Jif" or "Skippy" Peanut butter, she said, "I only see Jif and Skippy commercials." Mrs. Johnson's preference for familiar brand names illustrates the importance of

mere exposure effect

When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called

misattribution

In one experiment, participants primed with words related to ________ were less likely to help another person who asked for their help.

money

Ralph could not remember any of his childhood until he went for psychotherapy to treat his anxiety disorder. After just a few sessions, Ralph started remembering the painful incidents in his childhood in which he was beaten and made to feel ashamed. Ralph had difficulty remembering his childhood probably because of:

motivated forgetting

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?

nausea

A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a

neutral stimulus

Andre was unable to make a paper airplane until he watched his cousin Miriam make a few. Now Andre can fold his own paper airplanes. This is an example of

observational learning

Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind ________.

operant conditioning

Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________.

operant conditioning

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates

operant conditioning

Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in working memory would most clearly require activation of the

right frontal lobe

In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

salivation; salivation

Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she

sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.

An iconic memory is a ________ memory.

sensory

Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.

sensory

Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her dog, Dodger, all at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of

shaping

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of

shaping

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as

shaping

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. During this entire minute or two their names were stored in her ________ memory.

short-term

Researchers have filmed two people interacting face-to-face with cameras located just behind each person. Showing each person a replay of their interaction filmed from the other person's perspective increased their tendency to attribute the other person's behavior to

situational influences

________ is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings.

situationism

Conformity to peer pressure may lead us to behave in ways that violate our own personal convictions. This best illustrates the impact of

social control

Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates

social facilitation

The understood rules for accepted and expected behavior are called

social norms

Professor Hegg conducts research on cultural factors that contribute to the development of romantic love. Which specialty area does the professor's research best represent?

social psychology

Darnell was the subject for his in-class demonstration on classical conditioning. His teacher read through a list of random words, but each time she said the word, "pizza," she squirted him in the face with a water bottle, which caused him to flinch. When talking about pizza later outside of class, he didn't flinch, but then two days later, his friend from class said, "Hey Darnell, pizza!" and he flinched with fear. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Jake is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink of alcohol in over 6 months. One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties in which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol. Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol by using which strategy?

stimulus control

The text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publicized suicide may be the result of

suggestibility

Sierra and her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner and then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding and ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thought of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an example of a/an ________.

taste aversion

The influence that a group has on the judgment of an individual is called

the Asch effect

Where would the fundamental attribution error most likely occur?

the United States

Group polarization refers to

the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called

the fundamental attribution error

In atrocious situations such as Zimbardo's simulated prison, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. This best illustrates

the interactive influence of persons and situations.

In the study with Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

the loud sound

When Catherine landed a big contract for her firm, she accepted the credit for her hard work and smart "wheeling and dealing." When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. What is this an example of?

the self-serving bias

Leon is forced to do a great deal of memorization and reasoning (notice connections between different concepts) while studying for his final exams. Unfortunately, his next-door neighbor has a dog that is prone to bark at night. The barking coincides almost precisely with Leon's REM sleep cycle, so it interrupts his ability to dream. The next day Leon does very poorly on his exams. According to the information-processing theory of dreams, one explanation for his poor performance is that:

thebarking interfered with his REM sleep, which in turn interfered with the remixing process of memory consolidation.

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely

to be repeated

The peripheral route to persuasion

typically results in less permanent behavior changes

Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.

unconditioned stimulus

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval