Psych of Learning - exam 2
A compound stimulus consists of a click, which already has 15 units of associative value, and a scent, which has 0 units of associative value. This compound stimulus is then paired with a school that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. Following these pairings, the scent will likely have ____ units of associative value, which is a demonstration of ____.
0; blocking
A compound stimulus consists of a buzzer and a light flash, each of which has 0 units of associative value. This compound stimulus is then repeatedly paired with a sweet drink that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. Following these pairings, the buzzer has acquired 14 units of associative value. This means that the light flash has at most acquired ____ units of associative value, which is a demonstration of ____.
1; overshadowing
An aversive blast of air has a maximum associative value of 15 units. A compound stimulus consisting of a click and a scent are repeatedly paired with the puff of air, until the asymptote of conditioning has been reached. The scent acquires 13 units of associative value. This means that the click must have acquired ______ units of associative value, which is an example of ______.
2; overshadowing
If a rat always receives a shock following the presentation of an 800 Hz tone, it will show a stronger fear response to the presentation of a ____ tone than a ____ tone.
900 Hz; 1000 Hz
Spontaneous recovery differs from disinhibition in that the latter required the presence of
A novel stimulus
According to the process of selective sensitization, a person's fears may become exaggerated following exposure to
A stressful event of some sort
Sol was harassed by a couple of bullies while walking home from school one day. Although the two bullies were equally abusive, he subsequently feared only the bully whom he had previously feared. This seems to be an example of
Blocking
Suppose you work on a group project for one of your classes. You do 80% of the work for the project, and also do an excellent job presenting it to the rest of the class. However, your teacher gives a higher mark to another member who actually contributed very little to the project, but had previously attained a high mark in a different class with that teacher. This example is most similar to the process of
Blocking
An S^D is a stimulus that
Both increases the probability of a certain behavior and signals that a reinforcers is now available for the behavior
In ____ conditioning, behavior comes under the control of it's consequences.
Both operant and instrumental
Burton grows up in an environment in which he has little control over the things that matter most to him. Paula grows up in an environment in which she experiences a great deal of control over what matters most to her. According to research evidence, which of these children will be most susceptible to acquiring a phobia?
Burton
According to the preparatory-response theory of conditioning, the purpose of the ____ is to enable the organism to get ready for the ____.
CR; US
According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the ____ acts as a substitute for the ____.
CS; US
A form of classical conditioning in which the ____ is the the passage of time is ____.
CS; temporal conditioning
Money
Can be either a natural or contrived reinforcer
A(n) ____ reinforcer that one has been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior and is not a natural aspect of a certain situation
Contrived
Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near town, and as a result developed a strong fear of those woods. Later, however, she learned that there are no snakes in those woods, and that what she thought was a snake must have instead been a branch lying on the ground. As a result, she immediately lost her fear of the woods. This suggests that Suzie's fear of the woods must have been based on an ____ association.
S-S
A(n) _____ is a stimulus that "sets the occasion for" a behavior
S^D
In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, Albert's gear of the ____ was regarded as evidence of stimulus generalization
Santa Claus mask
The term ____ referes to the reappearance of a CR following a rest period after extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Research revealed that park who received chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently experienced a(n) ____ immune response when they again visited the hospital. In this example, the ____ wild be classified as the US
Suppressed; chemotherapy
Which of the following explains why a star involved in a scandal would be at risk of losing an endorsement contract with a product or company?
The CS has become associated with an aversive US.
Heather was slightly nervous about skiing after she fell and slightly twisted her ankle. She later suffers a serious and painful leg injury in a boating accident. After she fully recovers, she is now not only quite fearful of boating but also of skiing. This is best described as an example of
US revaluation
June once had a skiing accident in which she broke her leg, the result of which was that she became slightly anxious while skiing. Later, she heard of someone who died from a broken leg that became infected. The next time she went skiing, she found that she was quite anxious. This is most similar to a conditioning phenomenon known as
US revaluation
In the "Little Albert" experiment, loud noise is to white rat as ____ is to ____.
US; CS
A contingency of reinforcement means that
a response is followed by a reinforcer
The strengthening of a CR through repeated pairings of a CS and US is known as
acquisition
Gain is to ____ as loss is to ____.
acquisition; extinction
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if a bell and a light are simultaneously associated with shock, then the amount of fear elicited by the bell will be
affected by the amount of conditioning that occurs to the light.
Aversion therapy has been used to treat
all of these: -sex offenders -smoking -alcoholism
In blocking, a compound stimulus consisting of ______ is paired with a US.
an NS and CS
When exposed to the experimental neurosis procedure, some dogs
any of these depending on the dog: -became catatonic and almost hypnotized -became anxious and upset -displayed few if any symptoms.
When we have reached the maximum amount of conditioning that can be obtained, we say we have reached the ________ of conditioning.
asymptote
The treatment method known as ____ involves pairing an event that is overly attractive with an unpleasant stimulus.
aversion therapy
Putting on a heavy parka before going out into the cold is an example of a(n) ____ response, while putting it on after you go outside and become cold is an example of a(n) ____ response.
avoidance; escape
A spanking is a punisher if it
both follows a behavior and decreases the probability of a behavior.
An electric shock is a reinforcer if it
both follows a behavior and increases the probability of a behavior
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, a given US
can support only so much conditioning
Operant behaviors are usually defined as a
class of behaviors that lead to a certain consequence.
In keeping with the ____ model of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when the person injects a normal dosage of the drug in a(n) ____ environment.
compensatory-response; unfamiliar
In a classical conditioning experiment, a light and a tone are presented together prior to the presentation of food. The presentation of the light and tone together is considered a ____
compound stimulus
A secondary reinforcer can also be called a(n) ____ reinforcer
conditioned
In ____, an event that elicits one type of response is associated with another event that elicits a(n) ____ response.
counterconditioning; incompatible
A click and a scent are each separately paired with a shock, and conditioned to a maximum associative value. The click and scent are then combined into a compound stimulus and subjected to further pairings with the same shock. A likely result is that the associative value of one CS will ____ while the associative value of the other CS will ____.
decrease; also decrease
It is difficult to study on the weekend because the reinforcers for studying are often ____, while the reinforcers for having fun are ____.
delayed; immediate
Pavlov believed that the process of pairing an NS with a US resulted in the formation of a neural connection between
different areas in the cortex that are activated by each type of stimulus.
A useful procedure for testing the sensory capacities of animals is a(n) ____ procedure.
discrimination training
Jollena decided to confront her fear of dogs by volunteering to look after Arnold, the neighbor's Golden Retriever. By the end of the first day, she was becoming quite comfortable around Arnold. However, when the smoke detector accidentally went off, she found that some of her nervousness toward Arnold had returned. This is best described as an example of
disinhibition
The term ____ refers to the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a ____ stimulus is introduced.
disinhibition; novel
Properly speaking, operant behavior is said to be ____ by _____
emitted; the organism
Pinching yourself in order to counter feelings of anxiety is best described as an example of
external inhibition
The basic process involved in flooding appears to be
extinction
The weakening of a CS that has been repeatedly presented in the absence of the US is known as the process of
extinction
A treatment method that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus is
flooding
Broader is to narrower as
generalization is to discrimination
With his puzzle box experiments, Thorndike discovered that learning is usually a(n) ____ process.
gradual
Thorndike found that cats learned to escape from a puzzle box
gradually
A stimulus which signals that a CS is likely to be followed by a US is known as a(n)
occasion setter
In a classical conditioning experiment, rats sometimes experience a tone followed by light, followed by a shock, and sometimes experience just a light that is not followed by a shock. This appears to be an experiment on the phenomenon, known as.
occasion setting
The term ____ refers to a procedure in which a certain stimulus indicates that a CS will be followed by the US with which it is associated
occasion setting
Reinforcers are ____ the kinds of events that we consider pleasant.
often but not always
Jim was harassed by a couple of bullies while walking home from school one day. Although the two bullies were equally abusive, he subsequently developed a strong fear of the larger bully and almost no fear of the smaller bully. This is most clearly an example of
overshadowing
According to the S-S model of conditioning,
the NS becomes associated with the US
According to the S-R model of conditioning, the
the UR becomes associated with the NS.
Valentine (1930) was unable to produce a phobia in his young daughter by blowing a loud whistle when she touched certain objects. He speculated that this was because
the objects were ones that people are not naturally inclined to fear.
According to the compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, in a conditioning trial in which cues are paired with drug administration, the US is ____ and the UR is ____
the primary effect of the drug on the body; the compensatory response to the primary effect
Properly speaking, reinforcers and punishers are defined entirely by
their effect on behavior
A dog is given a treat each time it comes when called, and as a result no longer comes when called. The ____ is an example of ____.
treat; a punisher
An overshadowing procedure begins with the pairing of
two NSs and a US
If we have an innate tendency to acquire conditioned fears through the observation of fearful reactions in others, then the look of fear in others must be functioning as a(n)
unconditioned stimulus
To Pavlov, the existence of spontaneous recovery indicated that extinction is NOT simply a process of
unlearning
The amount of pseudoconditioning is represented by the strength of response elicited in those animals that were exposed to a(n)
unpaired NS and US
Experimental neurosis is an experimentally produced disorder that results from exposure to ___ events
unpredictable
During the Second World War, a major predictor of whether children developed an intense fear of air raids was whether their mothers
were fearful of air raids.
The average person would likely become most intoxicated by drinking alcohol
while taking a shower
Research has shown that students who have been reinforced for solving complex math problems will subsequently
write essays of higher quality
Which of the following is an example of shaping?
Reinforcing gradual approximations to lever pressing.
Miranda complains loudly every time her boyfriend, Bob, watches sports. As a result of her complaining, Bob usually turns off the television. After a number of these occurrences, as soon as he notices Miranda is in the room Bob turns off the television, . What could you say about this example?
All of these: -Miranda has become a discriminative stimulus for punishment -Miranda's behavior of complaining has been negatively reinforced -Miranda's boyfriend has experienced punishment for his behavior of watching sports.
Little fears can grow into big fears through the process of
All of these: -Selective sensitization -incubation -US Revaluation
For a student, seeing a large 'A' at the top of a marked paper or exam could be considered
All of these: -a conditioned reinforcer -a secondary reinforcer -a generalized reinforcer
The basic components of the operant conditioning process include
All of these: -a preceding stimulus that signals the availability of the consequence -a consequence that strengthens or weakens the response -a response that produces a certain consequence.
The ease with which a conditioned fear response is acquired can be affected by
All of these: -history of control -temperament -observational learning
US revaluation can strengthen a phobia through
All of these: -observational learning -direct exposure to a stronger US -verbally transmitted information
The statement, "Don't you dare try it!", would for most people be a(n)
Discriminative stimulus for punishment
The dog no longer receives food for begging and therefor stops begging. This is an example of
Extinction
Allana isn't bothered much by loud noises or lots of activity. In fact, she rather enjoys it. According to Eysenck (1957), she is most likely an ____ who conditions ___.
Extrovert; poorly
Wolpe's treatment of experimentally-induced phobias in cats was similar to Mary Cover Jones' treatment of Peter in that Wolpe used ____ to counter the fear syndrome.
Food
Skinner's Operant Conditioning procedure became known as a(n) ____ procedure because ____.
Free operant; the animal is free to respond at any rate
Large companies hire famous people for their advertising campaigns so as to make use of the process of
Higher-order conditioning
In general, the more ____ reinforcer, the stronger it's effect on behavior.
Immediate
With in vivo desensitization, the phobic stimulus is presented
In reality
One of the primary effects of amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. According to the compensatory-response model, in a drug conditioning trial the US would be ____ and the UR would be ___.
Increase in heart rate; decrease in heart rate
The process of ____ is the strengthening of a conditioned fear response through ____ exposure to a feared CS
Incubation; brief
Factors which suggests that Little Albert did not grow up to have a phobia of furry objects include which of the following?
Little Albert did not have the kind of temperament often associated with phobias.
Jim compliments his secretary on her new outfit when she offers to bring him coffee one morning. She never offers to bring him coffee again. Which of the following types of processes is illustrated in this scenario?
Negative punishment
"I'll do anything to avoid housework." This statement speaks to the power of
Negative reinforcement
In keeping with the compensatory-response mode of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when the addict injects a(n) ____ dosage of the drug in a setting that is ____ to drug use.
Normal; unrelated
Skinner divided behaviors into two categories:
Operant; respondent
"Context matters." This statement is most relevant to the concept of
Overshadowing
Suppose you work on a group project for one of your classes you do 80% of the work for the project and also do an excellent job of presenting it to the rest of the class. However, your teacher gives a higher mark to another member of the group who is actually contributed very little to the project, but who is very outgoing and flamboyant. This example is most similar to the process of
Overshadowing
The pigeon pecks a response key and received food. As a result, the probability of key pecking increases. This is an example of
Positive reinforcement
Classical conditioning of compensatory responses provided evidence for which of the following theories of conditioning?
Preparatory-response theory
The concept of ____ refers to an animal's inherited tendency to acquire certain kinds of fears more easily than others
Preparedness
Procedure is to ____ as consequences is to ____.
Reinforcement; punisher
In the textbook discussions of operant conditioning, the term "consequence" refers to
The event that follows the behavior and is contingent upon it
In pseudoconditioning, the "CR" is
The result of sensitization rather than conditioning
The first psychologist to systematically investigate the effect of consequences on the strength of a behavior was
Thorndike
A sensory preconditioning experiment begins with the pairing
Two NSs
Unlike classically conditioned behavior, operant behavior is
Typically seen as voluntary and flexible
In a US revaluation procedure conducted in a laboratory, the intensity is manipulated for which of the following
US
In ____, a CS is used in place of a US to condition another CS
higher-order conditioning
In ____, a stimulus that is associated with a CS also becomes a CS
higher-order conditioning
Sam refuses to talk to Bobbi ever since he saw her holding hands with the person who used to harass him in the sixth grade. This situation seems most analogous to the process of
higher-order conditioning
According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning (and assuming that it applies to situations such as these), a couple that has been married for many years would be most aroused if they made love
in a strange hotel room.
The compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking
in an environment not related to smoking.
After little Arlo was attacked by a crow, he would run away each time he encountered one. According to the concept of ______, this may result in a(n) ______ in his fear response.
incubation; increase
Behaviors performed for their own sake are said to be
intrinsically motivated
A primary reinforcer is one that
is innately reinforcing
Once a phobia has been extinguished,
it is relatively easy to reacquire.
In what is known as ____, it is easier to condition a less familiar stimulus as a CS
latent inhibition
Sol was harassed by a couple of bullies while walking home from school one day. Although the two bullies were equally abusive, he developed a much stronger fear of the bully whom he had never seen before. This seems to be an example of
latent inhibition
Zoe has had her pet terrier, Roscoe, for several years. Although recently Zoe has twice been bitten by Roscoe, she is completely unafraid of him. Of the following, this is most clearly an example of the ____ effect.
latent inhibition
In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the US was the
loud noise
Shara praises her daughter each time she does a fine job on her math homework. As a result, her daughter is likely to become
more interested in math.
Melissa stayed out past her curfew and subsequently lost car privileges for a week. As a result, she never again stayed out past her curfew. This example best illustrates the process of
negative punishment
When I banged on the heating pipe, it stopped making a noise. The next time I heard that noise, I immediately banged on the pipe. This seems to be an example of
negative reinforcement
Sam received a traffic fine for speeding the other day. The traffic fine is a ____ for Sam's behavior of speeding.
none of these; further information is needed to determine the answer
A simple way of thinking about the three-term contingency is that you (in correct order)
notice something, do something, and get something.
Aaron is much more reactive to loud noises and sudden events than Kevin is. Using the terminology provided in the text, we would say that there seems to be a difference in ____ between the two children, which has probably to a large extent been ____.
temperament; inherited
When Amir teased his sister, she hugged him. He never again teased her. This seems to be an example of what process?
positive punishment
When Sean doesn't cry, he doesn't get an extra helping of dessert. As a result, he always cries at the dinner table. This is best interpreted as an example of
positive reinforcement
Food usually functions as a(n) ____ reinforcer while a light that has been paired with food functions as a(n) ____ reinforcer.
primary and secondary
In a standard Skinner box, a ____ earns food by ____
rat; pressing a lever
I cannot be both angry and happy at the same time, which means that a good joke can often defuse my anger about something. This is an example of
reciprocal inhibition
Ned found that if he ate cookies while thinking about his recurrent nightmare, the frequency and severity of those nightmares began to decrease. This appears to be an example of the process of
reciprocal inhibition
When first setting out to investigate the behavior of animals, Skinner had originally thought that all behavior could be explained in terms of
reflexes
The method of systematic desensitization involves pairing ___ with a succession of stimuli that elicit ____ levels of fear
relaxation; increasing
After the therapist told Stan that he had been permanently damaged by the abuse he suffered as a child, he began to experience symptoms of PTSD. This may reflect a process of
selective sensitization
While sitting in a room that had a very bad smell, Marcie read a story about snakes. Afterwards, in a different room, Marcie wrinkled her nose when she saw the word cobra. This is an example of
semantic generalization
You are acquainted with Colin and his wife. One day, Colin says something very insulting to you, which makes you feel quite angry toward him. Then, when you later meet his wife on the street, you also feel angry toward her. This is best described as an example of
sensory preconditioning
In ____, the response to the CS2 is usually ___ than the response to the CS1
sensory preconditioning; weaker
Pavlov reported that dogs with a(n) ____ temperament were ____ to condition.
shy; easier
Properly speaking, when we give a dog a treat for sitting on command, we are attempting to reinforce
sitting
When combined with the terms reinforcement or punishment, the word "negative" means
something is subtracted or withdrawn
A multiple choice exam is similar to the phenomenon of
stimulus discrimination
According to ____ theory, the CR should be quite similar to the UR
stimulus-substitution
CAT-BAT is to ____ generalization as DOG-CANINE is to ____ generalization.
stimulus; semantic
From an operant conditioning perspective, chocolate is a reinforcer if it
strengthens the behavior that precedes it
In pairing a bee with a sting, a bigger bee should result in
stronger conditioning
Feeling hungry at the same time each day is best described as an example of
temporal conditioning
