Psych Short Answer Prompts
4 different stages
1. Excitement: it can last for a few minutes to hours, building up, heart rate increases, blood flow to genitals, erection, vaginal lubrication 2. Plateau: this is the phase at the brink of orgasm, leads to third stage *lookup more detail. Explain what it is. 3. Orgasm: shortest phase in cycle and lasts for a few seconds, climax of sex Refractory period: male has a refractory period where women have none and can keep going. 4. Resolution: sharply goes down, body is returning to it's normal function, swelling goes down in the genitals.
Conventional
Child's behavior governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior do things to avoid rejection, obeying laws and order, interpersonal concordance, obey laws without questions, adolescence and adults, letter of the law, obeying without understanding why you are obeying it.
Preconventional
Child's behavior governed by the consequences of the behavior, inflicted from outside sources (parents, teachers, and other authority figures). do it out of obedience, punishment, not stealing.
Divergent and Convergent Thinking
Convergent- solve a problem with one solution. Lots of ideas in this type of thinking but you need to find one solution to the problem. Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic. Divergent- type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point (kind of creativity). problem with various different solutions to the problems. Thinking can go many different ways.
Identity Achievement
Crisis (exploration). Commitment. Both crisis and commitment are present. You have decided who you want to be and the values you want to have. Achieve contentment through this process
Moratorium
Crisis (exploration). Low commitment. Crisis but commitment is absent. Picking a career path. We are exploring majors to decide what direction and identity we want our life to be in. But we are all really bad at deciding.
Theories of Aging
Evolutionary Theory: Cellular clock theory: Free Radical Theory: . Mitochondrial Theory: Hormonal Stress Theory:
James Marcilla Identity Status
Identity diffusion forclosure moratorium identity achievement
Autonomy vs Shame
Independence, decision makers. Do parents try to control all of their childrens decisions? Or do they allow them to make some decisions? The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. At this point in development, children are just starting to gain a little bit of independence. They are starting to perform basic actions on their own and making simple decisions about what they prefer. By allowing kids to make choices and gain control, parents and caregivers can help children develop a sense of autonomy. Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However, Erikson's reasoning was quite different then that of Freud's. Erikson believe that learning to control one's bodily functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection. Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt. Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would lead to will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits.
Fiji Study w/ Eating Disorders
Lowest number of eating disorders until they got television then the rates increased. Before television was introduced very few felt they needed to go on a diet or were unhappy with their body type. After TV many more people were concerned about weight and wanted to go on a diet. How the media affects the prevalence of eating disorders? Describe study.
Sexual response cycle: know the charts and the differences between the male and female cycle.
Men and women cycles experience the phases at different times. Women take longer to reach orgasm and resolution stages. Feel different different times (at least that;s what it looks like according to chart) Refractory period: male has a refractory period where women have none and can keep going.
Foreclosure
No Crisis(No exploration). High commitment. No crisis. Not looking for their options but there is a sense of commitment. More in adolescence. Commit to an identity but they haven't experienced a crisis so they are just conforming to what others want them to be. ex. Parents determine career path for them.
Identity Diffusion
No Crisis(No exploration). No Commitment. Status in where person doesn't have a sense of choices, and they aren't willing to make a commitment to things. No willingness to make a commitment to choose one identity but they also don't have a crisis. ex. haven't thought of a career path yet.
How does stress affect the body?
On one hand it can be really good for you because it can help you to stay focused and alert, increases speed and stamina, sharpens your senses. Give example with car from my essay But on the other hand if there is stress without relief then it leads to distress Viruses and bacteria multiply and body has less white blood cells to kill them with. Weakens the immune system Cardiovascular disease nervous system releases stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol increases How you can control stress sleep, excercise, wholesome recreation, eating healthy foods
Postconventional
Person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms what is personally moral, own moral code, story of the man who stole drugs in class and how we had to develop our own moral code, highest level of moral code, internalized, personal values, what is right and wrong becomes different for everyone.
Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Morality
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional
Alzheimers
Still Alice Loss of context- at dinner she thought that they were talking about her and her sisters relationship, when they were actually talking about her daughters relationship with Alice's other daughter Difficult to follow conversations- got distracted Forgetfulness-used to be a really good speaker and then got worse at it. Compensated by writing what she was going to say and then highlighting along as she read. Difficulty speaking and expressing- loose ability to talk well Directional impairment in familiar places- got lost running when she was in the middle of campus where she taught.
Mathematical
The ability to carry out mathematical operations. Occupations: scientists, engineers, accountants *math, logic, reasoning, patterns and relationships, puzzles, investigations.
Bodily-kinesthetic
The ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept. Occupations: surgeons, craftspeople, dancers athletes being able to use body correctly, dancer, surgeon, body awareness
Intrapersonal
The ability to understand oneself. Occupations: theologians, psychologists
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences(8 frames of mind): Know 5 of them
There are different intelligences and people can be labelled according to different things. Know 5 of the types of intelligences. Verbal: the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning. Occupations: authors, journalists, speakers Mathematical: The ability to carry out mathematical operations. Occupations: scientists, engineers, accountants math, logic, reasoning, patterns and relationships, puzzles, investigations. Spatial: ability to think three-dimensionally. Occupations: architects, artists, sailors think in terms of physical space. Aware of environment, draw, jigsaw puzzles Bodily-kinesthetic: The ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept. Occupations: surgeons, craftspeople, dancers athletes being able to use body correctly, dancer, surgeon, body awareness Musical: sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone. Occupations: composers and musicians rhythm and sound, love music, aware of sounds in environment, study better with music in background Interpersonal: the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. Occupations: successful teachers, mental health professionals how they understand and learn through interaction, friends, high empathy, street smart, social connections. (Example- Dr Erekson) Intrapersonal: The ability to understand oneself. Occupations: theologians, psychologists Naturalist: ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems. Occupations: farmers, botanists, ecologists, landscapers
initiative vs guilt
They ask "Am I good or bad?" During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction. Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment by taking initiative by planning activities, accomplishing tasks and facing challenges. During this stage, it is important for caregivers to encourage exploration and to help children make appropriate choices. Caregivers who are discouraging or dismissive may cause children to feel ashamed of themselves and to become overly dependent upon the help of others. Play and imagination takes on an important role at this stage. Children have their sense of initiative reinforced by being given the freedom and encouragement to play. When efforts to engage in physical and imaginative play are stifled by caregivers, children begin to feel that their self-initiated efforts are a source of embarrassment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose, while failure results in a sense of guilt.
All of Erickson's Stages. Don't need to know ages that go along with it.
Trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair
convergent
Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic. *solve a problem with one solution. Lots of ideas in this type of thinking but you need to find one solution to the problem.
Trust vs mistrust
Uncertain about the world. Look to caregiver. If parents do not respond effectively to the babies cries and the baby does not learn to trust them then this will lead to mistrust. This can negatively impact relationships that they have later on. Those who have trust issues are more likely to have mistrustful relationships where they cry when mom leaves but won't be consoled when they come back. Relationships as adults- spouses. Do we trust them or do we have a relationship of mistrust? The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers. At this point in development, the child is utterly depending upon adult caregiver for everything - food. love, warmth, safety, nurturing. Everything. If a caregiver fails to provide adequate care and love, the child will come to feel that he or she cannot trust or depend upon the adults in his or her life. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. Of course, no child is going to develop a sense of 100 percent trust or 100 percent doubt. Erikson believed that successful development was all about striking a balance between the two opposing sides. When this happens, children acquire hope, which Erikson described as an openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present.
Spirituality
Uniqueness to your spirit. Not religious just uniqueness of theory of thought and mind. Different for each person. Engaging in something bigger than yourself.
Freedom
You can choose your response to whatever happens to you. You can choose your attitude.
Naturalist
ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems. Occupations: farmers, botanists, ecologists, landscapers
Spatial
ability to think three-dimensionally. Occupations: architects, artists, sailors think in terms of physical space. Aware of environment, draw, jigsaw puzzles
Hormonal stress theory
aging in the body's hormonal system lowers resistance to stress. When it does respond, elevated levels are higher for longer periods, damaging the body
Mitochondrial theory
aging is due to the decay of mitochondria, primarily caused by oxidative damage and loss of critical micronutrients.
Evolutionary Theory
because natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness, which is present only in early adulthood, evolution has not eliminated later life conditions like alzheimer's, etc.
Cellular Clock Theory
cells can only divide up to 75-80 times and that as we age cells are less capable of dividing. Telomeres become shorter each time a cell divides. This places the maximum human life span at 120-125 years of age
commitment
choice to invest in an identity
eyes
covering eyes with palms or making tunnel vision. Stand up at the front of the room at opposite ends and with person making dot they can look through and can't see both people try to figure out how many times they raise their hands. Cataracts- a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted macular degeration- a disease that involves deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds, to the focal center of the visual field gluocoma- damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye (decreases peripheral vision)
empathy exercises for old people
eyes ears reflexes touch
Integrity vs Despair
if their life was well spent, integrity will be achieved. if not, looking back will lead to doubt, gloom, despair :( This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.
Industry vs Inferiority
kids begin to master knowledge and gain skills, but they may feel inferior as they begin to compare themselves to others skills industry: children become interested in how things work. School is very important in the development of a sense of industry. Inferiority- parents who see their children's efforts as mischief may encourage inferiority. This stage covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their abilities to be successful. Successfully finding a balance at this stage of psychosocial development leads to the strength known as competence or a belief our own abilities to handle the tasks set before us.
crisis
period of time in identity development where you are exploring options, alternatives and options
Responsibility
responsibility to life's tasks. Less self-centered.
ears
rubbing fingers together by someone's ears, then plug them to understand the hard of hearing impaired. 15% pop over 65 legally deaf. Due to degeneration of cochlea. Some (but not all) hearing problems corrected hearing aids
Musical
sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone. Occupations: composers and musicians rhythm and sound, love music, aware of sounds in environment, study better with music in background
Frankl: Distinct Human Qualities
spirituality freedom responsibility
Free Radical Theory
states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time. A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell
Verbal
the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning. Occupations: authors, journalists, speakers
Interpersonal
the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. Occupations: successful teachers, mental health professionals how they understand and learn through interaction, friends, high empathy, street smart, social connections. (Example- Dr Erekson)
Intimacy vs Isolation
they face the task of forming intimate relationships, if there are no healthy friendships/intimate relationships then isolation This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will form relationships that are committed and secure. Remember that each step builds on skills learned in previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important for developing intimate relationships. Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression. Successful resolution of this stage results in the virtue known as love. It is marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people
Generativity vs Stagnation
they have a concern for helping and passing things on to the younger generation. If not, they will feel like they have done nothing to pass on During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world. Care is the virtue achieved when this stage is handled successfully. Being proud of your accomplishments, watching your children grow into adults, and developing a sense of unity with your life partner are important accomplishments of this stage.
Identity vs Role Confusion
they need to find out who they are and a positive path to follow in life, if not they will be confused During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. Completing this stage successfully leads to fidelity, which Erikson described as an ability to live by society's standards and expectations.
relfexes
they suck arthritis among other things hurts ability to have quick reflexes arthritis- inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness and movement problems; this disease is especially common in older adults osteoporosis a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. affects women more than men. can be prevented by eating calcium-rich foods and vegetables, having regular excercise program, medication
Divergent
type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point (kind of creativity). *problem with various different solutions to the problems. Thinking can go many different ways.
touch
write numbers on their palms to see if they can tell what they wrote slightly less sensitive to touch and pain. older adults less sensitive to pain.
