Psych Stats Final

What's different about a factorial ANOVA compared to a one-way ANOVA?

Factorial compares 2 or more factors (IVs), whereas a one-way ANOVA only has 1 factor

For chi-square tests of independence, the total frequency for a row or a column is called ___.

Marginal Values

What's the difference between an observed and an expected frequency?

Observed is a value directly from the sample data whereas the expected is a hypothesized value that represents the population under the null hypothesis

An article about the effect of therapy mode (in person versus online) and diagnosis (depression, anxiety, or ADHD) on treatment length (in weeks) reported, "Individuals in in-person therapy stayed significantly longer (M = 12) than individuals using online therapy (M = 8), F(1, 60) = 9.9, p < .05. This effect did not differ by diagnosis (p > .05), but those experiencing depression stayed significantly longer (M = 10) than those experiencing anxiety (M = 6) and ADHD (M = 4), F(2, 60) = 6.4, p < .05." What can we conclude? a. Both therapy mode and age had significant main effects, but there was no interaction effect b. There was a main effect of therapy mode, but no main effect of age, and there was an interaction effect c. There was a significant main effect of therapy mode, but no main effect of age, and there was not an interaction effect d. Neither therapy mode nor age had significant main effects, but there was an interaction effect

a. Both therapy mode and age had significant main effects, but there was no interaction effect

A study on patients with manic symptoms showed that prior to taking a new drug, their score on a mania measure was 20, but decreased 3 points for every dose increase of the new drug. What is the correct linear equation? a. Y = 20 - 3X b. Y = 20 + 3X c. Y = 3 + 20X d. Y = 3 - 20X

a. Y = 20 - 3X

The last population estimate indicated that approximately 19% of the U.S population identifies as hispanic or latinx. A researcher wants to examine whether the proportions of hispanic and latinx currently incarcerated in prisons within the U.S. differs from the proportion of Hispanic and Latinx in the U.S. What is the null hypothesis? a. The proportion of Hispanic and Latinx incarcerated in prisons within the United States is not 19% b. The proportion of Hispanic and Latinx incarcerated in prisons within the United States is 19% c. The proportion of Hispanic and Latinx incarcerated in prisons within the United States is 81% d. Cannot be determined without more information

b. The proportion of Hispanic and Latinx incarcerated in prisons within the United States is 19%

Which of these examples violates a basic assumption for a chi-square hypothesis test? a. The population distribution for a category is not normal b. A category includes frequencies or counts instead of scores c. A participant produces responses that can be counted twice in the same category d. The expected frequency of a category is less than 10

c. A participant produces responses that can be counted twice in the same category

A chi-square test for independence is being used to evaluate the relationship between two variables. If the hypothesis test has df = 1, what can a researcher conclude about the two variables? a. One variable consists of 2 categories and the other consists of 3 categories b. One variable consists of 2 categories, and the other consists of 4 categories c. Each variable consists of 2 categories d. Each variable consists of 3 categories

c. Each variable consists of 2 categories

Which of the following is NOT a post-hoc test? a. Bonferroni b. Scheffe's test c. Eta-squared d. Tukey HSD

c. Eta-squared

A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of mindfulness on anxiety. Participants are randomized into one of three conditions: daily meditation, weekly meditation, or nothing. After a month, their anxiety is measured. Select the most appropriate analysis: a. Independent samples t-test b. Repeated measures t-test c. One-way ANOVA d. Two-factor ANOVA

c. One-way ANOVA

A one-way ANOVA examining the effect of therapy on ADHD diagnoses (tested and diagnosed with ADHD, tested and not diagnosed with ADHD; not tested) has how many factors and how many levels? a. 2 factors; 2 levels b. 2 factors; 3 levels c. 1 factor; 2 levels d. 1 factor; 3 levels

d. 1 factor; 3 levels

A two-factor study compares 2 levels of factor A and 3 levels of factor B with a sample of n = 6 participants in each treatment condition. How many total participants are there? a. 6 b. 12 c. 30 d. 36

d. 36

Which of the following statements accurately describes the chi- square test for independence? a. It is similar to a single-sample t-test because it uses one sample to test a hypothesis about two populations b. It is similar to a correlation because it uses one sample to evaluate the relationship between two variables using scores c. It is similar to an independent-measures t-test because it uses separate samples to evaluate the difference between separate frequencies d. It is similar to both a correlation and an independent-measures t-test because it can be used to evaluate a relationship between variables or a difference between populations

d. It is similar to both a correlation and an independent-measures t-test because it can be used to evaluate a relationship between variables or a difference between populations

What does Cramer's V represent?

effect size

What are the three characteristics of a scatterplot that should be observed and discussed?

form, magnitude, and direction

What is the range of the correlation coefficient?

-1 to +1

A researcher obtains a moderate, negative correlation between prosocial behavior and anger (p < .001). Based on this correlation, which of the following conclusions is justified? Select all that apply. a. Decreasing the amount of anger will increase prosocial behaviors b. Decreasing the amount of anger will decrease prosocial behaviors c. Increasing the amount of anger will decrease prosocial behaviors d. Increasing the amount of anger will increase prosocial behaviors e. Anger causes people to have fewer prosocial behaviors f. There is no relationship between anger and prosocial behaviors g. There is a relationship between anger and prosocial behaviors, but it's not significant

a. Decreasing the amount of anger will increase prosocial behaviors c. Increasing the amount of anger will decrease prosocial behaviors

Researchers collected data on n = 50 children. They measured the reaction times (in seconds) of each subject to a stimulus on a computer screen and how old the child was. The researchers found that younger children tended to have the fastest reaction times. In a scatterplot of the reaction times and children's ages, what would you expect to see? a. a positive relationship b. a negative relationship c. no relationship

a. a positive relationship

If there is a positive correlation between X and Y in a research study, then the regression equation will have _____. a. b > 0 b. b < 0 c. a > 0 d. a < 0

a. b > 0

Factors are the ______, while levels are the ______. a. independent variables; groups within the independent variables b. groups within the independent variables; independent variables c. they are both independent variables d. they are both groups within independent variables

a. independent variables; groups within the independent variables

The data used for chi-square can be (select all that apply) a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio e. categorical f. continuous

a. nominal b. ordinal e. categorical

Your scatterplot shows a pretty linear, monotonic relationship between two continuous variables. Which correlation should you use? a. Pearson b. Spearman c. Point-biserial d. Phi

a. pearson

A history professor tells her students that her final is always easier than the midterm - students always score 5 points better on the final compared to their score on the midterm. This means the correlation between students' scores on the midterm and final exam is: a. r = 1.0 b. r = -1.0

a. r = 1.0

What correlation is obtained when the Pearson correlation is computed for ordinal data? a. the Spearman correlation b. the point-biserial correlation c. the phi coefficient d. the curvilinear correlation

a. the Spearman correlation

A research report presents the results of a one-way ANOVA as follows: F(3, 28) = 7.8, p < 0.05. The null hypothesis was rejected in the hypothesis test. a. True b. False

a. true

Assuming that other factors are held constant, a correlation of r = -0.47 between variables in one research study will result in more accurate predictions than a correlation of r = 0.40 in another research study. a. True b. False

a. true

For an ANOVA, the systematic treatment effects in a study contribute to the ______ and appears in the ____ of the F-ratio. a. variance between treatments; numerator b. variance between treatments; denominator c. variance within treatments; numerator d. variance within treatments; denominator

a. variance between treatments; numerator

How many levels are there in a one-way ANOVA comparing social anxiety scores of participants with and without treatment? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

b. 2

A chi-square test for goodness of fit has df=2. How many categories were used to classify the individuals in the sample? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

A researcher examines whether a majority of individuals prefer to wear their seat belts when driving by counting seat belt wearing tendencies among a sample. The statistical test that should be used when conducting the hypothesis test is a chi-square test for independence. a. True b. False

b. False

The chi-square test for independence evaluates the distribution for one variable, and the test for goodness-of-fit evaluates the relationship between two variables. a. True b. False

b. False

A research article reports that there was a significant relationship between craving chocolate and craving chips, "β = 1.6, SE = .75, p < .05." What can we conclude from these values? (select ALL that apply) a. For every one-unit increase in craving chocolate, craving chips decreased by 1.6 b. For every one-unit increase in craving chocolate, craving chips increased by 1.6 c. More cravings for chocolate was related to more cravings for chips d. More cravings for chocolate was related to fewer cravings for chips e. The slope was 0.75 f. The intercept was 0.75 g. They rejected the null hypothesis h. They failed to reject the null hypothesis

b. For every one-unit increase in craving chocolate, craving chips increased by 1.6 c. More cravings for chocolate was related to more cravings for chips g. They rejected the null hypothesis

What technique do we use to find the best fitting line? a. Sum of errors b. Least squares c. Multiple regression d. Standard error of the F-values

b. Least squares

From the regression equation Ŷ = 6 -2X, what can be determined about the correlation between X and Y? a. The correlation will be positive b. The correlation will be negative c. The correlation will be large and positive d. The correlation will be large and negative

b. The correlation will be negative

For a two-tailed hypothesis test evaluating a Pearson correlation, what is stated by the null hypothesis? a. There is a non-zero correlation for the general population b. The population correlation is zero c. There is a non-zero correlation for the sample d. The sample correlation is zero

b. The population correlation is zero

There's a rumor that some colleges enroll students with higher social status far more than other students, even if the students have comparable GPAs, extra-curriculars, and sports experience.A researcher looks into this and uses a correlation to examine the relationship between college acceptance (number of colleges accepted to) and social status in the community (scaled from 1-100). She reports a correlation coefficient of r= 0.30, p > .05. What can we conclude? a. There is a significant relationship between college acceptance and social status b. There is a relationship between college acceptance and social status, but it's not significant c. There is no relationship between college acceptance and social status

b. There is a relationship between college acceptance and social status, but it's not significant

Sneha read a research article that ran a regression between time spent cooking (minutes per day) and stress (1-10, where 10 is severe stress), β = -5.6, SE = 2.5, p < .05. What can we conclude? a. There is a significant positive relationship between time spent cooking and stress b. There is a significant negative relationship between time spent cooking and stress c. There is a positive relationship between time spent cooking and stress, but it's not significant d. There is a negative relationship between time spent cooking and stress, but it's not significant

b. There is a significant negative relationship between time spent cooking and stress

A 2x3 ANOVA involves two hypothesis tests: one for main effects and one for interaction effects. a. True b. False

b. false

A Pearson correlation value of r = 0.80 indicates that the data points are clustered far from a line that slopes up to the right. a. True b. False

b. false

Correlations can describe both linear and curvilinear relationships between variables. a. True b. False

b. false

For a one-way ANOVA comparing four condition means, there will be four factors. a. True b. False

b. false

If two significant main effects emerge in a two-factor ANOVA, then the interaction between factors must be significant. a. True b. False

b. false

The alternative hypothesis for a chi-square goodness of fit test examining whether preferences are divided equally regarding a variable puts forth that preferences are equally divided a. true b. false

b. false

The line of best fit in regression is like a measure of variability. a. True b. False

b. false

A researcher conducts a hypothesis test to examine the hypothesis that anxiety is negatively associated with extraversion. Which statement below is consistent with the alternative hypothesis for this hypothesis test? a. ρ > 0 b. ρ < 0 c. ρ ≥ 0 d. ρ = 0

b. p < 0

In ANOVA, which of the following represents effect size? a. F-value b. η2 c. r2 d. Cohen's d

b. η2

A research report presents the results of an independent-measures ANOVA as follows: F(3,28) = 5.36, p < 0.01. There is a statistically significant difference between all three of the conditions in this research study. a. True b. False

b.false

On average, which value is expected for the F ratio if the null hypothesis is true? a. 0 b. 0.5 c. 1

c. 1

Suppose the correlation between height and weight for adults is r = +0.40. What proportion (or percent) of the variability in weight can be explained by its relationship with height? a. 40% b. 60% c. 16% d. 84%

c. 16%

A 3x4 ANOVA has ___ factors and ____ levels. a. 3 factors and 4 levels b. 4 factors and 3 levels c. 2 factors and 3 levels for one 4 levels for the other

c. 2 factors and 3 levels for one 4 levels for the other

How many levels are there in a one-way ANOVA comparing enjoyment (rated 1-10) after watching a video clip about cats, a video clip about dogs, or a video clip about cats and dogs together? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

c. 3

A researcher uses a sample of n= 90 participants to test whether people have any preferences among three kinds of apples. Each person taste all three types and picks a favorite. What are the expected frequencies for the chi-square test for goodness of fit? a. 30, 60, 90 b. 10, 10, 10 c. 30, 30, 30 d. 60, 60, 60

c. 30, 30, 30

A researcher selects a sample of 100 people to investigate the relationship between biological sex (male/female) and registering to vote. The sample consists of 40 females, of whom 30 are registered voters, and 60 males, of whom 40 are registered voters. If these data were used for a chi-square test for independence, what is the observed frequency for registered males? a. 12 b. 28 c. 40 d. 42

c. 40

A sample of 100 people is classified by biological sex and by voter registration status. The sample consists of 80 females and 20 males and has a total of 60 registered voters. If these data are used for a chi-square test for independence, what is the expected frequency for the number of registered voters who are females? a. 40 b. 20 c. 48 d. 80

c. 48

In your research, you found that emotional intelligence scores are strongly associated with cognitive intelligence scores (Pearson's r = .62). What can you conclude about emotional and cognitive intelligence scores? Select ALL that apply. a. Emotional intelligence increases cognitive intelligence b. Cognitive intelligence increases emotional intelligence c. Emotional intelligence scores are consistently high when cognitive intelligence scores are high d. Emotional intelligence scores are consistently low when cognitive intelligence scores are low e. There is a relationship but we don't know which direction it takes

c. Emotional intelligence scores are consistently high when cognitive intelligence scores are high d. Emotional intelligence scores are consistently low when cognitive intelligence scores are low

A company is testing new drugs for reducing symptoms of schizophrenia. After their trials, they found that Drug A had M = 4 on the symptoms inventory, while Drug B had M = 8 and Drug C had M = 7. In their research report, they wrote, "F(2, 97) = 3.9, p > 05." What can we conclude? a. Drug A was significantly different from Drug B b. There was a significant difference between drugs c. There was not a significant difference between drugs d. Drug B was significantly different from Drug C

c. There was not a significant difference between drugs

A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of verbal deference and gender on team cohesion. Half the cooks at a restaurant were instructed to say, "Yes, Chef!" and the other half were instructed to say, "Yeah, got it" when given instructions (verbal deference). Gender was categorized into man, woman, or non-binary. After a chaotic day in the kitchen, team cohesion was measured (i.e., how well did everyone work together?). Which of the following is correct? a. This is a one factor ANOVA, so a one-way ANOVA should be conducted b. This is a one factor ANOVA, so a factorial ANOVA should be conducted c. This is a 2x3 ANOVA, so a factorial ANOVA should be conducted d. This is a 2x3 ANOVA, so a one-way ANOVA should be conducted

c. This is a 2x3 ANOVA, so a factorial ANOVA should be conducted

The distance between the actual Y value and the Y-mean is represented by ___ and is this type of error ____. a. Y - Ŷ; residuals b. Ŷ - Ȳ; model variance c. Y - Ȳ; total variance d. Ŷ - Ȳ; total variance e. Ȳ - Ŷ; residuals f. Ŷ - Y; model variance

c. Y - Ȳ; total variance

Residuals are comparable to ____ while the standard error of estimate is comparable to ____. a. standard deviation; variance b. deviations; variance c. deviations; standard deviation d. variance; deviations

c. deviations; standard deviation

What form, direction, and magnitude would r = -1.0 show on a scatterplot? a. curvilinear, positive, strong b. curvilinear, negative, moderate c. linear, negative, strong d. linear, positive, strong e. curvilinear, negative, strong f. linear, negative, moderate g. negative and strong, but form cannot be determined

c. linear, negative, strong

Which of the following Pearson correlations indicates that the data points would be clustered most closely around a straight line? a. r = -0.14 b. r = +0.48 c. r = -0.72 d. r = +0.70

c. r = -0.72

What correlation is obtained when the Pearson correlation is computed for two binary variables? a. the Spearman correlation b. the point-biserial correlation c. the phi coefficient d. the curvilinear correlation

c. the phi coefficient

Money can buy happiness? Researchers are studying if there is a relationship between income and happiness. They suspect that having more money is related to more happiness. Which of the following is the correct alternative hypothesis? a. β = 0 b. β < 0 c. β > 0 d. β ≠ 0

c. β > 0

A clinical psychologist is studying how a new sleep agent impacts bipolar disorder. He randomizes participants to receive the new sleep drug, melatonin, or nothing (control). If he wants to compare each of the groups, he should use a ______, but if he wants to compare only between the new sleep drug and the control, he should use a ______. a. Independent samples t-test; one-way ANOVA b. One-way ANOVA; repeated measures t-test c. Two-factor ANOVA; one-way ANOVA d. One-way ANOVA; independent samples t-test

d. One-way ANOVA; independent samples t-test

Researchers run a one-way ANOVA and find that the difference between groups was F(2, 45) = 2.2, p > .05, with a small effect size (η2 = .01). What should they conclude? a. There is a treatment effect and the null hypothesis should be rejected b. There is no treatment effect and the null hypothesis should be rejected c. There is a treatment effect and the null hypothesis should fail to be rejected d. There is no treatment effect and the null hypothesis should fail to be rejected

d. There is no treatment effect and the null hypothesis should fail to be rejected

A researcher is conducting a study examining the effects of weather (sunny day versus rainy day) and temperature (cold versus hot) on tipping at a restaurant. Select the most appropriate analysis: a. Independent samples t-test b. Repeated measures t-test c. One-way ANOVA d. Two-factor ANOVA

d. Two-factor ANOVA

T-tests compare means between _____ groups while ANOVAs compare means between ____ groups. a. Three or more; two b. Two; three or more c. Three or more; one d. Two; two or more

d. Two; two or more

A one-way ANOVA is used to evaluate the mean differences among three treatment conditions with a sample of n = 10 participants in each condition. For this research study, what is df-total? a. df-total = 28 b. df-total = 10 c. df-total = 30 d. df-total = 29

d. df-total= 29

What would the scatterplot show for data that produce a Pearson correlation of r = -.20? a. points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right b. points clustered close to a line that slopes down to the right c. points widely scattered around a line that slopes up to the right d. points widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right

d. points widely scattered around a line that slopes down to the right

The distance between the actual Y value and the regression line is represented by: a. Y - Ŷ b. Ŷ - Ȳ c. Y + Ȳ

a. Y - Ŷ

Residuals are the distance between... a. The observed Y and the predicted Y b. The regression line and the Y-mean c. The observed Y and the Y-mean

a. The observed Y and the predicted Y

What is indicated by a large value for the chi-square statistic? a. The sample data do not match the null hypothesis b. There is a good fit between the sample data and the null hypothesis c. The observed values from the sample data are consistently larger than the expected values d. The observed values from the sample data are consistently smaller than the expected values

a. The sample data do not match the null hypothesis

How does the difference between expected frequencies and observed frequencies influence the outcome of a chi-square goodness-of-fit test? The smaller the difference... a. The smaller the computed chi-square value and the smaller the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis b. The smaller the computed chi-square value and the greater the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis c. The larger the computed chi-square value and the greater the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis d. The larger the computed chi-square value and the lower the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis

a. The smaller the computed chi-square value and the smaller the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis

Kaliah runs a one-way ANOVA and finds an F value of 17.3, p < .05. What should she conclude? a. There is a treatment effect and the null hypothesis should be rejected b. There is no treatment effect and the null hypothesis should be rejected c. There is a treatment effect and the null hypothesis should fail to be rejected d. There is no treatment effect and the null hypothesis should fail to be rejected

a. There is a treatment effect and the null hypothesis should be rejected

The results of a two-factor ANOVA with an equal number of participants in each condition indicates that F(2, 30) = 6.1, p< 0.05. Which of the following is true? a. There was a significant difference between groups and the researchers rejected the null b. There was a significant difference between groups and the researchers failed to reject the null c. There was not a significant difference between groups and the researchers rejected the null d. There was not a significant difference between groups and the researchers failed to reject the null

a. There was a significant difference between groups and the researchers rejected the null

For a chi-square test for independence with two variables and two categories in each variable, the proportions for each row used to determine the expected frequencies for each category are the same. a. True b. False

a. True

For an ANOVA, when the null hypothesis is true, the F-ratio is balanced so that the numerator and the denominator are both measuring the same sources of variance. a. True b. False

a. True

The larger the differences among the sample means, the larger the numerator of the F-ratio will be in an analysis of variance. a. True b. False

a. True

When conducting a chi-square goodness-of-fit test to examine whether the null hypothesis that there is no preference regarding the categories of a variable is correct, the expected frequencies for all categories will always be the same. a. True b. False

a. True

The line defined by the linear equation Y = 12 +2X slopes... a. Up and to the right b. Up and to the left c. Down and to the right d. Down and to the left

a. Up and to the right