Psych of adulthood exam 2 chapter 6

The ___________ _______________________________ hypothesis proposes that through a slowing of central processes in the nervous system, age difference increase as tasks become more complex and the older adult's processing resources are stretched more to their limit.

Age complexity

One factor that may contribute to slowing of reaction time with age is ____________________.

Attention

_____________________ is the ability to focus or concentrate on a portion of experience while ignoring other features of that experience, to be able to shift that focus as demanded by the situation, and to be able to coordinate information from multiple sources.

Attention

______________________ is studied by breaking down the attentional tasks involved in everyday life into components to examine in the lab.

Attention

Regards attention as a process reflecting the allocation of cognitive resources is known as what? There is little empirical research to support this theory.

Attentional Resources Theory

Biopsychosocial view of driving and aging includes ___________________ (changes in vision), ______________________ (changes in reaction time and internal distractions causing anxiety), and ______________________________ (driving necessary to live independently)

Biology, psychology, sociocultural

_________________ _____________________ network is a circuit in the brain that is active when the brain is at rest (while processing internal stimuli), includes _____________________________, parts of prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and part of cingulate cortex involved in visualization. Becomes deactivated during tasks involved in ____________________ memory. Older adults show __________________________ activation of default network and less able to deactivate during memory tasks. Have fewer resources to devote to info that is needed to be retained. High-functioning ________________ adults may be able to draw on default network to augment performance in working memory tasks.

Brain's default, hippocampus, working, decreased, older

Integrates the other three components of working memory.

Central executive

An example of _______________ ________________________ is Push "f" button on keyboard when you see red "N" and "j" button when you see green "N"

Choice reaction

_______________ ________________________- make one response for one stimulus and another for a different stimulus

Choice reaction

Once attention is focused on a piece of info, then individual is able to perform other ____________________ operations (e.g., memory or problem solving).

Cognitive

Factors that can potentially impair older adults ability to drive include changes in basic ________________________ functions with age, changes in ________________ system (ex- loss of visual acuity, increased sensitivity to glare, difficulty seeing in the dark), ______________________ changes can limit ability to get in and out of the car, fasten a seat-belt, change the seat position, turn the steering wheel, or cope with a breakdown, ____________________________ used to treat chronic conditions can impair driving ability due to side effects (ex- drowsiness, confusion, and dizziness)

Cognitive, visual, physical, medications

In _______________________________ __________________ _______________, target differs from distractors in more than one way, involves _______________ processing - because each stimulus must be examined to determined whether it has all qualities of the target.

Conjunction visual search, serial

Studies on aging and attentional performance suggest that not all abilities ____________________. Although typically slower when processing information from visual displays, ________________ adults can remember the location of an item presented in a visual display and may be more efficient at this task than are ___________________ adults. With practice, healthy older adults can activate different areas of the brain to raise performance (e.g., on Stroop task) to comparable levels.

Decline, older, younger

Overall studies suggest that people become less ___________________ in use of ________________________ processes as they get older.

Efficient, attentional

When learning info initially?

Encoding

The process of long-term memory includes what 3 things?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Responsible for recalling info in long-term memory by ringing it temporarily back into working memory.

Episodic buffer

Effects of Aging on Long Term Memory In Adulthood: What are the abilities that decline? (5 things)

Episodic memory, source memory, false memory, tip of the tounge (names), and prospective memory.

________________________ memory is LTM for events that took place in the past. ________________ adults experience impairments both in encoding and retrieving information. Depends on the integrity of connections among frontal cortex, temporal and parietal lobes and areas of subcortex (thalamus). Memory changes in these regions may be due to White Matter Hyperintensities. In _________________ aging, structural changes in the brain compensated by heightened activation of the ________________________ cortex.

Episodic, older, normal, prefrontal

Middle age and older adults perform best when there are ___________ _______________________________.

Few distractions

___________________________ memory is the recall of important and distinctive events that stand out from other memories of past events When older adults form such memories they are likely [as younger adults] to recall them correctly.

Flashbulb

Effects of Aging on Long Term Memory In Adulthood: What are the abilities that do not decline? (5 things)

Flashbulb memory, semantic memory, procedural memory, implicit memory, and autobiographical memory

The ______________________ _______________________ hypothesis proposes that increase in reaction time reflects general decline of info processing speed within the nervous system of the aging individual.

General slowing

? memory is long-term memory for information that people acquire without intending to do so. Does not appear to be affected by the _______________ process.

Implicit, aging

Research on attention and aging try to determine whether older adults have difficulty with ____________________ control (turning off one response while performing another).

Inhibitory

Suggests that aging reduces the individuals ability to inhibit irrelevant information is known as what? Supported by studies based on psychological and electrophysio methods.

Inhibitory Deficit Hypothesis

Both younger and older adults perform ____________ efficiently on conjunction search tasks than they do on simple search tasks (but cost of performance is higher for older adults)

Less

Repository of information that is held for a period of time ranging from several minutes to a lifetime is known as what?

Long-term memory

The larger the number of stimuli to scan, the ________________ the participants will take to decide whether the target is present or not.

Longer

Reaction time of a young adult is _______________ than older adults

Lower

How is implicit memory tested? By presenting participants with a task that involves _________________________________ but not remembering information (Ex- participants presented with a list of words and asked to place them into categories but not to recall them. Later are asked to recall the words previously instructed to only categorize).

Manipulating

What are the two factors that affect memory performance?

Memory self efficacy and stereotype threat

The degree to which individual believes that he/she can successfully complete a memory task is known as what?Higher memory self-efficacy is the likelihood that individual will perform to _______________________ ability (__________________________ with increasing age).

Memory self efficacy, maximum, decreases

The ? (5 words) (Donofrio and colleagues, 2009) incorporated biopsychosocial factors involved in driving. Whether older adults continue to drive depends on a number of psychological and sociocultural factors. _____________________________- including feelings of self-confidence, desire to get out of the home, need for independence, importance for self worth, and perceived health. _______________-______________________ factors include whether an older adult lives alone, can get rides with others, has access to public transportation.

Model of Driving Self Regulation, psychological, socio-cultural

__________________________ is an important area of attentional performance that involves people's ability to monitor multiple input sources

Multitasking

"_____-___________" task is commonly used to test working memory- Participants are presented a sequence of items one by one. For each item participants need to decide if the current item is the same as the one presented N trials ago. N can be 1 trail, 2 trail, 3 trials etc. The higher the number the more ____________________ the task

N-back, difficult

Most people are at a disadvantage (more so with _______________ adults). But older adults compensate for attentional deficits by shifting the regions of the brain they activate while attending to more than one input.

Older

___________________ adults are more likely to crash at intersections (especially left hand turns), have more difficulty when required to merge /yield to oncoming traffic, are able to self-regulate behaviors to compensate for changes experienced in visual and cognitive abilities, do not drive at night or on interstate highways or situations in which they must make risky left hand turns, and can compensate for slow reaction time.

Older

Deviations of dots from the diagonal line shows the extent to which _______________ adults are disproportionately _________________ as the task becomes more challenging for young adults.

Older, slower

________________ adults have greater experience in making decisions in real life settings which benefits them when scanning environments When compared to __________________ adults on a search tasks that included context to guide their attention, older adults were more likely than younger adults to benefit from background cues. Older adults can benefit from training that gives them practice and guidance in performing even very difficult conjunction searches

Older, younger

Holds auditory memory.

Phonological loop

Components of working memory (Badeley, 2003) includes what four things?

Phonological loop, visuospatial scratch pad, episodic buffer, and central executive

_______________________ improves memory task performance, strategy training can increase ____________ _____________________, support during encoding (Ex- additional cues such as seeing pics and words when learning a word list - "deep processing"), training that taps into areas of expertise, long term training can alter brain (Ex- method of loci training altered white matter density), and virtual reality helped increase older adults ? memory (especially verbal memory).

Practice, self efficacy,

Participants see a list of words containing the word "Apple". Later are shown the word fragment such as "A _ P_ _" and asked to fill in remaining three blanks. If participants respond "Apple", then implicit memory is demonstrated. This is an example of what?

Priming

______________________- show information that leads participants to think of certain things, topics, or situations.

Priming

_________________________ memory is the recall of the actions involved in particular tasks. Holds up well with age, contributes to the ability of older adults to compensate for some of their loss of speed and working memory in diverse areas.

Procedural

________________________________ memory is the recall of events to be performed in the future. Older people appear to have more prospective memory slips than do younger adults. The more heavily a prospective memory task involves planning and the frontal lobe, the disadvantaged the _________________ adults seem to be.

Prospective, older

If aware of _________________________ memory problems, __________________ adults can take advantage of reminders (effective for adults in the _______________-__________ age category).

Prospective, older, young-old

___________________ memory involves the recall of information from the distant past. ______________: Older people can remember information for many years in the past betterthan they can remember more recent information. _______________________- autobiographical memory [or the recall of information from a person's own past].Many individuals experience a reminiscence bump of very clear memories for the ages of from about 10 to 30 years (effect is particularly strong for _________________ memories).

Remote, myth, exception, happy

When needed to use it later on?

Retrieval

Older adults are able to recruit alternative neural networks as needed by task demands to make up for losses suffered elsewhere in the brain is known as what?

Scaffolding theory

_______________________ memory is the ability to recall word meanings and the factual information. There are no declines in normal older adults. _______________ adults are able to remember word meanings and a broad array of factual information on a comparable level with __________________ adults.

Semantic, older, younger

An example of ____________________ ________________________ is push "f" button on keyboard when you see red "N"

Simple reaction

__________________ ________________________- make response as soon as target appears

Simple reaction

In ___________________ _____________________ search, target differs from other stimuli by only one feature, participants can generally reach high levels of performance quickly across trials, thus, reaction time ends not to increase as number of items in stimulus array gets larger, involves __________________ processing (can scan entire array at once), older and younger adults perform at similarly _____________ levels (both find target quickly and accurately).

Simple visual, parallel, high

__________________ memory is the recall of where or how a person acquires information. Older adults have greater difficulty on source memory tasks when they must judge where they saw an item on a previous occasion. ________________ adults also more susceptible to false or illusory memories in which they say they remember something they never happened. _______________ memories measured using the Deese-Roediger- McDermott [DRM] paradigm. Few people are immune from this effect but when warned, _____________________ participants are better able than older adults to avoid the false memory implantation

Source, older, false, younger

Older adult's self identification as "old" contributes to lower memory scores is known as what? Identification with ______________________ images of aging interferes with memory performance in older adults by ______________________ self efficacy. Older adults are ____________ able to use mnemonic strategies

Stereotype threat, negative, lowering, less

Info kept in long term?

Storage

- Inhibitory control measured using _______________ Test: Asked to name the color of ink in which a word is printed. Response time and accuracy compared when color and word match with performance when color and word do not match. Good ____________________ control = able to turn off naming of color based on word.

Stroop, inhibitory

__________________________ __________________________ Task: participants must respond when they see a particular target appear out of a continuous stream of stimuli. (ex- press any key when they see an "X" moving onto a computer screen containing all "Y"s). __________________ adults typically have more difficulty in sustained attention task than do _____________________ adults.

Sustained Attention, older, younger

Retrieval-Induced Forgetting, otherwise known as the __________ of the _________________ phenomenon is being unable to remember information that a person knew at one time in the _____________. Observed more in ________________ adults in both laboratory and everyday situations. Young adults occasionally experience this effect when trying to retrieve an ____________________ word; older adults are more likely to forget a person's _______________. Declines experienced by older adults may be due to age related neural declines in the area of the brain used for phonological production.

Tip of the tongue, past, older, abstract, name

Holds memory for information that is seen.

Visuospatial scratch pad

An example of the Processing of _____________________ Memory is Think of the numbers that are part of your address (inc zip code) and add those numbers together as digits. Now think of your phone number and add those as single digits to your previous sum, and finally add your age to this number. What is the total?

Working

_____________________ memory keeps information temporarily available and active in consciousness, used when trying to learn new info or recall info learned previously, and is linked closely with attention (required to handle multiple thought processes)

Working

Highest fatality rates of driving are among ___________________ adults (_____-_____) years old (38 and 36 per 100,000) (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2012) in US. Older adults 65-74 years old (18 per 100,000), and 75+ year olds (28 per 100,000).

Younger, 16-24