Psych of Women

Discuss the process of acculturation. What effects would you expect it to have on women of color who are immigrants?

-Acculturation is the process of psychological and behavioral change that one undergoes as a result of long-term contact with another culture. Those Latinas who are immigrants often know no English at first, and therefore the language barrier is a problem in finding employment and in other areas of daily life. For a woman who leaves her homeland and friends, acute feelings of loss and grief are to be expected. We can also distinguish between voluntary immigrants and refugees, who migrate because of persecution in their original country. Refugee women are particularly at risk for severe stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Name the four sources of power when one person or group has power over another.

- (1) The threat of violence or the potential to harm; (2) economic power or control of resources; (3) the ability of the powerful group to promote ideologies that tell others what they should desire (e.g., expensive cosmetics to make yourself look beautiful) or disdain (fat women or even slightly overweight women); and (4) relational power, in which one person in a relation- ship needs the other more than the reverse.

What is a feminist?

-A person who favors political, economic, and social equality of women and men, and therefore favors the legal and social changes necessary to achieve this equality. 9. What are the psychological processes that underlie stereotype threat effects and explain how they work?

What is the difference between "conceptual equivalence" and "translational equivalence," and why are they important in psychological research?

-Conceptual equivalence refers to the consistency of psychological constructs across different cultures. It is important that a concept developed by, say, a Euro-American psychologist actually exists and has the same meaning in whatever other cultures are being studied. ( this means that whenever research is conducted it has to be referring to the same thing in different cultures. The text uses an example of how homosexuals to some cultures may mean something different to another.) Translational equivalence refers to the consistency of meaning between languages. For example, a scale written in English and translated into Spanish has to have the same meaning in the second language. The technique used to check this involves both translation and back-translation. That is, the scale would be translated from English to Spanish by a fluently bilingual person, and then translated from Spanish back to English by another fluently bilingual person. If the back-translated version matched the original, that would be evidence for translational equivalence. Both are important because it provides consistency in the research between different cultures.

The research shows evidence of Americans continuing old-fashioned gender stereotypes, even though it also shows evidence attitudes about gender stereotypes have changed considerably over the last 30 years. Explain why this is the case.

-Gender stereotypes are more evident in the older generation because it is their social norm and use to being blunt with the concept. Newer generations instead sugar coat it, or beat around the bush. It is more subtle that at first glance it may not even come off as stereotyping, but there is evidence that the newer generations are trying to diminish gender stereotypes and are more likely to advocate for gender equality.

In what situations do men may exhibit more helping behaviors than women? In what situs may women exhibit more helping behaviors than men?

-Helping that is heroic or chivalrous falls within the male role, whereas nurturance and caretaking fall within the female role.

Explain why the word "Latino" is an example of male as the norm in language.

-In the spanish language, o/a at the end of nouns are used to describe if it is feminine or masculine, and using LatinO is allowing the male to be the norm in the language. It has now been changed to Latinx which does not identify with male or female.

Explain how stereotype threat poses a serious barrier to educational attainment for women of color, specifically on math performance.

-In the text, it provides examples how stereotype threats can make a certain group or gender start to inflict the stereotype on themselves which results into low performance or making the "stereotype" seem like it is true.

European Americans have been the norm in psychological research. What can you infer about how this may impact psychological research? What are the consequences of this type of methodology?

-It would only take account for one ethnic group and it becomes bias, rather than taking into account other ethnicities, and adding in cultural aspects, without it the research is simply bias towards one group and cannot speak for all people.

Explain two criticisms of Freudian theory related to the psychology of women.

-Karen Horney: viewed Freud as phallocentric, and added on womb envy, and femininity complex -Nancy Chodorow: Mother and Child attachment - impact on gender identity, relational needs, children's play, and society's role in penis envy.

How are race and ethnic group different?

-Race refers to a person's physical characteristics, such as bone structure and skin, hair, or eye color. Ethnicity, however, refers to cultural factors, including nationality, regional culture, ancestry, and language.

Name the three mechanisms that are thought to underlie the process of gender typing and give an example of each.

-Reinforcement: boys and girls act appropriately for their genders because they have been rewarded for doing some things and punished for doing others. The notion is that principles of operant conditioning explain the acquisition of gender roles. Thus, for girls, some behaviors are rewarded (positively reinforced), whereas others either are not rewarded or are even punished, so that the girl comes to perform the rewarded behaviors more frequently and the unrewarded ones less frequently or not at all. little girls are rewarded for being quiet and obedient, whereas little boys are rewarded for athletics. children acquire gender-typed behaviors because they are rewarded or approved. That is through Reinforcement, the punishment or reward system Imitation:which is when children see or hear what other people are doing and mimic it, an example of this is that children watch their parents or adult figures in their lives, and tend to imitate from the same gender versus opposite gender parents. Little girls imitating their mother. Observational Learning: A behavior may become part of the child's repertoire through observational learning. Such informa- tion may be stored up for use perhaps 10 or 15 years later, when a situation in adolescence or adulthood calls for a knowledge of gender-appropriate behaviors. For example, a young girl may observe her mother caring for an infant brother or sister. Although the little girl may not perform any infant-care behaviors at the time, much less be rewarded for them, she nonetheless may store up the information for use when she herself is a mother.

What are the psychological processes that underlie stereotype threat effects and explain how they work?

-Stereotype threat:Being at risk of personally confirming a negative stereotype about one's group. Researchers have found that reminders of negative stereotypes about one's group cue uncertainty for the individual and mental searches that one might be confirming the stereotype.The processes of monitoring for failure and suppressing negative thoughts saps the very cognitive process—working memory—that is essential for success on complicated math problems or other difficult tasks.

Juan and Maria have been married for 25 years. Juan is a lawyer and tends to be more assertive than Maria. Maria is a stay-at-home mother and tends to be more compliant than Juan. How would a feminist explain the differences between Juan and Maria?

-Stereotypically, the woman is meant to be a stay home mother while the man is meant to be a money maker. In this scenario, a feminist would say that because of social norms and the environment Maria grew up in, she naturally geared toward being a stay home mother. While, the society that Juan grew up in most likely taught him about the importance of masculinity and how he should be the dominant one in the relationship.

Compare and contrast the concept of androgyny and the concept of genderqueer or transgender.

-The combination of masculine and feminine psychological characteristics in an individual. Transgender is denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex.

What are the two basic goals of stereotyping social psychologists have found?

-dehumanize and belittling people

The terms White and Caucasian are sometimes used interchangeably to refer to light-skinned people. Explain why these terms are problematic according to your text.

-the terms White and Caucasian can be complicated. For example, many Hispanics are white in skin color, yet when most people use the term White they don't mean to include Hispanics in the category. They really mean "White, not of Hispanic origin," but that phrase is too long to be convenient. The alternative that has been pro- posed for White is Euro-American. It has the advantage of being parallel to other terms, such as Asian American and African American, and places the emphasis on the group's cultural heritage.

what are the major criticism of Bem's androgyny scale?

-the very definition of androgyny rests on traditional assump- tions about masculinity and femininity. To be classified as androgynous, the person merely scores high on two scales that consist of stereotyped masculine and feminine traits. As such, the concept of androgyny is hardly radical or liberating. Some feminist scholars have also raised a second criticism of androgyny (Orloff, 1978). They regard it as essentially a "sellout" to men. That is, to become androgynous, women need to add masculine traits to their personalities, or become more like men.

Anton, a Black man, has a sudden, unexpected, and emotionally painful encounter being racially profiled by two police officers. After, he becomes hypervigilant around police officers and attempts to avoid them at all costs. He is now feeling angry and depressed. Anton is likely experiencing ______.

A. womanism's focus on race and ethnicity rather than gender Womanism's roots go back much further than 60's 70's white feminism, sojourner truth etc.

One noteworthy difference between womanism and White feminism is ______.

A. womanism's focus on race and ethnicity rather than gender Womanism's roots go back much further than 60's 70's white feminism, sojourner truth etc.

According to research on gender and stereotype threat, ______.

A. women perform as well as men on a challenging math test if they are told the test is gender fair Same model as previous question, women told test is gender fair perform better

Which theorist extended the psychoanalytic view of the psychology of women?

B. Helene Deutsch Deutch published original "psychology of women" attempting to full understand psychological dynamics of women - started at prepuberty stage as she thought that the crirtical time period in development was just before a girl becomes a woman Also focused on personality development through adolescence and adulthood.

Research on gender-role stereotypes and ethnicity indicates ______.

B. White American and Asian american women are stereotyped as intelligent, but African American and Latinx women are not I think its B but i couldnt find the graph in the textbook

According to research on stereotype threat, ______.

B. if Asian American women have their ethnic identity primed, they perform better on math problems Whichever stereotype is primed prior to taking the test, people behave according to that stereotype

Feminists are critical of Freud's assumption that ______.

B. the penis is superior to the clitoris or vagina Freud claimed that women have penis envy as they develop which is what creates the subconscious subjugation of women in society

______ can be defined as a situation in which there is a negative stereotype about a person's group, and the person is concerned about being judged or treated negatively on the basis of that stereotype.

C. Stereotype threat Textbook definition - a situation in which there is a negative stereotype abou a person's group, and the person is concerned about being judged or treated negatively on the basis of that stereotype

Why did women of color develop various intersectional feminisms, including womanism, Mujerismo, Chicana feminism, and American Indian feminism?

C. Women of color felt marginalized by White feminism, which focused on white, middle class women's issues Economic differences, social expereicne differences, double discrimination of ethnicity and gender that ainstream feminism didn't address

According to research on stereotype threat, Latinas' ______.

C. math performance is doubly hurt in the threat condition Latinx women are stereotyped as bad a t math because of their gender and their ethnicity, which doubles the effect it has on their performance of these tests. 48. A. underperform due to extra pressure to succeed People in a threat situation feel the extra motivation to disconfirm the stereotype which builds mental pressure to succeed in the face of failure

When people are in a stereotype threat situation, they may ______.

C. race-based traumatic stress Particular response to negative racial encounters

Explain the research findings on gender and emotion experience and expression using an intersectional perspective. Specifically, do patterns change when we look at gender differences in emotion experience and expression across cultures and ethnicities?

Clearly, different cultures have different effects on people in regards to emotional expression and experience. As discussed in class, Asian families tend to preach timidness and quiet personalities, opting to allow things like academic achievement and financial success to bring them respect and honor, two things that are critical in most Asian households. In other cultures such as some Latinx communities, a tight-knit family is often the centerpiece of ones life from the time they're born until their death, as families tnd to remain close and be accountable to each other, more than typical Anglo families per say. These situations show how each culture pits each gender into its role within the family unit, which almost inevitably spills over into that person's personality as they take that upbrining into the real world.

According to Steele's research on stereotype threat, ______.

D. highly talented black students perform worse on a test when stereotypes about black people are primed Steele took a group of balck and a group of white Stanford students. Half of balck group and half of white group were told test did measure intelligence, other half were told it does not. White students were unaffected by instructions, but black students who knew they were being tested on intelligence performed worse. Demonstrates stereotype threat

Black women are often stereotyped as athletic, but that stereotype is not found for Middle Eastern women, Latinx women, White women, or Asian American women. This is consistent with which hypothesis?

D. intersectionality hypothesis Area of study that concerns how gender stereotypes are different across another varibale is referring to intersectionality studies

In response to Freud's views, Karen Horney argued ______.

D. men experience womb envy Horney (Horn-eye) argued Freud's theory about female development was phallocentric, and argued instead that boys have a childish view of women and that they experience womb envy

One emotionality gender stereotype is that men are believed to have better control over the expression of their emotions compared to women. What do people typically infer about men and masculinity based on this stereotype? What are the implications of this stereotype on women in leadership roles? Explain the double-bind women in leadership roles are in because of this.

Due to this stereotype, men are seen as if they should have little or emotion or little expression of it in order to maintain their strength. In comparison, women are seen to have little control over their emotions, which is cited as a reason in which they should not be in leadership roles, as men would have more control over themselves in a leadership position. However, if women in leadership positions are seen as too aggressive or bossy, they become labeled as "bitchy" or "manly" and run the risk of being disrespected by their misogynistic workers.

Define "emotional competence." What does the research say about gender differences in emotional competence? How might this be connected to the research on gender differences in emotional expression?

Emotional Competence, sometimes known as emotional intellgence, is the skill or ability to read and analyze another person's emotions based on language, facial expressions and expressions. Females have been statistically proven to have a hgiher emotional intelligence as a number of studies have shown women are able to convey more complex emotional spectrums, empathize with complex emotional situations, regulating their emotions, recognizing emotions in photographs, etc. Men have scored lower compared to women on tests which see how well men interact with different emotions.

Why it is important to understand Freudian theory when there is little empirical evidence to support it?

Empirical evidence does not have to be backed up it can be philosophical etc, its meant to be questioned

Eliminating Biased & Sexist Language

Faculty and wives (spouses) are invited to the President's house. Each student must turn off his (their) cell phone before class. Dr. Abramson is the chairman (chairperson) of the department. The girls (players) on the University (Womens) volleyball team are really athletic.

What are differences between observational, physiological, and self-report measures of emotion?

Observational measure allows a researcher to put a subject in an environment and watch how their emotions unfold in relation to certain stimuli. Physiological measure allows a researcher to monitor a subject's bodily state at certain times during an experiment as the subject is exposed to different stimuli. Self-report measure is usually done by survey or questionnaire, by which the subject reports their own emotions subject to personal or emotional bias.

In a study done by Plant et al. (2000), participants were shown pictures of men and women with ambiguous emotional expressions (a blend between sadness and anger) and told to rate which emotion was being expressed. The participants rated men's blends as significantly angrier than women's and women's blends as significantly sadder than men's. What can you infer about gender stereotypes and emotional expression based on this finding? What is an implication of this finding?

One inference that can be made is how society forms the way that we express our emotions by which gender we subscribe to. For example, anger is an emotion that men are taught is part of their personality from the time they are boys, and being submissive is something most women would say is something they are pushed into from the time they are girls. Therefore, it is not surprising that the emotion that men and women are very good at expressing are anger and fear/sadness, respectively.

Feminists have objected to a number of features of the English language. Explain what these features are and why feminists object to them. Then describe any empirical psychological studies that have been done that could be used as evidence to back the feminist position.

One of the main problems that feminist theorists have found with the English language in regards to its interpretation of gender is the pronoun "man" and how it is used to refer to the entire human race. "Man" and "mankind" are used even today to refer to the entire human species, yet women are over 50% of the entire human race, and by totally leaving them out of the word that describes the human race can help in the subjugation and marginalizatio of women as a sex, according to feminists.

Explain why parents socialize children's emotions in stereotypical ways. Specifically, how does this shape our gender roles into adulthood?

Parents socialize their children in stereotypical ways because of two main reasons. First, they were brought up in a stereotypical way, learning the socially accepted binary gender spectrum, so naturally parents will pass this on to their children. Second, society tends to have a problem with those who do not conform to the gender binary, as it throws so much of society out of balance because most people lack an understanding. Socialization of kids today is such a hot topic today because of all the changes that are occurring in terms of social norms and gender norms.

Explain why titles such as Mr., Miss, Mrs., and Ms. can be problematic.

Prefixes of the past such as Mr. - Miss - Mrs. - Ms. - are coming to be problematic in today's society because of the meaning of these prefixes. For example, a woman who is married can technically be called Mrs. yet if she is part of a lesbian couple and identifies as male, the prefix system does not have a prefix that suits both her marital status and her gender identification. This problem can be seen across all the prefixes since the prefix system attaches gender to each prefix.

What does the research say regarding sexist language in job descriptions? What implications does this create for a company that is wanting to become more diverse?

Research has found that sometimes job descriptions will use male pronouns when describing the tasks of a job, such as "oftentimes at the beginning of his tenure an employer will have to sit in the back cubicle" or something to that effect. This is just one example, and research has found that the gender pronouns and things of that nature are often found on deeper levels, such as in interviews some employers use male pronouns when speaking to a female as sort of an intimidation tactic.

What is the difference between theory and empirical evidence?

Theory is fundamentally different from research. In particular, research involves collecting and analyzing data, neither of which occurs in theoretical work.Empirical research is 'that which is observed' - and that may be from the perspective of researcher and/or participant. It can equally be both quantitative or qualitative. It doesn't matter if it is positivist or post-positivist. It also doesn't matter if it is theoretical or philosophical.

Give one example of how mothers and fathers respond to their children's expressions of negative emotions differently based on the child's gender.

Transpeople and those who do not conform to the gender binary are often the most conflicted emotionally due to the possible irregularities in hormones and previous emotional trauma than someone who's sex and gender match. Understanding the expression of a transperson can help researchers find therapeutic methods of dealing with psychological trauma that transpeople may face in a society that has not fully come around in accepting the transgender community.

Explain why parents socialize children's emotions in stereotypical ways. Specifically, how does this shape our gender roles into adulthood?

Typically, in a heterocentric family in which the father is a masculine man and his son identifies as a male, the father may teach the son not to show innury or emotional hurt. Such things can happen like if a son falls off his bike and is crying, the father might say "Come on, stop crying, you're a big boy." This conveys the idea that boys are not supposed to cry or show any emotional vulnerability, while on the flip side, mothers interacting with their daughters create a very different model. Mothers often coddle their daughters when their upset and provide a platform and environment in which the daughter may freely express her emotions and cry as much as needed. One possible explanation for this parenting phenomenon could be that in society, girls expressing their emotions is much more accepted and understood compared to males, who have yet to unwrap and deconstruct the idea of masculinity, while felinity seems to be getting a closer look.