Psych Subj. GRE Set # 2

preparedness

inborn tendency to associated certain stimuli with certain consequence. Animals are prepared to learn connections between certian stimuli

gonadotropins (pituitary)

increased production of hormones by testes or ovaries

additive color mixing

lights. Additive color mixture important to understanding how we see color. If mix red and green lights, get yellow.

Rescorla

performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning

Terman

performed longitudinal study on gifted children

Zimbardo

performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

acquisition

period during which an organism is learning the association of stimuli

elaborative rehearsal

organizing the information and associating it with information already in long-term memory. Gets the information into long term memory

descriptive statistics

organizing, describing, quantifying, and sumarizing a collection of actual observations

simple cell (vision)

orientation

extroversion

orientation toward the external, objective world

introversion

orientation toward the inner, subjective world

Sigmund Freud

originator of psychodynamic approach to personality

signal detection theory

other, nonsensory factors influence what hte subject says she senses. Include experiences, motives, expectations.

cerebral cortex

outer surface of the brain

Sigmund Freud

outlined 5 stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development

Erikson

outlined 8 stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan

Piaget

outlined four stages of cognitive development

pinna

outside of ear, channels sound into the auditory canal

Vygotsky

studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development

Asch

studied conformity by asking subjects to compare lengths of lines

Gibson, J

studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth

Loftus

studied eywitness memory and concluded that our memoreis can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions

Hubel and Wiesel

studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells

Witkin

studied field dependence and field independence using the rod and frame test

McGuire

studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion

Lorenz

studied imprinting in birds

Kohler

studied insight in problem solving

Rotter

studied locus of control

Kluver and Bucy

studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from the bilateral removal of the amygdala; studied the amygdala's role in emotions

McClelland and Rumelhart

suggested that hte brian processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Spearmean

suggested that indnividual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of general favtor g and specific factor s

Gilligan

suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality

Bem

suggested that masculinity and feminity were two separate dimensions; also linked with concept of adrogyny

Szasz

suggested that most of hte mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mentally disorders; wrote The Myth of Mental Illness

Jensen

suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ; this suggestion has been much criticized

superior colliculus verus inferior colliculus

superior is sight and inferior is auditory

object relations theory

symbolic representation of a significant part of the young child's personality. Look at the creation and development of these internalized objects in young children.

ANS two subdivisions

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous systemm

What is abnormally enlarged ventricles in brain linked to?

symptoms in schizophrenia - social withdrawal, flat affect, catatonic states

Negative symptoms, schizophrenia

symptoms that involve the absence of normal or desired behavior. Flat affect, blunted emotional expression

L-dopa

synthetic substance that increases dopamine levels in brain. Can make it past the blood brain barrier

inclusive fitness

takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and the number of other relatives who live to reproduce; altruism is not problematic

reproductive fitness

takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce; altrusim is problematic

categorical perception

the ability to distinguish between differences in sound that do not denote differences in meaning and those differences in sound that do denote differences in meaning

cardinal traits

Allort. Traits around which a person organizes her life. Not everyone develops cardinal traits, but everyone has central and secondary traits.

catatonic motor behavior (schizophrenia)

extreme behaviors characteristic of some people living with schizophrenia. Spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly reduced to patient may maintain a rigid posture, refusing ot be moved. On the other extreme may include useless or bizarre movements not caused by any external stimuli.

Jung's two major orientations of personality

extroversion and introversion

delusions

false beliefs, discordant with reality that are maintained in spite of strong evidence ot the contrary

persistent depressive disorder

formerly dysthymia. chronic depression

serotonin

Mood, sleep, eating, dreeaming. nonoamine or biogenicamine transmitter. Regulating mood, eating, sleeping, arousal. Depression and mania.

can standard deviation or variance be negative?

No, because no negative values to these measures of difference. However, can be 0.

blocking

Not only must CS and UCS be contingent for classical conditioning, the CS must also provide nonredudant information about hte uccrence of hte UCS in order for conditioning to occur. Experiment of this was through shocking rats with hissing noise, then adding light in. Since light always paired with hissing noise, light without hissing noise was not enough to elicit fear. So the CS must also provide useful, nonredundant, information about the occurenceo f the UCS

conservation

Notion that physical properties of matter (such as volume and quantitity) do not change simply because the appearance of the matter changes. Children in preoperational stage do not understand this due to centrism.

puzzle box

Thorndike would place cat in. Cage that animal can open by some simple action. Also placed dish of food just outside the box. Once cat escapes first time, then quicker to escape. Not because cognitive, but because trial and error type reinforcement. Other responses not reinforced

illness anxiety disorder

formerly hypochondriasis. Somatoform disorder. Person preoccupied with fears that he or she has a serious disase. Based on misinterpretation of one or more bodily signs of symptoms.

egocentrism

example of centration, in preoperational stage. A girl can tell you that she has a sister, but not that her sister has a sister.

hyperphagia

excessive eating. Damage to ventromedial hypothalamus (very hungry)

law of effect

if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

interposition (overlap)

if one object covers another, the partially hidden object is seen as further away

reactive schizophrenia

if onset of symptoms is intense and sudden, Prognosis for recovery is better.

doll preference task

experimenter showed each child a black doll and a white doll and asked child series of questions. The majority of white and black children preferred white doll over black doll. Highlighted negative effects of racism and minority group status on the self-concept of black children. Now more recent research has shown that black children hold positive views of their own ethnicity.

Garcia effect

explains preparedness. inborn tendency ot associate certain stimuli with certain consequences. Why in classical conditoning experimetn where rats got (1) sweet water and shock, (2) sweet water and nauseating drug, (3) bright noisy water and shock, and (4) bright noisy water and nauseating drug, only 2 and 3 showed classical conditioning

Batson's empathy altruism model

explanation for relationship between empathy and helping behavior. When faced with situations in which others may need help people might feel distress (mental pain or anguish) and/or they might feel empathy. Both of these states are important, since either can determine helping behavior. Those who report more empathy than distress more likely to help regardless if in easy or difficult escape conditions. Those who reported more distress tended to leave.

sedative-hypnotic drugs

depressives. are synergistic

nominal/categorical scale

names, no arithmetic operations

heroin and morphine

narcotic. opiate receptor. painkiller

septal rage

when septal nuclei (pleasure) damaged resulting in vicious behavior

4 stages of prenatal development

zygote, germinal, embryonic, fetal

Broca

French anatomist who identified the part of hte brain primarily associated with producing spoken language

reliability

CONSISTENCY with which a test measures whatever it is that the test measures. Dependable, reproducible, consistent.

contiguity

CS and UCS are contiguous (near) in time

Rousseau

French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society

standard deviation

"average" scatter away from the mean (also square root of the variance)

difference between dentdrites and axons

(1) dendrites no myelinated and most axons on. (2) branching patterns of dendrites can change throughout lifetime whereas axons typically remain stable. (3) dendrites are receptors of information whereas axons are communication avenue of nerve cell

Horney neurotic needs healthy in all but which 4 respects?

(1) disproportionate in intensity; (2) indiscriminate in application; (3) partially disregard reality; (4) have a tendency to provoke intesne anxiety

where information goes from the optic chiasm (3)

(1) lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus; (2) visual cortex in occipital lobe; (3) superior colliculus

four stage event firing of neuron

(1) resting potential (2) depolarization (3) action potential spike (4) hyperpolarization

sensorimotor stage

birth - 2 years. Primary and secondary circular reactions; object permanence develops

Three things that can happen to neurotransmitters after they are released from the vessicles

(a) bind (b) remain in synapse where they are destoyed and washed away by other biochemical substances, (c) reuptake

schemata

(singlular schema) how Piaget refers to organized patterns of behavior and/or thought. Infants develop behavioral schemata, characterized by action tendencies; older children develop operational schemata, characterized by a more abstract cognition.

oral stage

0-1 year. Gratification through putting of objects in mouth and sucking. Libidial energy centered on the mouth. Orally fixated adult would exhibit excessive dependency.

two main principles of cognitive dissonance theory

1) if a person is pressured to say or do something contrary to his or her privately held attitudes, there will be a tendency for him or her to change those attitudes. 2) The greater the pressure to comply, the less the person's attitude will change. Ultimately, attitude change generally occurs when the behavior is induced with minimal pressure.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

1-3 years, second conflict psychosocial theory. Favorable outcome is feeling of will and an ability to exercise choice and self-restraint. Sense of competence and autonomy. Unfavorable outcome is sense of doubt and lack of control - what happens is external not due to own volition.

Rorschach inkblot test

10 cards that are reproductions of ink blots. No standardized scoring methods.

risk of developing schizophrenia for children of people with schizophrenia

13 times higher than the general population

2 SD within normal distribution %

14%

Dix

19th century American advocate of asylum reform

3 SD within normal distribution %

2%

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

20 simple pictures depicting scenes that have ambiguous meanings. No standardized scoring method.

robber's cave experiment

22 12 year odl boys. boys in two groups separated not knowing of each other. First week, cooperative activities. Rattlers developed norms of touchness, Eagles norms like being polite. After first week groups informed about each other and four day competitive tournament. At end of tournament, both groups did not want further contact. Then researchers tried to reduce hostility through doing things together, and failed. Then treid to do activities cooperative. Started better

circadian rhythms

24-hour cycle someone affected by external cues such as night and day. With no alternation between light and dark, cycle slightly longer or shorter than 24 hours.

gender stability

3-4. Marks period when children can predict that they will still be a boy or a girl when they grow up, but understanding is superficial and dependent upon a physical notion of gender

initiative versus guilt

3-6 years, third conflict psychosocial theory. Favorable outcomes are purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment. If not, child so overcome by fear of punishment that child will either unduly restrict himself or may overcompensate by showing off.

1 standard deviation within normal distribution %

34%

gender consistency

4-7. Children understand permanency of gender, regardless of what someone wears or behaves

how many chromosomes?

46, 23 pairs. 22 are autosomes, 23rd determines sex

on average, how many genes to people usually say that siblings have in common with each other?

50%

industry versus inferiority

6-12, fourth conflict psychosocial theory. Success = child feels competent to exercise abilities and intelligence in world, be able to affect the way that child desires. Unfavorable = sense of inadequacy, sense of inability to act in a competent manner, low self esteem.

prisoner's dilemma

A and B taken into custody and separated. If both say the ydid it, both will be persecuted. IF one says, one will be and charges against other dropped and vice versa. If neither misdeameanor. Individual gains the most if he or she competes and the other cooperates.

creative self

Adler. Force by which each individual shapes his or her uniqueness and makes his or her own personality

fictional finalism

Adler. Notion that an individual is motivated more by his or her expectations of hte future than by past experiences. Human goals are based on a subjective for fictional estimate of life's values rather than objective data from the past

style of life

Adler. Represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority (as opposed to inferiority). Family environment crucial in molding the person's style of life.

What age is language substantially mastered?

Age 5

degree of dependence trait

At one pole is the capacity to make specific responses to perceived stimuli (field of independence). At the other pole is a more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli (field of dependence). For instance, people who are highly field dependent will be more influenced dby the opinions of others because they respond in a diffuse manner, not distinguishing separate ideas or even distinguishing their own ideas from those of others

Ellis

CBT therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)

Systems psychology

Barker, Bateson. Human behavior must be considered within the context of complex systems. Applications include organizational psychology and family therapy

Locke

British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies; they were blank slates (tabulas rasa) to be written on by experience

Contingency

CS is a good signal for UCS

blocking

CS is a good signal for UCS and provides nonredundant information about hte occurance of UCS

Penfield

Canadian neurosugeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parts of brain during surgery

Cognitivism

Chomsky. Behaviorsim is not an adequate explanation for human beahvior; humans think, believe, are creative

nativist theory of language acquisition

Chomsky. Innate, biologically absed mechanism for language acquisition. langauge acquisition device, which is built-in advanced knwoeldge of rule structures in language.

drive-reduction theory

Clark Hull's theory of meotivation. Suggested that the goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives: reinforcement occurs whenever a biological drive is reduced.

neurodevelopmental disorders

DSM-5 grouping. Includes those that are linked to the development of hte nervous system and that typically, but not always, first present during infancy, childhood, or adolescence

natural selection

Darwin, key to evolution.

Wechsler

Developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages (the WPPSI, WISC, and WAIS); tests yield three deviation IQs: a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, and a full scale IQ

Strong and Campbell

Developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; used to assess interest in different lines of work (they didn't work together; Campbell revised an earlier test of Strong's)

Sherrington

English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synaptic communication between neurons

psyhosocial theory

Erikson. Development sequence of central life crises. In each crises, there is a possible favorable outcome and a possible unfavorable outcome.

opponent-process theory of color vision

Ewald Hering. yellow must be one of hte primary colors and yellow was a basic color. Opposing pairs, so opponent process signal presence of red or green, or blue and yellow. Can never have reddish-green for instancce. Then a black and white one.

Turner's syndrome

Females with only one X chromosome. Failure to develop secondary sex characteristics. Have physical abnormalities often such as short fingers and unusually shaped mouths

Difference between Freud, Jung, and Adler

Freud = behavior motivated by inborn instincts; Jungs = person's behavior governed by inborn archetypes; Adler = people motivated by striving for superiority

Psychoanalysis

Freud, Jung, Adler. Behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts, repression, defense mechanisms.

transference

Freud. Attributing to the therapists attitudes and feelings that developed in the patient's relations with significant others in the past

psychoanalysis

Freud. Intensive, long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts stemming from probelms in psychosexual development. By gaining insight into repressed material, energy being utilized to deal with repressed conflict would be freed up and made available for further development

countertransference

Freud. Therapist experiences a full array of emotions toward the patient at various points in the treatment. Must be understood by the therapist so that it does not impinge on the treatment in a counterproductive way. Why psychoanalysts-in-training must undergo psychoanalysis themselves

hypnosis

Freud. Used to free repressed thoughts from patient's unconscious

dream interpretation

Freud. believed that defenses are relaxed and mind freer to express forbidden wishes and desires during dream states. Therefore, understanding dreams leads to an understanding of unconscious conflicts

free association

Freud. technique whereby the client says whatever comes to his or her conscious mind regardless of how personal, painful, or seemingly irrelevant it may apper to be. Through free associations, analyst and patient together reconstruct the nature of the client's original conflict

theory of multiple intelligences

Gardner. Seven: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal. Western culture values the first two over others.

Wernicke

German neurologist who dientified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language (Wernicke's area)

Dissociative disorders

Grouping. person avoid stress by dissociating or escaping from her identity. Otherwise still has an intact sense of reality.

Piaget & language

He thought that how we use language depends on which cognitive stage we are in. Development of thought directed the development of language.

reticular formation

Hindbrain. Extends from hindrbain to midbrain, composed of interconnected nuclei. Regulates arousal and alertness. AROUSAL, ALERTNESS, ATTENTION

RIASEC system

Holland's model of occupational themes: 1 Realistic, 2 Investigative, 3 Artistic, 4 Social, 5 Enterprising, 6 Conventional

chromosomes

Human genes - DNA with proteins. Human have 46, organized into 23 homologous pairs, of which 22 are autosomes. The 23rd pair determines the sex of the child.

Intelligence quotient

IQ, intelligence aptitude measure using an equation comparing mental age to chronological age. Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.

quasi-experiment

IV manipulated; subjects not randomly assigned to groups

limbic system

In forebrain. developed after brainstem. Neural structures associated with emotion and memory

Klinefelter's syndrome

In males, possession of an extra X chromosome. Have an XXY configuration. Often sterile and often have intellectural disabilities

Relationship between self esteem and locus of control

Internal locus of control = attribute success to selves = higher self esteem. Also attribute failures to external locus of control such as bad luck. External locus of control = attribute success to luck = lower self esteem. Also attribute failures to internal locus of control such as inability

placebo effect

a type of demand characteristic where a placebo has a beneficial effect on the subjects. To prepare for this, have control groups

partial reinforcement effect

It takes longer to extinguish a behavior for something that acquired the response receiving only occasional reinforcement. Why gambling is so popular maybe.

functionalism

James, Dewey. Stream of consciousness; studies how mind functions to help people adapt to environment; attacked structuralism

Darley and Latane

Kitty Genovese. Proposed there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influences and diffusion of responsibility

bystander intervention

Kitty Genovese. bystanders trying to figure out what was going on and what to do about it, and in so, led to not helping. Not help because of social influence and diffusion of responsibility

conventional phase of morality

Kohlberg,. Based on social rules. Third stage is good girl, nice boy orientation where one seeks approval of others. Fourth stage sees morality defined by the rules of authority, and is characterized by law-and-order orientation.

gender labeling

Kohlberg. 2-3 years old. Achieve gender identity; realize they are a member of a partiular sex and accept it. Also able to label others in terms of their sex.

instrumental relativist stage

Kohlberg. An eye for an eye. Stage 2, preconventional

post conventional morality

Kohlberg. Stage five is social contract orientation - moral rules are seen as convention that is designed to ensure the greater good. Stage six is universal ethical principles, seeing the greater good.

Lateral Hypothalamas (LH)

Lacking Hunger. Hunger center - lesions lead to aphagia

Chomsky

Linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition

thyroid

affects meabolism rate; growth and development

comparing personality characteristics in MZ and DZ twins raised together and apart

MZ twins raised in same family most similar. DZ twins raised apart least similar. Seems that personality characteristics are somewhat heritable.

gender schematic processing theory

Martin and Halverson. Builds on Kohlberg's theory. As soon as children are able to lable themselves, they begin concentrating on those behaviors that seem to be associated with their gender and pay less attention to those they believe are associated with the opposite gender.

strange situation proedure

Mary Ainsworth. Mother brings child into unfamiliar room with many toys. Three minutes. Then stranger comes into the room. First remains silent then talks to mother and plays iwth infant. Then mother leaves room and stranger interacts with infant. Then mother returns and stranger departs. Then infant is alone in room. Then the stranger returns and interacts with infant. Then the mother returns and the stranger leaves. Observed and assessed infant behavior, classifying into insecure/avoidance (A), secure attachment (B) and insecure/resisistant (C)

Humanism

Maslow, Rogers. Looks at people as wholes; humans have free will; psychologists should study mentally healthy people, not just mentally ill/maladjusted ones

MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. 500 statements. Measures things such as depression, schizophrenia, and masculinity/feminity. Also has scales that can indicate whether the person is carelss, faking answers, etc. And whether it is intentionally or unintentionally

Phallic stage

Oedipal conflict resolved. 3-5.

the need for achievement personality trait (N-Ach)

People rated high tend to be concerned with achievement and have pride in their accomplishments. Avoid high risks (to avoid risk of failing) and low risks (because easy tasks won't generate a sense of achievement). They set realistic goals and do not continue striving toward a goal if success is unlikely

adaption

Piaget. Takes place through assimilation and accomodation

prison simulation (lol Jordan hall)

Prisoners and guards. Guards had no special training. Guards more authoritarian and abusive in tiem that followed. After 36 hours 1 prisoner had to be released because of uncontrollable crying, fits of rage, and disorganized thinking. Three mroe prisoners had similar breakdowns; a fifth develoepd a psychosomatic rash. Intended to last 2 weeks but stopped after 6 days.

Festinger & Carlsmith cognitive dissonance famous experiment

Pts did boring tasks, some paid $1 some $20 to tell the next subject that the experiment was fun. The $1 group reported enjoying the experiment more than the $20 group. Those in $20 had less dissonance because reason why they lied. Those in $1 couldn't justify as well with money, so reduced dissonance by telling themselves that they enjoyed it.

DSM-5

Published 2013. Published by APA. US. Classification based on atheoretical descriptions of symptoms of the various disorders. Neurosis is not a category because it is derived from psychoanalytic. Sorted into 18 classifications of disorders. No longer uses multiaxial assessment system.

Tyron rat maze test

Rats became familiar with maze in certain amount of time. Sorted them into maze bright rats and maze dull rats and intermediate rats. Used selective breeding, only mating rats with similar traits. Did this for several rat generations. Found that the difference between the bright and dull intensified, providing evidence that learning ability has a genetic basis. Further research showed that the performane of the two groups was different only on mazes of the type that Tyron used, not all mazes.

superego

Represents the moral branch of personality, striving for perfection. Two subsystems:; conscience and ego-ideal

Terman (intelligence)

Revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test; revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ Test

Luria

Russia neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions

Anterior Hypothalamus

Sexual activity - lesions lead to inhibition of sexual activity (asexuality)

Milgram's experiement

Shocking Mr. Wallace. Teacher learner. Shock when Mr. Wallace wrong. Extremely painful, but would cause no permanent damage. Each of the 40 subjects administered at least 300 volts. After 300 volts, point at which learner pounded on the wall, five subjects refused to continue. 65% continued beyond danger severe shock to XXX. 2/3 of subjects completely obedient. Subjects sweat, tremble, stutter, groan, etc. 14/40 showed nervous laguhter and smiling; 3 had uncontrollabel seizures. Level at Bridgeport not significantly lower than at Yale. When two confederates defied the experimenter, 90% followed their lead. In another variation, subjects did not directly shock the learner. In this situation, 37/40 participated until the end.

tabula rasa

blank state. John Locke's assertion that a child's mind is considered a blank slate at birht.

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg. Three aspects: componential (performance on tests), experiential (creativity), contextual (street smarts/business sense).

Bowlby

Studied attachment in human children

feature detection theory

certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli.

Hawthorne effect

The effect that being observed has on behavior. To counteract, control groups. Observe both the control group and the experimental group to make sure changes are simply from being ibserved.

primary mental abilities

Thurstone. Seven and used factor analsyis with favtors mroe sepecific than Spearman's g but more general than Spearmen's s

structuralism

Titchner. Breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection

cognitive map

Tolman. Mental representation of a physical space. Tolman was able to show that rats were able to form congitive maps of various mazes. If a familiar path through the maze was blocked, the rats were able to utilize their congitive map to adopt an alternative route through the maze

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

Very Hungary. Satiety center - lesions lead to hyperphagia. Tells you when you've had enough to eat

acetylcholine

Voluntary muscle control. neurotransmitter found in central and peripheral nervous systems. Used to transmit nerve impulses to the muscles.

behaviorism

Watson, Skinner. Psychology as objective study of behavior; attacked mentalism and the use of instrospection; attacked structuralism and functionalism

Gestalt psychology

Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka. Whole is something other than the sum of its parts. Attacked structuralism and behaviorism.

minimal justification effect (insufficient justification effect)

When behavior can be justified by means of external inducements, there is no need to change internal cognitions. However, when the external justification is minimal, you will reduce your dissonance by changing internal cognitions.

analogy of inoculation

William McGuire, resist persuasion. In physiological inoculation against disease, an active disease-producing organism, or pathogen, is injected into the body. This pathogen is in a weakened form or strain. In response, the body will ultimately develop a resistance to stronger forms of the pathogen. People can also be inoculated against the attack of persuasive communications. Turn into cultural truisms.

Yerkes and Dodson

Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal that intermediate levels of arousal have best performance

trichromatic theory

Young-Helmholtz theory. Retina has three different types of cones, sensitive to different colors. Red, blue, green. All colors produced by combined stimulation of these receptors.

factor

a cluster of variables highly correlated with each other is assumed to be measuring the same factor.

altruism

a form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at the cost to himself or herself

functional autonomy

a given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of its original reason for existence.

innate releasing mechanism (IRM)

a mechanism in the animal's nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAPs

supernormal stimulus (sign stimuli)

a model more effective at triggering a FAP than the actual sign stimulus found in nature

Premack principle

a more preferred acitivty can be used to reinforce a less preferred acitivty. Often applied by parents requiring children to do homework before they can play

second-order conditioning

a neutral stimulus is paired with a CS rather than a UCS. Can even do third order.

physiological zero (touch)

a neutral temperature perceived to be neither hot nor cold

social exchange theory

a person weighs the rewards and costs of interacting with another. the more the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the other person.

texture gradients

a scene recedes from the viewer, the surface texture of the object appears to change

releaser (sign stimuli)

a sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors between animals

autokinetic effect

a stationar light when viewed in an otherwise totally dark room appears to move; probably caused by involuntary eye movements

induced motion

a stationary point of light appears to move when teh background moves

fixed-action patterns (FAP)

a stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by the animal

habituation (studying infant visual perception)

a stimulus is presented to an infant, infant eventually stops attending to it; a different stimulus is presented, if the infant attends to it, it is inferred that the infant an perceive the difference between the old and new stimuli

normal distribution

about 68% of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean; about 96% within two SDs. Mean, median, and mode are identical

forebrain

above midbrain. Associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Emotion and memory and more. Greatest influence on human behavior

Type II error

accept the null hypothesis when it is in fact false. False negative

rods

achromatic colors. Low sensitivity to detail. Peripheral. More rods than cones

cognitive structuralists

actively involved in ones own development, constructing knowledge of the world through their experiences with the environment

pragmatics

actual efficient use of language. Often the same sentence will have two or more very different meanings depending on how well it is spoken. A child must learn to recognize these inflections and must learn to produce them as well.

surface structure (Chomsky)

actual order of words in a sentence

phonology

actual sound stem of language. Children must learn to produce and recognize sounds of hte language, separating them fro menvironmental noise and speech sounds that do not denote differenes in meaning.

positive symptoms, schizophrenia

added to normal behavior. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior. Psychotic dimension and disorganized dimension

synergistic

additive in effect

lateral inhibition

adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens and highlights borders between light and dark areas

identity versus role foncusion

adolescence, fifth conflict psychosocial theory. Physiological revolution. Favorable outcome is fidelity, ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties. Unfavorable outcomes are confusion of one's identity and kind of amorphous personality that shifts from day to day

inappropriate affect (schizophrenia)

affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individual's speech or ideation

insomnia

affecting ability to fall asleep or stay asleep

three types of neurons

afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), interneurons

sensory neurons

afferent neurons. transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

spontaneous recovery

after a period of rest, presenting the CS without the UCS will actually elicit a weak CR. Further extinction trainign will once again cause the CR to go away

embryonic stage

after germinal period; lasts approximately 8 weeks. Embryo increases in size by about 2 million percent, or 20,000 times. Embryo grows to about an inch long and begins to develop a human appearance. Limbs appear and tail recedes. Male embryo begins to produce androgen in testes. Nerve cells in spinde develop and motion of limbs occur.

Bandura's social learning theory

aggression is learned through modeling or reinforcement. Bobo the clown. You did your ****ing thesis on one of his concepts. You probably don't need this flashcard.

pleasure principle

aim to immediately discharge any energy buildup (relieve tension); relating to the id

Korsakoff's syndrome

alcoholics sometimes suffer. Serious disturbances in memory. Anterograde amnesia. Not directly from drinking too much alcohol, traced to a vitamin deficiency in thiamin. Arises from malnutrition that often occurs in alcoholics

adoption studies

allow us to understand environmental influences and genetic influence on behavior. Compare similarities between biological parent and adopted child to adoptive parents. Adopted children's IQ more similar to their biological parents' IQ, suggesting that IQ is heritable. Same with criminal behavior among boys.

Genie

almost isolated completely from human contact ages 2-13. Been exposed to no language during this time. She was still able to learn some aspects of syntax. Still, unable to master other aspects of syntax. May show us that instead of a critical langauge period, there may be a sensitive period. Where environmental input has maximal effect on the development of a particular ability. Most psychologists consider the sensitive period of language development to be before the onset of puberty.

extirpation

also ablation. Various parts of brain surgically removed and beahvioral consequences observed. Flourens.

generaliation (operant conditioning)

also occurs.

just noticeable difference (JND)

amount of change ncessary to predict the difference between two stimuli

eye movements

an "on-line" measure of information processing

persona (Jung)

archetype - mask that is adopted by a person in response to the demands of social convention. Originates from social interactions in which the assumption of a social role has served a useful purpose to humankind throughout history.

visual cliff

an apparatus designed by Gipson and Walk to assess infant depth perception

association area

an area that combiens input from diverse regions. Prefrontal cortex is good example

generation-recognition

an attempt to explain why you can usually recognize more than you can recall; model suggests that recall involves the same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition.

gain=loss principle

an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant.

variable ratio (VR) reinforcement

animal receives reinforcement after a varying number of responses.

Gestalt response to Thorndike puzzle box

animals forced into trial and error learning because of hte situation. If given the opportunity, some animals could learn by insight

phenothiazines

antipsychotic medications. Thought to reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors.

chlorpromazine (thorazine)

antipsychotic. dopamine. schizophrenia

haloperidol (haldol)

antipsychotic. dopamine. schizophrenia

lithium

antipsychotic. unknown effects. bipolar disorder.

phobia

anxiety disorder. Irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it.

social anxiety disorder

anxiety due to social situations.

shadow (Jung)

archetype consisting of the animal instincts that humans inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life. Responsible for appearance in consciousness and behavior of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions.

self (Jung)

archetype, striving for unity and is the point of intersection between the collective unconscious and the conscious. Jung symbolized as a mandala, a Sanskrit word meanng "magic ccircle." Mythc expression of the self, as the reconciler of opposites, and the promoter of harmony

humanism

arose in opposition to psychoanalysis and behaviorism; notion of free will and idea that people should be considered as wholes rather than in terms of stimuli and responses (behaviorism) or instincts (psychoanalysis)

double-bind hypothesis of schizophrenia

as a child, the person with schizophrenia received contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from his or her primary caregiver. Torn between these two, the child feels anxious, and these disorganized messages become internalized. Child begins to see his or her perceptions of reality as unreliable.

errors of growth

as children begin to master complex general rules, we often see overregulation. I child who once said "I ran" will say "I runned to the store." It is thought that children are generalizing some sort of internalized rule. Suggests that language acquisition may not be the result of imitation and reinforcement, but the active application of a dynamic internalized set of linguistic rules.

norm-referenced testing

assessing an individual's performance in terms of how that individual performs in comparison to others. For instance, percentile

Wernicke's area

associated with language reception and comprehension. Enables us to understand spoken language

Albert Ellis's rational emotive therapy (RET)

assumption that people develop irrational ways of thinking. Therefore, the therapist might challenge an irrational belief that the client has, helping him or her recognize these beliefs and change them to more rational ones

encoding specificity

assumption that recall will be best if hte context at recall aproximates the context during original encoding.

fear response

at first fear evoked through any sudden change in level of stimulation. During the first year of life infant may experience separation anxiety and stranger anxiety. By the end of hte first year, the fear response is reserved either for the sudden absence of a specific individual (like mother) or presence of an object or perosn who in the past has been harmful to the child. Very often emotional response is context dependent.

Major depressive disorder

at least one major depressive episode. At least a two week period during which there is a prominent and relatively persistent depressed mood or loss of itnerest in all or almost all activities. Appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt (sometiems delusional), difficulty concentrating or thinking, and thoguhts of death or attempts at suicide. Symptoms must cause significant distress and/or impariment in functioning. As many as 15% die by suicide

trait theorists

attempt to ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality

achievement tests

attempt to assess what ones knows or can do now

Sheldon

attempted to relate somatotype to personality type (body shape to personality)

factor analysis

attempts to account for the interrelationships found among various variables by seeing how groups of variables "hang together."

Carl Hovland's model

attitude change as a process of communicating a message with the intent to persuade someone. Three components: the communicator, the communication, and the situation. The more credible the source of the communicator is perceived to be, the greater the persuasive impact.

echoic memory

auditory memory, in sensory memory

basic auditory circuit

auditory nerve to superior olivary complex to inferior colliculus, to medical geniculare nucleus in the thalamus, and finally to the temporal cortex

beta waves

awake. person is awake and alert; fast EEG activity

kinesthetic sense

awareness of body movement and position; specifically with muscle, tendon, and join position since the receptors are at or near them

what brain structure might play a role in schizophrenia?

basal ganglia.

mere exposure hypothesis

based on familiarity. Mere repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for it. The more you see something, the more you like it.

Kelly

based personality theory on the notion of individual as scientist

gene

basic unit of heredity

frequency theory of pitch perception

basilar membrane vibrates as a whole and rate of vibration equals frequency of stimulus. However, canot be applied to tones about 1000 Hz. So operative for tones up to 500HZ

escape negative reinforcement

beahvior removes something undesirable. Like buzzer that tells you that car seat belt is not fastened.

Luchins water-jar problem

because you developed a mental set, solve a problem more complexly because just did a problem in which this was needed

behavior therapies

behavior modification. Some based on classical conditioning, some on operant. Oftne used for phobias and sometiems OCD for classical.

borderline personality disorder

behavior that has features of both personality disorders and some of the more severe psychological disorders. Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image. Interpersonal relationships often intense and unstable. May be profound identity disturbanec manifested by uncertaintly about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals or values. Intense fear of abandonment often. Suicide attempts and self-mutilation are common

extinction (skinner)

behavior that used to bring reward no longer does so. decreases probability

amphetamines

behavioral stimulant. Norepinephrine, dopamine. Narcolepsy

tricyclics and MAO inhibitors

behavioral stimulants. norepinephrine, serotonin. Depression.

Skinner

behaviorist

Bandura

behaviorist theorist best known for social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag (Bobo Doll)

Dollard and Miller

behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts

helping behavior

behaviors that benefit other individuals or groups of people. Includes altruistic motivations and other beahviors that may be motivated by egoism or selfishness

reproductive isolating mechanisms

behaviors that prevent animals of one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely related species. Work by providing an animal with a way of identifying others of its own species.

BJW

belief in a just world. Increases likelihood of victim blaming

delusions of grandeur

belief that he or she is a remarkable person

delusion of thought broadcasting

belief that one's thoughts are broadcasted directly from one's head to the external world

delusions of prosecution

belief that person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, threatened.

thought insertion, schizophrenia

belief that thoughts are inserted into one's head

cultural truisms

beliefs that are seldom questioned. jOnes that are not inoculated quite susceptible ot attack

Nativists (like Chomsky's) critical period

believe 2 years- puberty critical for language acquisition.

British empiricist school of thought

believed all knowledge is gained through experience

Gesell

believed that development was due primarily to maturation

superordinate goals

best obtained through intergroup cooperation. Joint effort on superordinate goals dramatically imrpoves ntergroup relations.

mesomorphy

bodies that were hard, muscular and rectangular; William Sheldon's early theory of personality

ectomorphy

bodies that were thin, fragile and lightly muscled; William Sheldon's early theory of personality

endomorphy

body types that were soft and spherical; William Sheldon's early theory of personality

ossicles

bones of middl ear. Hammer, anvil, stirrup (malleus, incus, stapes) transmit the vibrations of the tympanum to the inner ear

projection areas

brain areas that further analyze sensory input

ego psychology

branch of psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego as autonomous. Anna Freud. Thought psychoanalytic thoery and psychotherapy could profit more from direct investigation of the conscious ego and its relation to the world

dendrites

branch out from cell body to receive incoming information from other neurons via postsynaptic receptors

structuralism (cognitive psych)

break consciusness down into its elements or specific mental structures. Titchener. He used introspection

archetypes

building blocks for Jung's collective unconscious. Thought or image that has an emotional element

convolutions

bumps and folds on cerebral cortex

how are experimental hypotheses confirmed?

by disconfirming the null hypothesis

cocktail party phenomenon

can hear your name in a party even if not attending to it. So it seems the filter is not all or none but more of a dampening thing. Perhaps the filter for your name is lower.

clinical method

case-study method. Attempts to collate facts about a particular child and her environment in order to gain a better perspective

representativeness heuristic

categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit hte prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category. Often leads to correct decisions, but can sometimes lead us astray

mood disorders

category of disorders in DSM-5. Severe and persistent moods

dark adaptation

caused by teh regeneration of rhodopsin, the photopigment in the rods

soma

cell body

cerebral hemispheres

cerebral cortex has two halves.

ipsilaterally

cerebral hemispheres communicate with the same side of the body. Not common, but done in smell

social learning theorists

challenged reinforcement theory; main figure is Albert Bandura. Behavior is learned through imitation

compliance

change in behavior that occurs as a result of situational or interpersonal pressure

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

changes in animals that resulted from bilateral removal of amygdala. Aggression and fear reactions reduced

type theorists

characterize people according to specific types of personality

children with authoritative parents

characterized as being more socially and academically competent

Type A personality

characterized by behavior that tends to be competitive and compulsive. More prone to heart disease than Type B personalities and most prevalent among middle and upper class men.

Type B personality

characterized by laid back and relaxed

obsessive-compulsive disorder

characterized by repeated obsessions (persistent irrational thoughts) that produce tension and/or compulsions (irrational and repetitive impulses to perform certain acts) that cause significant impairment in a person's life.

disorganized thought

characterized by the loosening of associations. Speech in which ideas shift from oen subject to another on unrelated subjects in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought. World salad. May even invent new words

hormones

chemical messengers. Travel in endocrine system.

neurotransmitters

chemical substances that the vesicles release whenever the neuron fires allowing them to flow into the tiny space separating terminal buttons of one neuron from the dendrites of adjacent neurons (the synapse)

preoperational stage

child has not mastered conservation. Usually 2-7 years old. Beginning of representational thought. Have capacity to understand the concept that objects continue to exist even though they cannot perceive their existence. Also centration.

concrete operational stage

child masters conservation. Ages 7-11. Limited to working with concrete objects or information that is directly available. Have difficulty with abstract thought.

separation anxiety

child reacts to mother's absence with strong protest. Usually ages 9 to 12 months

object permanence

child realizes that objects continue to exist even though the child cannot perceive their existence. Marks the beginnings of representational thought.

behavioral stimulants

class of drugs that increase behavioral activity by increasing motor activity or counteracting fatigue.

Pavlov

classical conditioning

extinction

classical conditioning can be unlearned. Repeadedly present CS without the UCS. If not reinforced, will become extinct

contigency explanation of classical conditioning

classical conditioning matter of learning signals for the UCS. To the extent that the CS is a good signal and that is has informational value, or is a good predictor of hte UCS, the CS and UCS will become assocaited and classical conditioning will occur. Temporal contiguity not necessary

eating disorders

classification in DSM-5

cornea

clear domeline window in front eye. Gathers and focuses incoming light.

flooding

client experiences the phobia without the thing that originally elicited fear. Faces their fears to learn it is harmless

implosion

client imagines a fearful situation. By intensely concentrating on the fearful stimulus in a way that nothing fearful can ahppen, the person si able to confront the phobia

Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy for depression

client might be asked to write down negative thoughts about herself, figure out why they are unjustified, and come up with more realisitc and less destructive cognitions

case-study method

clinical method. Attempts to collate facts about a particular child and her environment in order to gain a better perspective

creativity

cognitive ability that results in new ways of viewing problems or situations.

Beck

cognitive behavior therapist best known for his therapy for depression

Festinger

cognitive dissonance theory; social comparison theory

Lorenz

ethologist who studeid unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment

Bleuler

coined the term schizophrenia

cones

color vision. fine detail. most effective in bright light. concentrated in fovea. Visual acuity is best in fovea

iris

colored part of hte eyes. Involuntary muscles and autonomic nerve fibers. Controls the size of the pupil, and therefore, the amount of light entering hte eye

sequential cohort studies

combine cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. Several groups of different ages are studied over several years

cross-sectional studies

compare groups of subjects at different ages

twin studies

compare monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Better able to distinguish the relative effects of shared environment and genetics. MZ and DZ share an environment to the same degree, but not genetics. CRITICISMS: identical twins are treated more simiarily by other people than DZ

relative size

comparison of retinal size of object to actual size of objects gives cue to depth.

cerebral cortex

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Language processing to problem solving, from impulse control to long term planning

foot-in-the-door effect

compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with larger requests

neuromodulators / neuropeptides

complicated chain of events in the postsynaptic cell than normal neurotransmitters. Relatively slow and have longer effects of postsynaptic cell.

morphemes

component of language. smallest units of meaning

central nervous system

composed of brain and spinal cord

adaptive test

computerized achievement test that adapts to the test taker's ability by assessing the accuracy of previously answered questions.

schema (memory)

conceptual framework we use to organize our knowledge

validity

concerned with the extent to which a test ACTUALLY MEASURES WHAT IT IS TRYING TO MEASURE.

Fritz Heider's balance theory

concerned with the way three elements are related: the person whom we're talking about (P), some other person (O), and a thing, idea, or some other person (X). Balance exists when all three fit together harmoniously. When there isn't balance, there will be stress, and a tendency to remove this stress by achieving balance.

domain-referenced testing (criterion-referenced testing_

concerned within the question of what the test taker knows about the specified domain. Performance is described in terms of what the test taker knows or can do. For instance, written driver license test.

Kagan

conducted landmark longitudinal study to examine development trajectories of children's temperaent

bipolar cells

connect rods and cones with ganglion cells

ganglion cells

connect with bipolar cells. Group together to form optic nerve. Each ganglion cell represents the combined activity of many rods and cones because more receptiors than ganglion cells. This means a loss of detail as information from the photoreceptors is combined. Less ganglion cells per cones than rods = cones have better detail

corpus callosum

connects the two hemispheres. Allows for sharing information between two hemispheres.

two-sided messages

contain arguments for and against a position, often used for persuasion since messages seem to be 'balanced' communicated. News reporting has frequent instances of this.

terminal buttons

contain neurotransmitter.

behavioral contract

contingency management. Negotiated agreement between two parties that explicity states the behavioral changes that is desired and indicates consequences of certain acts

time-out procedure

contingency management. Undesirable behavior occurs in situations that reinforce behavior, so if you can remove the client from the reinforcing situation before he receives renforcemetn for his behavior, the behavior will not be reinforced and will therefore eventaully cease

reflexes

controls behavior that is crucial to survival

reflec arcs

controls reflctive behavior. Interneurons linked to.

counterbalancing

counteract effects. So in a within groups baseline follow-up test, can assign half ot receive one condition first and vice versa. Therefore, some people won't do better due to already knowing the test format, etc.

alpha level

criterion of significance. Psychologists often use p < .05

Mischel

critic of trait theories of personalities

demand characteristics

cues that suggest to subjects what the researcher expects from them. The assumption is that if subjects have an idea of what the researcher expects, they will perform as expected

WAIS-III

current version of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale utilized for adult intelligence testing

bottom-up processing

data driven processing.

thantos

death instinct Freud. Represents an unconscious wish for the ultimate, absolute state of quiescence

episodic memory

declarative memory, long-term memory. Remembering particular events you have personally experienced

semantic memory

declarative memory, long-term memory. remembering general knowledge

amygdala

defensive and aggressive behavior; studied by Kluver and Bucy; legions produced docility and hypersexual states

suppression

deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

Olds and Milner

demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using self stimulation studies in rats

Kandel

demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission

abusolute refractor period

depolarization (inrush of NA+ ions). Achievement of action potential. Neuron completely unresponsive to additional stimulation.

bipolar disroderes

depression and mania. Manic episodes generally have a rapid onset and briefer duration than depressive episodes.

levels of processing theory

depth of processing theory. What determines how long you will remember material is not what memory system it gets into, but the way in which you process it. Said first physical (visual), then acoustical focusing on sound combinations. Then semantic. Semantic demands more effort so better memory.

autism spectrum

describes range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by imparirments in social skills and communication skills and repetitive behaviors. Tend to be oversensitive to sensory stimuli. Often persist into adulthood.

physical attractiveness

determinant of attraction

Binet and Simon

developed Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced concept of mental age

Fechner

developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of hte stimulus and the intensity of the sensation

Helmholz

developed Young-Helmholz trichromatic theory of color vision, developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception

Berkeley

developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth

Rotter

developed a sentence completion test; a projective test designed to measure personality

von Frisch

ethologist who studied communicaton in honeybees

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

developed as reaction to traumatic event such as sexual abuse, combat situation, or accident or situation of violence in which the individual or soemoen close to them is injured or killed. Typically relive the traumatic event through flashabcks or nightmares and often display hypervigilance and depressed mood

Heider

developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into dispositional and situational

Rogers

developed client centered therapy, a therapy that was based upon the concept of unconditional positive regard

Petty and Cacioppo

developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)

Wolp

developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

Hering

developed opponent process theory of color vision

Skinner

developed principles of operant conditoning

wilson

developed sociobiology

Stevens

developed stevens' power law as an alternative to Fechner's law.

Kraepelin

developed system in the 19th century for classifying mental disorders; DSM-5 can be consdiered to be a descendent of his system

Holland

developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes

Rorschach

developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality

Morgan and Murray

developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality

Janis

developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry

Stern

developed the concept of the ratio IQ

Craik and Lockhart

developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an laternative to the stage theory of memory

Kohler (gestalt)

developed theory of isomorphism (1:1 correspondence between actual thing and brain slate)

Gibson, E. and Walk

developed visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

developentally atypical inattention and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity. Children may have very short attention spans and have difficulty staying on task or with organizing tasks. Frequently unable to follow instructions or requests and are often unable to stick to activities for extended periods of time. Group situations particularly difficult. Fidgeting, restlessness, running, climbing. Inability to delay gratification, impatience, interrupting otheres. Typicaly manifests by age three, but not diagnosed until childbeings school. As many as 3-5% may eperience symptoms of thsi disorder. More pravelnt in males than females. Symptoms usually attenuate during adolescence, but may continue into adulthood

CAT scans

devices used to reveal structures of the brain in a living person

Guilford

devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity

Smith, Soben, Rips

devised hte smantic feature-comparison model of semantic memor y

Ainsworth

devised strange situation to study attachment

Collins and Loftus

devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory

poggendorf illusion

diagnoal line on the bottom is a continuation of the diagonal line on top

EEG, rCBF, PET scans

different devices used to indicate activity in various parts of the human brain at a given time

modeling

direct observation

Breland and Breland

discovered and studied instinctual drift

general paresis

disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis, and death. Eventually discovered that due to brain deterioration caused by syphilis (which was untreatable until 1909) and that the mental disorder seen in the syndrome was caused by organic brain pathology. The idea that physiological factors could underlie mental disorders was an important advance in our understanding of abnormal psychology

depersonalization disorder

dissociative disorder. person feels detached, like an outside observer of his or her mental processes and/or behavior. However, even during these times, the person still has an intact sense of reality

post-decisional dissonance

dissonance emerges after the choice

Chomsky

distinguished between teh surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to tranform one sentence into another

Insecure/resistant attachment (Type C)

distressed during the separation and are inclined to resist physical contact with the mother upon ehr return

random sample

every population member has an equal chance to be selected for the sample

Cattell

divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan

Lewin

divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, demogratic, laissez-faire

hypomania

does not significantly impair functioning or have psychotic features, although the individual may be more energetic and optimistic

osmoreceptors

does osmoregulation (maintenance of water balance in the body). Hypothalamus monitors

Where are Broca's area and Wernicke's areas located (dominant or nondominant hemispheres)?

dominant

dopamine hypothesis (schizophrenia)

dopamine plays important role in movement and posture in certain brain pathways. Delusions, hallucinations, and agitation arise from excess in dopamine activity at certain sites in the brain. Or could be that dopamine levels are normal but htere is an oversensitivity to dopaimine in brain or too many receptors. Antipsychotic drugs treat schizophrenia

experimenter bias

due to his or her expectations, the experimenter might inadvertently treat groups of subjects differently

gonadotropic hormones

during puberty. activate dramatic increase in production of hormones in testes or ovaries.

binocular disparity (stereopsis)

each eye sees a slightly different scene; when the brain combines the scenes, we get perception of depth

factorial design

each level of a given independent variable occurs with each level of the other independent variables

temporal lobes

each of the paired lobes of the brain lying beneath the temples, including areas concerned with the understanding of speech. auditory cortex, Wernicke's area. Also memory processing, emotional control, language.

tympanic membrane

eardrum. Vibrates in phase with the incoming sound waves, moving it back and forth

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder. Involves binge eating accompanied by excessive attempts to compensate for it by purging, fasting, ro ecessive exercising. Individual tends to maintain normal body weight.

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder. Refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight. Distorted body image and believes that she is overweight even when emaciated. In females cessation of menstruation usually present.

motor neurons

efferent neurons. transmit motor information from brain and spinal cord ot muscles

saltatory conduction

efficient conduction allong a myelinated axon

primary prevention

efforts to seek out and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness and to establish the conditions that foster mental health. Include increasing access to good prenatal care and postnatal care, providing training in psychosocial skills to those who need it, promoting opportunities for education, training parents in child raising skills. Proactive ,not reactive.

Erikson

ego psychologists whose psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan

defense mechanisms

ego's recourse to releasing excessive pressures due to anxiety. They (1) deny, falsify or distort reality and (2) operate unconsciously

parietal lobe

either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information.

law of proximity

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

law of good continuation

elements that appear to follow the same direction tend to be grouped together

law of similarity

elements that are similar to one another tend to be grouped together

other groups of disorders in DSM-5

elimination disorders, sleep-wake disorders, sexual dysfunctions and paraphilias, gender dysphoria, impulse control disorders, substance-related disorders

Cannon-Bard theory emotions

emotions reflect physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous system and specific neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive and physiological

theory of kin selections

emphasizes inclusive fitness

Bekesy

empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz' place-resonance theory

catecholamines

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine. Play important roles in the experience of emotions

interval scale

equal intervals (temperature), addition or subtraction operations. Not multiplication, because wouldn't say that 90 degrees is 3 times hotter than 30 degrees

ratio scale

equal intervals + true zero point aka 0 means total absence of something being measured (income), all arithmetic operations. Can add, subtract, multiply, etc.

ovaries

estrogen stimulates female sex characteristics; progesterone prepares uterus for implantation of embryo

Tinbergen

ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations

differences between how mothers and fathers interact with children

fathers tend to play more vigorously with their children than mothers do, while mothers tend to stress verbal over physical interactions.

agoraphobia

fear of being in open places or in situations where escape might be difficult. Tend to be uncomfortable going otuside their homes alone.

sign stimuli

features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular FAP (fixe-action pattern)

follicel-stimulating hormone

female reproduction. development of ovarian follicle

luteinizing hormone

female reproduction. ovulation.

anima (Jung)

feminine archetype; help us understand femine behaviors in males

Zygote

fertilized eggs. Gametes combine

optic chiasm

fibers from the nasal half of the retina cross paths.

epinephrine

fight or flight

selective attention

filter between sensory stimuli and processing systems. If stimulus attended to, will be passed through the filter. If not, lost. All or nothing process: if we attend to something, we don't attend to everything else. Recent evidence suggests this may not be the case.

genital stage

final stage for Freud. Begins at puberty; if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relations. But if sexual traumas of childhood not resolved, behaviors like fetishism may result.

refuted counterarguments

first presenting arguments against the truisms and then refuting the arguments. How people are inoculated against attacks on cultural truisms.

preconventional morality

first stage Kohlberg. Right and wrong are defined by hedonistic consequences of a given action (unishment or reward). Orientation toward punishment and obedience. In stage two, there is an orientation towards reciprocity - an eye for an eye. Stage two is sometimes called the instrumental relativist stage

4 schedules of reinforcement

fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable interval

sensory memory

fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli.

ventricles

fluid-filled cavities in the middle of the brain that link up with the spinal canal that runs down the middle of the spinal cord.

transformational grammar

focused on syntatic transformations, or changes in word order that differ with meaning. Noted that children learn to make such transformations effortlessly at an early age. Concluded that this ability must be innate.

nomothetic approach to personality

focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find commonalities between individuals. Allport said not to use this one

idiographic approach to personality

focuses on individual case studies. Allport said to use this one

war of the ghosts

folk story. Subjects reconstructred story when recalled it with their own culture, expectations, and schema for a ghost study. Prior knowledge and epectations influence recall

longitudinal studies

follow a specific group of people over an extended period of time

active phase (schizophrenia)

follows prodromal phase. Characterized by symptomatic behavior

hypothalamus

forebrain. Hunger and thirst; emotion. When something disregulated/ out of balance, hypothalamus detects the problem and signals to the body to correct. (Hydro the llamas)

thalamas

forebrain. Sensory relay station (thal and amus). All senses except smell

retroactive inhibition

forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new. Now that I know Danish, it is hard to remember German

inhibition theory of forgetting

forgetting due to activities that have taken place between original learning and later attempted recall.

allele

form of gene; controls specific trait. Alleles can be dominant or recessive. For any given gene there are two alleles

dissociative identity disorder

formerly multiple personality disorder. Two or more personalities recurrently take control of a person's behavior. Resutls when components of identity fail to integarte. Like Sybil and Truddi Chase. In most cases have suffered severe physical and/or sexual abuse as young children. After much therapy, can usually be integrated into one personality

Seligman

formulated learned helplessness theory of depression

interneurons

found between other neurosn and are the most numerous of the three types ofneurons. Located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord ad linked to reflexive behavior.

Macoby and Jacklin

found support for gender differences in verbal ability

miller

found that hte cpacity of short term memory is 7 + or - 2

Anna Freud

founder of ego psychology

diathesis-stress model

framework that can be used to examine causes of mental disorders. Predisposition + excessive stress may lead to development of specific mental disorder.

dizygotic twins

fraternal

panic disorder

frequent panic attacks - periods of intsense fear or foreboding accompanied by a physiological fight-or-flight response

prefrontal lobotomies

frontal lobes of brain were severed from brain tissue. Also destroyed parts of frontal lobe - the lobe of brain responsible for most of the traits that make us distinctly human. Supposed to cure schizophrenia, but obviously didn't - just made the patient easier to handle. Stopped in mid 1950s

Bipolar I

full manic episodes, and depression

extrapyramidal motor system

gathers information about body position (from areas such as the basal ganglia) and carries this information to the brain and spinal cord. Helps to make our movements smooth and our posture steady

proprioception

general term for out sense of bodily position, including aspects of both the vestibular and kinesthetic senses

inferential statistics

generalize beyond actual observations. Making an inference from the sample involved in the research to the population of interest, and providing an estimate of popular characteristics

Down's syndrome

genetic anomaly where individual has extra 21st chromosome. Varying levels of intellectual disability. One factor is age of biological parents (older mothers and /or fathers) have increased risk

convergent validity

if A and B should be highly correlated, then someone who scores well in a test of A should also score well in a test of B

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

genetic disorder, degenerative disease of nervous system. Enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine, an amino acid found in milk and other foods, is lacking. Infants given tests can avoid the severe effects of the disease with a strict diet. First genetic disease that could be tested in large popoulations.

token economies

given for desirable beahviors and taken away for various undesirable behaviors. Can later be exchanged by the client for a wide array of rewards and privileges. Useful in mental hospitals.

Kohlberg's three phases

good ole Kohlberg. Preconventional morality, conventional, post conventional

syntax (component of language)

grammatical arrangement of words and sentences

narcissistic personality disorder

grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, exhibitionist need for constant admiration and attention, characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships such as feelings of entitlement. Very fragile self esteem and are constantly concerned with how others are viewing them. Marked by feelings of rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation, or emptiness when individuals are not viewed favorably by others.

Stanley Schachter's research opinions

greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate. Many anxious people prefer the company of other anxious people.

high positive correlation indicating a high level of reliability (number)

greater than or equal to .80

risky shift

group decisions are riskier than the average of the individuial choices

limbic system

group of interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain, primarily associated with emotion and memory. Primary components include spetal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus.

social loafing

group phenomenon referring to the tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when acting individually.

personality disorders

grouping in DSM-5. Pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladpative, causing distress and/or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, impulse control. DSM-5 lists ten

trauma and stressor-related disorders

grouping of disorders new to DSM-5. Include several conditions formerly classified elsewhere

motion aftereffect

if a moving object is viewed for an extended period of time, it will appear to move in an opposite direction when the motion stops

Kurt Lewin's field theory

heavily influenced by Gestalt psychology. Personality is dynamic and constantly changing. A personality can be divided up dynammically into ever changing regions called systems. Under optimal conditions, the regions within the personality are well articulated and function in an integrated fashion. When the person is under tension or anxiety, articulation between variosu regions is diffused.

nature/nurture controversy

hereditary factors versus environmental factors influence cognitive, social, and emotional behavior

systematic desensitization

hierarchy of anxiety-producing situations coupled with relaxation techniques. In deeply relaxed state patient imagines the least anxiety producing situation in the ierarchy. Principle is that an individual cannot experience these contradictory emotions (relaxation and anxiety) simultaneously. Individual then proceeds up the hierarchy until the relaxation reponses are reinforced to the anxiety-invoking stimulus

authoritative parenting

high demands for child compliance (but score low on punitive control methods), utilize positive reinforcement, and score high on emotional warmth

self-actualization

highest need of Maslow. Need to realize one's fullest potential. Most people odn't reach

range

highest score minus lowest score

brainstem

hindbrain and midbrain. Most primitive region of brain

three different subdivisions of brain

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

cerebellum

hindbrain. On top of pons. Refined motor movements. Damage causes clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance.

pons

hindbrain. Sensory and motor tracts between teh cortex and the medulla

medulla oblongata

hindbrain. vital functioning (breathing, digestion). Heartbeat, blood pressure

pupil

hole in iris. Contracts in bright light, expands in dim light to let more light in.

difference threshold

how different two stimuli (in magnitude) must be before they are perceived to be different.

external validity

how generalizable the results of an experiment are.

transformational rules (Chomsky)

how we can change from one sentence form to another (e.g. from active voice to passive voice)

construct validity

how well performance on the test fits into the theoretical framework related to what it is you want hte test to measure.

criterion validity

how well the test can predict an individual's performance on an established test of the same skill or knwoledge area

syntax

how words are put together to form sentences

nurture side of nature/nurture

human capabilities determined by environment and shaped by experience

nature side of nature/nurture

human capabilities innate, and individual differences are largely result of genetic differences

Bipolar II

hypomania and depression

what part of the brain is important in drive behaviors (hunger, thirst, sexual behavior)?

hypothalamus

Whorf

hypothesized that language determiens how reality is perceived.

monozygotic twins

identical

decay theory

if the information in long-term memory is not used or rehearsed, it will eventually be forgotten. One of hte problems is it assumes what you've learned in the time that has elapsed and attempted retrieval makes no difference.

when doesn't balance exist (Fritz Heider's balance theory) triad

if there are zero or two positive signs, the triad is unbalanced

overjustification effect

if you reward people for something they already like doing, they may stop liking it. (mistakenly attributes behavior to external causes, rather than dispositional causes)

autokinetic effect

if you stare at a point of light in a room that is otherwise completely dark, the light will appear to move. Conformity and norm formulation. Individuals conformed to the groupo; judgments converged on some group norm.

habituation

ignoring stimulation

Alzheimer's disease

illness resulting in progressive and incurable memory loss. CNS. Related to acetycholine (nerve impulses to muscles). Loss of acetycholine in neurons that connect with the hippocampus

amnesia

impairment in memory functions

aphasia

impairment of language functions.

apraxia

impairment of skilled motor movements

functionalist system of thought

importance of studying hte mind as it functioned to help the individual adapt to the environment

babbling

important precursor to language. Even deaf children spontaneously begin to babble during their first year. For deaf children, verbal babbling ceases soon after it begins but continues for hearing children. Deaf children may babble with their hands

sleepereffect

in Carl Hovland's model, over time, the persuasive impact of a higher credibility source decreased while the persuasive impact of the low-credibility source increased

when does balance exist (Fritz Heider's balance theory) triad

in a triad if there are one or three positives

projection areas

in contrast to association area. Receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands. Like visual cortex and motor cortex

prefrontal cortex

in frontal lobe. Executive function in which it supervises and directs the operations of the other brain regions. Perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long-term planning. Governs and integrates numerous cogntive and behavioral processes

oval window

in middle ear, entrance to inner ear

wish fulfillment

in the primary process (dealing with the id), the mental image of the object that a person wants.

sleep apnea

inability to breathe during sleep, sometimes for more than a minute. Often awake in the night to breathe

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall past experience. Not due to a neurological disorder. A type of dissociative disorder

fluid intelligence

increases throughout childhood and adolescence, levels off in young adulthood and begins a steady decline with advanced age

crystallized intelligence

increases throughout the lifespan

deviation IQ

indicates how well a person performed on an IQ test relative to her same-age peers. Stanford-Binet revision.

z-score

indicates the number of standard deviations your score is away from teh mean. Subtract the mean of hte distribution from your score, and divide the difference by the SD. Negative fall below the mean and positive fall above.

counter-conditioning

individual proceeds up the hierarchy of fear until relaxation responses are reinforced to the anxiety0invoking stimulus

self-efficacy theory (Bandura, what's good)

individual's belief in her ability to organize and execute a particular pattern of behavior. Individuals with strong self efficacy exert more effort on challenging tasks than those with low self efficacy. Based on performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological and emotional states

primary circular reactions

infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement. Restricted towards motions concerned with the body. Advent of goal-oriented behavior. For instance, when hungry, will suck indiscriminately, trying to gain satisfaction from putting something in mouth.

grasping

infants automatically close their fingers around objects placed in their hands

rooting

infants automatically turn their heads in the direction of stimuli applied to the cheek

moro

infants react to abrupt movements in their heads by flinging out their arms, extending their fingers, bringing their arms back to their body, essentially hugging themselves. Perhaps so that when pre-human ancestors lived in trees, could help them from falling. Usually disappears after 4-5 months of age. If still present at a year, strong indication of developmental disabilities

babinski

infants' toes automatically spread apart when the soles of their feet are stimulated

Paivio's dual-code hypothesis

information can be stored (or encoded) in two ways: visually and verbally Abstract information verbally, whereas concrete information visually and verbally.

language aquisition device (LAD)

innate capcity for language acquisition, thought to be triggered by exposure to language. Enables infants to listen to and process sounds

instinct (Freud)

innate psychological representation (wish) of a bodily (biological) excitation (need). Propelling aspects of dynamic theory of personality. Two general types: eros and thantos

cochlea

inner ear.

vesicles

inside terminal buttons. Store neurotransmitters

instinctual drift (the Brelands)

instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning

operant conditioning

instrumental conditioning or reward learning. Relationship between one's actions and their consequences

STrong-Campbell Interest Inventory

interest test. Organized like a personality inventory and was developed using empirical criterion-keying approach. Interpretation of results based at least partly on Holland's model of occupational themes.

endocrine system

internal communication in the body, uses hormones. Slower than nervous system because hormones travel through the bloodstream. Slow continuous processes - body growth. Responds quickly in life or death situations.

Sperry and Gazzaniga

investigated functional differences between left and right cebral hemispheres using split brain studies

Bartlett

investigated role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process

Rosenhan

investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals

Kahneman and Tversky

investigated the use of heuristics in decision making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic

delusions of reference

involve an individual's belief that others are taling about him or her. Things in environment directed at him or her.

somatoform disorders

involve presence of physical symptosm that suggest a medical condition but which are not fully explained by a medical condition.

Parkinson's disease & basal ganglia

jerky movements and uncontrolled resting tremors. Chronic disease associated with basal ganglia

maintenance rehearsal

keep rehearsing information to keep it in working memory

attitudes

keystone in the edifice of modern social psychology because the subject of attitudes resounds throughout the field. Likes and dislikes, affinities for and aversions to things, people, ideas

narcolepsy

lack of voluntary control over the onsent of sleep

Whorfian hypothesis

language determines how reality is perceived

germinal period

lasts approximately two weeks from time of conception. When zygote divides in two, cells continue to develop and divide so that their numbers increase from two to four to eight to sixteen and so on.

Thorndike

law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats

pluralistic ignorance

leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency (if there is smoke but many people around not doing anything, you'll think you are fine. If there is smoke and you are alone, you might freak out)

vicarious reinforcement

learning occurs not only by having one's own behavior reinforced, but also by observing other people's behaviors being reinforced. Also called vicarious learning. What Bandura's social learning theory is based on

semantics

learning of word meanings

Broca's area

lesion in area on left side of brain; unable to talk if damaged

laissez-faire groups

less efficient, less organized, less satisfying for boys than demogratic groups

latency

libido is largely sublimated. after phallic stage

lens

lies behind the iris. Helps control the curvature of light coming in and can focus near or distance objects in the retina

eros

life instinct for Frued; serve purpose of survival (hunger, thirst, sex).

schizophrenia

literally means plit mind. Gross distortions of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought, perception, and affect. May have any or all of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disoraganized thought, inappropirate affect, catatonic behavior

lesions and ablations

localized brain damage (lesions) or brain surgery (ablations) used to study functions of specific brain areas

declarative memory

long-term memory type. Remembering explicit information

procedural memory

long-term memory type. Remembering how to do things

behaviorist theories of personality

look first and foremost at behavior.

deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and of personal identity. Subjects in prison experiment lost sense of who they were.

generalized anxiety disorder

low-key sense of constant anxiety. Most unable to state what makes them anxious, but often able to maintain a high level of function without seeking psychiatric care

simultaneous brightness contrast

luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus. Explanation is lateral inhibition. If a cell is excited, neighboring cells inhibited. Therefore don't fire as often, so corresponding area appears not as bright.

ratio IQ

mental age / chronological age 100. Because mental age eventually stays constant but chronological age continues, your IQ will decrease with age...

peripheral nervous system

made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord.

intimacy versus isolation

main crisis of young adulthood, sixth crisis. Favorable outcomes are love, ability to have intimate relationships with others, ability to commit oneself ot another person and ot one's own life goals. Unfavorable is avoidance of commitment. Alienation and distancing onself from others and one's ideals.

Yerkes-Dodson law

maintaining attention depends on maintaining a certain amount of arousal. Performance is worst at extremely low or high levels of arousal, and optimal is at some intermediate level.

osmoregulation

maintanence of water balance in the body

Wechsler tests

major group of intelligence tests. Items of a given type grouped into subtests. Arranged in order off increasing difficulty. Verbal and performance scale.

Oedipal stage (Electra conlict)

male envies his father's intimate relationship with mother and fears castration at his father's hands. Wisehs to eliminate his father and possess his mother, but child feels guilty about his wishes. To resolve hte conflict, he deals with his guilt by identifying with the fater, establishing sexual identity, and internalizing moral values. Second, the child de-eroticizes, or subliminates his libidinal energy into somethign socially acceptable. This could be through collecting objects or schoolwork. Instead of fear of castration, girls have penis envy. Girls are expected to be less sex typed and less morally developed.

androgens

male hormones during critical stages of fetal development. Most important is testosterone

secondary circular reactions

manipulation of objects in environment. infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement.

machiavellian personality traits

manipulative and deceitful. Agree with 'most people don't really know what's bets for them,' 'the best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear,' etc. Tend to be successful manipulators

animus (Jung)

masculine archetype; help us understand masculine behaviors in females

pituitary gland

master gland; triggers hormone secretion in many other endocrine glands. Base of brain.

anterior pituitary

master. releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands. hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary.

a leading cause of abnormal fetal development

maternal malnutrition

estrogen (ovaries)

maturation of female genitalia; growth of breasts; growth of uterine lining

testosterone (testes)

maturation of male genitalia; production of sperm; growth of facial and pubic hair

t-scores

mean of 50 and SD of 10. So a t-score of 60 is 1 SD above the mean.

encoding in long-term memory (phonetic or meaning)

meaning

semantics (component of language)

meanings of words and sentences

reaction time

measurement of time elapsed between a stimulus presentation and the subject's response to it. Insight into organization of cognitive processes

response bias

measures how risky the subject is in sensory decision-marking; based upon nonsensory factors

psychophysics

measuring the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to the stimuli

hyperpolarization

membrane becomes polarized again (more polarized) farther fro mnetural charge. Membrane resistant agin to inflow of positively charged NA+ and charge returns to -70mV resting potential

presynaptic membrane

membrane of the terminal button that faces the synapse

action potential spike

membrane produces rapid electrical pulse after depolarization. Passage of sodium ions into the cell.

retrograde amnesia

memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury

hippocampus

memory; lesions produce anterograde amnesia

semantic verification task

method used to investigate the organization of semantic memory. Measures response latency for saying a statement is true or false. Response latencies will provide information on how semantic knowledge is stored.

noninvasive imaging and recording techniques

methods used with living human subjects

mesencephalon

midbrain. Manages sensorimotor reflexes to promote survival. Receive sensory and motor information. Above hindbrain

superior colliculus

midbrain. Receives visual sensory input

inferior colliculus

midbrain. receies sensory information from auditory system.

basal ganglia

middle of brain. Coordinates muscle movement as it receives information from the cortex and relays this informaiton to the brain and spinal cord

Secure attachment (Type B)

mildly distressed during separation from mother but greet her positively when she returns

two-point threshold (touch)

minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on te skim such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

absolute threshold

minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system. Amount of stimulus that an indvidual can perceive. Vary from person to person.

type I error

mistakenly rejecting the null hypothesis. In other words, there is really no difference between the population values mentioned in the null hypothesis and a statistically significant result was obtained just by chance. The likelihood of making is the same as the criterion of significance that the researcher chooses. False positive.

psychedelics

mixed calss of drug that alter sensory perception and cognitive processes.

the method of loci

mnemonic deice. Associated information with some sequence of places with which you are familiar.

cyclothymic disorder

more chronic but milder bipolar symptoms

autocratic groups

more hostile, more aggressive, more dependent on their leader

secondary traits

more personal characteristics that are more limited in occurance

demogratic groups

more satisfying for the boys and more cohesive than autocratic

complex cell (vision)

movement

dopamine

movement and posture. Found in basal ganglia in high concentrations

place theory of pitch perception

movement of basilar membrane that determines perception of pitch. Each pitch causes a different place on the basilar membrane to vibrate. Operative for tones higher than 4000 hz

unconditional positive regard

needed to enhance ssituation where therapist can help the client become willing and able to be herself and increase the congruence between what the perosn thinks she should be (the ideal self) and what she actually is. Humanistic.

repolarized

negative to positive charge of cell. Rush of NA+ into cell. Then switches back beause K- rushes into cell

double-blinding

neither the researcher who interacts with the subjects nor the subjects themselves know whic groups received the IV or which level of IV

reticular formation

neural structure located in brainstem, keeps cortex awake and alert. If disconnected from the cortex, person sleeps for most of the day

polarized

neuron in resting state of more positve ions outside than inside. Net negative charge in neuron

binding

neurotransmitter fits and attaches itself to the receptor site. Then communication between enrve cells occurs

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses in the body

GABA

neurotransmitter. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain. Causes hyperpolarization in the psot synaptic membrane BRAIN STABILIZER. LACK IS ANXIETY DISORDERS

reuptake

neurotransmitters drawn back into vessicles.

neo-Freudian approaches

new approaches to Freud. Place much more emphasis on current inerpersonal relationships and life situations than on childhood experience and psychosexual development

neocortex

new cortex, cerebral cortex. Good reminder that it was the most recent thing to evolve

norepinephrine

noradrenaline, alertness and wakefulness. Implicated in mood disorders like mania and depression.

two chemicals implicated in mood disorders

norepinephrine and serotonin

anterograde amnesia

not being able to establish new long-term memories, whereas memory for distant events is usually intact

insecure/avoidant attachment (Type A)

not distressed when left alone with stranger, and avoid contact with mother upon return

agnosia

not knowing. affects perceptual recognition.

Kernberg & Klein & Mahler & Winnicot

object relations theoriests

illumination

objective measurement of hte amount of light falling on a surface

intensity

objective sound dimension; amplitude of sound wave; measured in decibels

frequency

objective sound dimension; number of cycles per second. Measured in Hertzes

primacy effect

occasions when first impressiosn are more important than subsequent impressions

free-choice dissonance

occurs in a situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives.

projecting

occurs when a person attributes his forbidden urges to others (instead of "I hate my uncle," "my uncle hates me")

forced-compliance dissonance

occurs when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes. May come from either anticipated punishment or reward.

substractive color mixture

occurs when mix pigments. For instance, blue and yellow make green

accomodation

occurs when new information doesn't really fit into existing schemata; process of modifying existing schemata to adapt to this new information

integrity versus despaire

old age, last crisis (8) of psychosocial theory. Approaching death. One reflets on his or her life with either a sense of integrity or sense of despiare. If favorably, wisdom, detached concern in life itself, assurance i meaning of life, dignity, and acceptance that one's life was worthwhile. Ready to face death. If not, bitterness about ones life, feeling that life has been worthless, fear of one's own impending death.

where smell information travels

olfactory bulb in the brain

refractory period

once action potential triggered, neuron can't fire again until the action potential completes part of its firing cycle.

social smiling

one of earliest social and communicative skills in infants is smile. At first smiling response to almost any stimulus. Then social smiling is smiling associated with facelike patterns. At first almost any face can elicit a smile. At about 5 months, only familiar faces tend to elicit smiles.

psychoticism

one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans Eysenck in his P-E-N model (psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism) model of personality. Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility.

contralaterally

one side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body. Most cases, such as motor

specific phobia

one way in which anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation

crying

one way infants can communicate their needs

fovea

only cones. Center. focus.

contigency management

operant conditioning therapy. Utilizing different kinds of operant conditioning to modify client behavior. Examples include behavioral contracts, time out procedure,s token economies, and the Premack Principle

ego

operates according to the reality principle, taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id's pleasure principle. Can be understood as the organization of the id - receiving its power from the id, it can never really be independent of the id

need complementarity

opposites attract. People choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other's needs.

Freud's five stages

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

myelin sheath

over axons. Insulates nerve fibers from one another. Divided into myelinated and unmyelinated areas along the axon, which allows an impulse to quickly skip down the axon. Faster than ordinary conduction along an unmyelinated axon

narcotics

painkillers. often bind directly to opiate receptors in the brain, which normally respond to endorphins.

REM sleep

paradoxical sleep; fast but irregular EEG activity, similar to alpha waves, relaxed muscle tone; associated with dreaming

linear perspective

parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance.

where is the somatosensory cortex (which lobe)

parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex

parietal lobe. Somatosensory information processing. Projection area. Touch, pressure, temperature, pain.

sympathetic nervous system

part of ANS in peripheral. Acts to accelerate hearbeat and inhibit digestion. Fight or flight. Increases in heart rate, blood sugar level, respiration, pupils in eyes dilate adrenaline released into blood stream

parasympathetic nervous system

part of ANS in peripheral. Decelerates heartbeat and increases digestion. Main role to conserve energy. Associated with resting and sleeping states. Resting and digesting.

somatic nervous system

part of peripheral. Consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout skin and muscles. Transmit information through afferent fibers. Motor impulses travel along efferent fibers. Afferent fibers ascend up to the brain; efferent fibers exit the brain on theri way to the muscles.

autonomic nervous system

part of peripheral. Regulated heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions. Manages the involuntary functions associated with many internal glands. Helps regualate body temperature. Indpendent of conscious control.

displacement

pent up feelings like hostility are discharged on objects and people less dangerous than those objects or people causing the feelings

Watson

performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that hte acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning

bandura, aggressive, selectively reinforced

people act aggressively because they expect some sort of reward

functional fixedness

people get used to certain things having certain functions.

spatial proximity

people like people who live near them more than far.

consistency theories

people prefer consistency, and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference. Inconsistencies are viewed as stimuli or irritants, and are often resolved by changing attitudes

REM rebound

people who have been deprived of REM sleep are finally allowed to sleep they compensate for loss of REM sleep by spending more time than usual in REM

door-in-the-face effect

people who refuse a large initial request are more likely to agree to a later smaller request

percentile

percentage of scores that fall at or below a particular score

subliminal perception

perception of stimuli below a threshold (limen). Perception that occurs without conscious awareness.

insight

perception of the inner relationships between factors that are essential to solving a problem

hallucinations

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality. Most common form is auditory

law of pragnaz

perceptual organization will always be as 'good' (regular, simple, symmetrical, etc) as possible

top-down processing

pereption that is guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations

discriminant validity

performance on the test is not correlated with other variables that the theory predicts that test performance should not be related to

long-term memory

permanent storehouse of experiences, knowledge and skills.

competition

perosn acts for his or her individual benefit so that he or she can obtain a goal that has limited availability

formal operations

person has ability to "think like a scientist" usually at approach of adolescence. Form hypotheses and make deductions.

alpha waves

person is awake, but relaxed with eyes closed; slower EEG activity than beta

delta waves (stage 4)

person is in deepest sleep; slowest EEG activity and steepest sleep spindles, relaxed muscle tone, decreased respiration and heart rates

delta waves (stage 3)

person more deeply asleep than stage 2. Progressively slower EEG activity and steeper sleep spindles

regression

person reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to a traumatic event

California Psychological Inventory (CPI)

personality inventory based on MMPI. Developed to be used with normal populations ages 13 and up. Oriented to high school and college students especially.

projective tests

personality, but different from inventory because stimuli ambiguous and test taker not liited to small number of possible responses.

cooperation

persons act together for thier mutual benefit so that all of them can obtain a goal

role theory

perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles.

schizoid personality disorder

pervasive pattern of detachmetn from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression. Show little desire for social interactions, have few if any close friends, poor social skills.

prodromal phase

phase before schizophrenia is diagnosed. Exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, unusual experiences.

Rogers

phenomenological personality theorist

Maslow

phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for hte concept of self-actualization

Lewin

phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory

encoding in short-term memory (phonetic or meaning)

phonetic, acoustic not visual. May confuse D and T more than D and O

rhodopsin

photopigment that rods have. Only one they have. Made up of retinal (deriviative) and opsin (protein). Pigment begins to decompose into retinene and opsin with rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light. It is called bleaching. After bleaching, takes time for it to regenerate. That's why hard to see at first in dark. So rods bleach during light, then need time to come back after light.

Cannon

physiologist who studied the automic nervous system, including fight or flight reactions; investigated homeostasis and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions

septal nuceli

pleasure center identified by Olds and Milner; inhibits aggresion; lesions produce septal rage

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

postsynaptic potential makes it less likely that neuron will fire

excitatory postsynapitic potential (EPSP)

postsynaptic potential makes it more likely that neurons will fire

psychodymanic of psychoanalytic theory

postulate existence of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality

recognition

realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you've seen or heard before

sodium-potassium pump

potassium ions inside the cell and sodium outside. Sodium move from outside to inside and K from inside to outside. If nothing controlled, would balance out. To maintain resting potential, cell membraine has to actively pump positively charged sodium ions back outside and keep potassium ions inside the cell. Done by sodium-potassium pump

collective unconscious

powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors. It includes images that are a record of common experiences, such as having a mother and a father.

diathesis

predisposition toward developing a specific mental disorder. Coudl be genetic or anatomic abnormality or biochemcial disorder that predisposes an individual.

biological constraints

predispositions to learn different things in different ways. Affect both classical and operant conditioning

criticism of Piaget

preferred observation to statistical measures. Different types of concrete operational thought develop at different ages in different cultures. Teh understanding that cognitive development is dependent on the requirements placed on individuals by their cultural nad physical surroundings has led to criticism that formal operational thought is not particularly relevant to many people's lives and should thus not be taken as the ultimate endpoint of cognitive development.

Broca's area

prefrontal cortex. Found in "dominant" hemisphere, usually the left. Important for speech production

motor cortex

prefrontal cortex. Initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles. Projection area in the brain.

new mood disorders in DSM-5

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). PDD is dysphoric or depressed mood, anger, and physiological symptoms for a few days before menstruation. DMDD presents in childhood and is characterized by negative mood accompanied by poor control of temper

neutral stimulus (Pavlov)

present a stimulus that does not elicit a reflex. Pair it with the stimulus that does elicit the reflex. Eventaully the once neutral stimulus will elicit the reflex

forward conditioning

presenting the CS before the UCS

backward conditioning

presenting the CS following the UCS; generally unsuccessful

antisocial personality disorder

previously psychopathic disorder and sociopathic disorder. Pattern of disregard for, violation of, rights of others. Evidenced by repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, agressiveness, and lack of remorse for siad actions. Serial killers who show no guilt for their actions for example.

beta

probability of making a Type II error.

punishment

probability that a response will be made is decreased by giving something undesirable whenever the response is made. Punishment can be good or bad - just trying to decrease the probability ot a particualr behavior, while reinforcement trying to increase particular behavior.

negative reinforcement

probability that desired response will be performed increased by taking away or preventing something undesirable whenever the desired response is made.

positive reinforcement

probability that the desired response will be performed increased by giving the organism somethign it wants (reward) whenver it makes the desired response.

rationalization

process of developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts

assimilation

process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata.

adrenal medulla

produces adrenaline which increases sugar output of liver; also increases heart rate; fight or fligh tresponse

peak experiences

profound and deeply moving experiences in a person's life that have important and lasting effects on the individual. According to Maslow, self-actualized people are more likely than non-self-actualized people to have one

Blacky pictures

projective test devised especially for children. 12 cartoonlike pictures of a little dog named Blackey. Blackey is in a situation designed to correspond to a particular stage of psychosocial development. Test taker asked to tell stories about the pictures she is shown.

progresterone (ovaries)

promotes pregnancy. prepares uterus for implantation fo embryo. Maintenance of uterine linine

Gardnes

proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important; traditional IQ tests measure only two of the seven types

Lerner

proposed concept of belief in a just world

Broadbend

proposed filter theory of attention

Aronson and Linder

proposed gain-loss principle (evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)

Melzack and Wall

proposed gate theory of pain

James and Lange

proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions

Schachter and Singer

proposed the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotions

Sternberg

proposed triarchic theory that divdes intelligence into three types: omponential, experiential, contextual

Wever and Bray

proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception. (fire slightly out of pace with each other so when combined greater frequency)

conscience (superego)

provides rules and norms about what constitutes bad behavior. (ex: as ca child, whatever parents disapprove of will be incorporated into the child's conscience).

ego-ideal (superego)

provides rules for good, appropriate behavior. Whatever parents commend will be incorporated into the child's ego-ideal

Adler

psychodynamic theorist best known for hte concept of inferiority complex

Jung

psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes being in the collective unconscious

Horney

psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from

trust versus mistrust

psychosocial theory, first conflict, first year of life. If resolved succesfully, child will come to trust his or her environment and himself. If not, child will often be suspicious of world

myelin

purpose to insulate axon and speed up conduction.

encoding

putting information into memory

ordinal scale

ranks (order of finish in horse race), no arithmetic operations

imprinting

rapid formation of an attachment bond between an organism and an object in the environment. Lorenz thought that all imprinting takes place during certain critical periods. Other ethologists reject this concept of a critical period for sensistive periods.

androgeninsensitivity syndrome

rare phenomenon. Fetus does not produce or cannot use androgens, development follows female pattern even though chromosomally male. Female fetus does not need female hormones, just the absence of androgens

fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement

receives reinforcement only after a fixed number of responses

semicircular canals

receptors for balance, in inner ear, above and behind the cochlea

retrieval

recovering the information in memory

Swets

refined ROC curves in signal detection theory

unconditioned response

reflex response

Pinel

reformed French asylums in late 18th century

aphagia

refusing to eat and drink, damage to lateral hypothalamas

shaping

reinforce successive approximations to the desired behavior.

continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

reinforced for every response

variabel interval (VI) reinforcement

reinforced for the first response made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since hte last reinforcer. There is an average time interval period

fixed-interval (FI) reinforcement

reinforced on first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since hte last reinforcement

Stevens' pwoer law

relates the intensity of hte stimulus to the intensity of the sensation

reality principle

relating to the ego. Taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id's pleasure principle. The aim of the reality principle is to postpone the pleasure principle until the actual object that will satisfy the need has been discovered or produced. Mutual give and take of ego and secondary process with reality promotes the growth and elaboration of the psychological processes of perception, memory, problem solving, thinking, and reality testing.

Fechner's law

relationship between intensity of sensation and intensity of stimulus. Relate the intensity of hte stimulus to the intensity of the sensation.

stratified random sample

relevant subgroups of the population are randomly sampled in proportion to size

relative refractory period

repolarization (potassium ions rush out).

central traits

represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty or fatalism

reaction formation

repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite (someone who hates their brother and is punished for hostile acts may now shower his brother with affection)

8 main defense mechanisms Freud

repression, suppression, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, regression, sublimation, displacement

recall

reproducing information you have previously been exposed to

id

reservoir of all psychic energy, consists of everything psychological that is present at birth. Functions according to the pleasure principle

receptors

respond to physical stimuli

classical conditioning

respondent conditioning. Result of learnign connections between different events.

semantic priming

response time faster if two words semantically related

conditioned response

response to the conditioned stimulus

organ of Corti

rests on the basilar membrane along its entire length. Thousands of hair cells. Like rods and cones for the hearing. When hair cells bend, transduced into electrical charges. Signals then transmitted out of cochlea to nerve fiber, and then auditory nerve

storage

retaining information in memory

duplicity theory of vision

retina contains two types of photoreceptors

value hypothesis

risky shift occurs in situations where riskiness is culturally valued

4 neonatal reflexes

rooting, moro, babinski, grasping

basilar membrane

runs length of cochlea

cochlear fluid

saltlike water fluid in cochlea in inner ear.

client-centered therapy

same as person-centered therapy, or nondirective therapy. People have the freedom to control their own behavior, not slaves to unconscious or subjects of faulty learning. The client is able to reflect upon her problems, make choices, take positive action, and help to determine own personality

test-retest

same test administered to the same group of people twice.

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

schizophrenia ariases from too much dopamine or from oversensitivity to domaine in brain.

process schizophrenia

schizophrenia development is slow and insidious. Prognosis for recovery is especially poor

permissive parents

score very low on control/demand measures

benzodiazepines

sedative-hypnotics. GABA. Minor tranquilizer (reduces anxiety)

barbituates

sedative-hypnotics. GABA. sedatives

Bem

self-perception theory as an alternative to social dissonance theory

personality inventory

self-rating device usually consisting of somewhere between 100 and 500 statements

semantic feature-comparison model

semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts. 'robin is a bird' vaster than 'turkey is a bird' because robins have more in common with the average bird than turkeys

spreading activation model

semantic memory organized into map of interconnected concepts; the key is the distance between the concepts. Fire engine near red and ambulance.

afterimages

sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus. Used to support opponent-process theory of color vision.

vestibular sense

sense of balance and bodity position relative to gravity

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Rotter incomplete sentences blank

sentence completion test, projective. Theory is that test taker will fill in blanks with whatever is on her mind

theta waves (stage 2)

stage 2. person lightly sleeping. EEG activity shows "sleep spindles" and K complexes appear

blunting (schizophrenia)

severe reduction in intensity of expression

libido

sex drive. Freud said was present at birth

hypercomplex cell (vision)

shape

differential reinforcement

shaping. rewarding in steps until desired behavior is reached. Reinforce the desired response while extinguishing others

working memory

short term memory. Link between changing sensory memory and more lasting longterm memory. About 20 seconds. But if rehearsed, can stay in short-term memory for longer time

heuristics

shortcuts or rules of thumb to make decisions

tardive dyskinesia

side effect of antipsychotic medications where patients show die effects resembling the motor disturbances seen in Parkinson's.

chi-square tests

significance tests taht work with categorical data. Wind up with frequencies or proportions.

endorphins and enkephalins

similar in structure or morphines and other opiates. peptides. Natural pain killer

zone of proximal development

skills and abilities that have no yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Child needs guidance to demonstrate those skills and abilities.

Sperling

studied capacity of sensory memory using hte parital report method

resting potential

slight electric charge (negative) stored inside neuron's cell membrain - waiting to be transfored into a nerve impulse. Present when neuron is at rest

ions

small, electrically charged particles. Smaller ions can pass through cell membrane, but larger ions are blocked.

phonemes

smallest sounds unit of language

Bandura

social learning theory, which focuses on learning through social contexts

peripehral nervous system subdivided into what two

somatic and autonomous nervous systems

conversion disorder

somatoform disorder. Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions. Like paralysis when there is no neurological damage or blindness when there is no evidence of damage to the visual system or brain. Used to be referred to as hysteria

sensorimotor cortex

somatosensory cortex and motor cortex

animal experiments

sometimes used to assess contributions of nature and nurture to the development of vision

credibility & self-interest persuasion

sources can increase their credibility by arguing against their own self-interest (drug addicts who argue against drugs more persuasive than for, criminals for police more than criminals against)

glial cells

specialized nonneural cells. Supporting and caretaking functions. Insulates axons by enclosing individual axons in a protective myelin sheath

trichotillomania

specific obsession, hair pulling disorder

excoriation

specific obsession, skin-picking disorder

body dysmorphic disorder

specific obsession. Mistakenly believe that parts of their body are misshapen or ugly

gametes

sperm and egg cells. Are haploid, not diploid. Contain 23 single chromosomes.

theta waves (stage 1)

stage 1. Person drifting from wakefulness into sleep; muscles are still active and may twitch; hypnagogic hallucinations may occur

generativity veruss stagnation

stage seven of psychosocial theory. Middle age. Successful resolution is individual capable of being productive, caring, contributing member of society. If not, acquires a sense of stagnation and may become self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered with little care for others.

meta-analysis

statistical procedure that can be used to make conclusions on the basis of data from different studies.

the only depth cue that requires two eyes

steropsis (binocular parallax). It is binocular depth cue. All the others are monocular

methylphenidate (ritalin)

stimulant. dopamine. attention deficit disorder

discriminative stimulus

stimulus condition that indicates that hte organism's behavior will have consequences.

depolarization

stimulus has been significant enough to cause membrane's potential to increase to the threshold potential, usually about -50 mV. Firing of neurons

reversible figure

stimulus pattern in which two alternative, equally compelling perceptual organizations spontaneously oscillate. Like Necker cube

conditioned stimulus

stimulus that produces reflex after pairing or association

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that produces the reflex

Hovland

studied attitude change

Ebbinghaus

studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings; developed the forgetting curve

Kohlberg

studied moral development using moral dilemmas

McClelland

studied need for achievement (N-Ach)

Hall

studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

Milgram

studied obedience by askign subjects to administer elctroshock; aslo proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

Newcomb

studied political norms

Schachter

studied relationship between anxiety and need for affiliation

Milner

studied severe anterograde amnesia in HM, a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy

Garcia

studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that soem species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

Tyron

studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats

Zajonc

studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems iwth social facilitation effect by suggesting that hte prsence of others enhances the mission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses

Baumrind

studied the relationship between parental style and discipline

ethology

study of animal behavior

Premack

suggested hte premack principle: a more-preferred activity coudl be used to reinforce a less-reinforced activity

Clark, K and Clark, M

study on doll preferences in African-American children; results used at Brown v Board of Ed

loudness

subjective experience of intensity of sound

brightness

subjective impression of intensity of stimulus

timbre

subjective sound dimension. refers to the quality of sound

pitch

subjective sound dimension; the subjective experience of frequency of sound

single-blind experiment

subjects themselves don't know which group received the IV, but the researchers know

Eagly

suggested gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, but differing social roles

fetal period

takes place during the third month. Measurable electrical activity in the brain. In the remaining months, fetus continues to grow in size

conception

takes place in fallopian tubes where the ovum or egg cell is fertilized by the male sperm cell.

anxiety disorders

ten disorders in DSM-5

external locus of control

tend to believe that outside events and chance control their destiny.

internal locus of control

tend to believe that they can control their own destiny.

authoritarian parenting

tend to use punitive control methods and lack emotional warmth

group polarization

tendency for group discussion to enhance hte group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution, so can go to either extreme

lightness constancy

tendency for ht perceived lightness of an object to remain constant despite changes in illumination

size constancy

tendency for hte perceived size of an object to remain constant despire variations in the size of its retinal image

attribution theory

tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior. Dispositional and situational causes.

shape constancy

tendency for perceived shape of an object to remain constant despire variations in the shape of its retinal image

generalization

tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit the CR

color constancy

tendency for the perceived color of an object to remain constant despite changes in the spectrum of light falling on it

groupthink

tendency of decision-making groups to strive for consensus by not considering discordant information

Barnum effect

tendency of people to accept and approve of the interpretation of their personality that you give them. Relatively simple to generate a "report" from stereotyped statements; these reports are readily accepted as accurate. Pseudo validation

halo effect

tendency to allow a general impression about a person (I like Jill in general) to influence other, more specific evaluations (Jill is a good writer, Jill is trustworthy). Explaisn why people are often inaccurate ine valuations of people they either believe to be generally godo or generally bad.

attractiveness stereotype

tendency to attribute positive qualities and desirable characteristics to attractive people

mental set

tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations

Zeigarnik effect

tendency to remember incompelte tasks better than completed tasks. So remember tasks haven't completed either than those have

phylogeny

term for evolutionary development

split-half reliability

test takers take only one test, but that one test is divided into equal halves. Scores on one half are correlated with the scores on the other halves.

content validity

test's coverage of the particular skill or knowledge area that it is supposed to measure

cross validation

testing the criterion validity of a test on a second sample after you demonstrated validity using an initial sample

empirical criterion-keying approach

testing thousands of questions and retaining those that differentiated between patient and nonpatient populations, even if item doesn't seem to have anything to do with abnormality.

testes

testosterone produces male sex characteristics; relevant to sexual arousal

empathy

the ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another

Weber's law

the change in stimulus intensity needed to produce a JND divided by teh stimulus intensity of hte standard stimulus is a constant. I/I=K. The smaller the K the greater the sensitivity. BASICALLY WHAT'S IMPORTANT IN PRODUCING A JND IS NOT HTE ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO STIMULI BUT THE RATIO OF THEM

Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory

the conflict you feel when your attitudes are not in sync with your behaviors. Engaging in behavior that conflicts with an attitude may result in changing one's attitude so that it is consistent with the behavior. The most proactive of cognitive dissonance theory predictions.

nonequivalent group design

the control group is not necessarily similar to the experimental group since the researcher doesn't use random assignment. Common in educational research. For instant, if studying a new teaching method, assign one method to one class and another to another class and see each subject's increase throughout the semester

libido (Freud instincts)

the form of energy by which the life instincts perform their work

Hall

the founder of developmental psychology

population

the group to which the researcher wishes to generalize her restuls

primary process

the id's response to frustration operating under the dictum of "obtain satisfaction now, not later."

recency effect

the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressions

occipital lobes

the rearmost lobe in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain. Contain visual cortex

spreading of alternatives

the relative worth of two alternatives is spread apart (often happens with cognitive dissonance. To reduce dissonance, put one option down in mind and life other up).

representative sample

the sample matches as many characteristics as possible of the population of a whole

variance

the square of the standard deviation.

androgyny

the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

proxemics

the study of how individuals space themselves

centration

the tendency to be able to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon. Cannot take the perspective of other people and cannot understand that relationships are reciprocal.

law of closure

the tendency to see incomplete figures as being omplete

genotype

the total genetic complement (genetic makeup) of an individual

psychodynamic orientation

theories stress the role of the subconscious conflicts in the development of functioning and personality.

reinforcement theory

theory holds that behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

gate theory of pain (touch)

theory that there is a gating mechanism in the spinal cord that turns pain signals on and off

stage theory of memory

there are several different memory systems and each system has a different function. Memories enter hte various systems in a different order. Sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory

theory of isomorphism (gestalt)

there is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain. Hasn't fared well empirically

cell membrane

thin layer of fatty moelecules that separates the inside of the neuron from the outside. Semipermeable (allows some substances to pass and others not to). Important role in resting potential

divergent thinking (Guilford)

thinking that involves producing as many creative answers to a question as possible. Individual thoughts diverse along multiple paths of possibilities

Jung four psychological functions

thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting.

temperament

thought by many to be central aspect of individual's personality. Individual differences and individual's pattenr of responding to the environment. Somewhat heritbale, emerge early in life, stable over time, pervasive across situations.

Kohlberg's gender stages

three stage theory of self-socialization. Gender labeling, gender stability, gender consistency

limen

threshold

tourette's disorder

tic disorder, characterized by multiple motor tics (eye-blinking, skipping, deep knee bends) or one or more vocal tics (grunts, barks, sniffs, snorts, coughs, utterance of obscenities). Tics are sudden, recurrent, and stereotypes. Duration of disorder is lifelong, but periods of remission may occur. Occurs in 4-5 people in 10,000

where taste information travels

to taste center in thalamus

holoprasis

toddler's use of a single word to express a thought (single word employed is a halophrase). Child will begin combining words between 18 and 20 months

anal stage

toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to ecessive orderliness or messiness. Gratification through elimination and retention of waste materials. 1-3 years

catecholamine theory of depression

too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania, whereas too little leads to depression. More recent research has shown that it is not necessarily this simple

monoamine theory of depression

too much norepinephrine or serotonin to mania, and opposite to depression

phenotype

total collection of expressed traits that constitute the individual's observable characteristics

Allport

trait theorist known for the concept of funcitonal autonomy; also distinguished between idographic and nomothetic approaches to personality

Eysenck

trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism

Cattell

trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality

sublimation

transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

transduction

translates physical energy to neural impulses

Frontal lobe

two basic regions - prefrontal lobes and motor cortex

alternate-form method

two different forms of a test are taken at two different times.

preferential looking

two different stimuli are presented side by side; if infant looks longer at one of them, it is inferred that the infant can perceive the difference between teh stimuli

dichotic listening

two ears simultaneously presenting with two different messages. Observers can attend to one message and dampen out another.

muller-lyer illusion

two horizontal lines are same length, although arrows pointing different directions doesn't make it seem like it

wundt and herring illusions

two horizontal lines are straight and parallel

ponzo effect

two lines are same length although being in triange doesn't make them look like it

bimodal (stats)

two modes (most frequent)

sensory pre-conditioning

two neutral stimuli are paired together and then one of hte neutral stimuli is paired with a UCS. Even if one of the neutral stimuli was never paired with the reflex, since it was paired with another neutral stimulus that was, the unpaired neutral stimuli will still elicit the reflex

peptides

two or more amino acids joined together, involved in neurotransmission.

Petty and Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

two routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route. If issue is very important to us, central route. If not very important or cannot clearly hear, peripheral. In central route, strong arguments will change our minds more often than weak. In peripheral route, strength doesn't matter. What will matter is how, by whom, or in what surroundings

dissociative fugue

type of dissociative disorder. Amnesia that accompanies a sudden, unexpected move away from one's home or location of usual daily activities. Confused about her identity and may even assume a new identity

repression

unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories

belief perseverance

under certain conditions, people will hold beliefs even after those beliefs have been shown false

deep structure (Chomsky)

underlying form that specifies the meaning of the sentence

reflex (Pavlov)

unlearned response that is elicited by a specific stimulus

Schachter-Singer Theory (two-factor theory of emotion)

unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on the mental response to environmental stimulation. Interaction of changes in physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

resistance

unwillingness or inability to relate to certain thoughts, motives, or experiences. Freud. Things like forgetting dream amterial, missing a therapy session, blocking associations and switching topics rapidly are indications of resistance and subject to analysis

ANOVA

use when you have mroe than two groups. Estimate how much gropu means differ from each other by comparing the between-group variance to the within-group variance using the F ratio

t-test

use when you have two groups.

Sherif

used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation

Thurstone

used factor analysis to study primary metnal abilites - factors more specific than g but more general than

F ratio

used in ANOVA and t-tests. Compares between group variance to within group variance. F ratio = (between-group variance estimate) / (within-group variance estimate)

Harlow

used monkeys and surrogate mothers to study the role of contact comfort and bond formation

Luchins

used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem solving

Interest testing

used to assess an individual's interest in different lines of work

brain imaging

used to associate various cognitive processes with various parts of the brain

prefrontal lobotomies

used to be used to treat schizophrenia. Skapel through hole in skull and disconnect frontal lobe from limbic system and hypothalamus.

reciever operating characteristic (ROC) curves

used to graphically summarize a subject's responses in a signal detection experiment. Measuring operating sensitivity characteristics of a subject receiving signals. Hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection (correct negative)

stereotaxic instrument

used to locate brain areas when implanting electrodes in order to make lesions, or to stimulate and/or record nerve cell activity

aptitude tests

used to predict what one can accomplish through training. Predict future performance.

electrical stimulation and recording of neurons

used to study activity of individual nerve cells

condioned aversion

used when patient is attracted to something that hsould be aversive. Stimulus that attracts the client becomes paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus associated with punishment. Negative feelings will be associated to the undesirable behaivor and the client will therefore no longer be attracted to the behavior

availability heuristic

used when we try to decide how likely something is. Make decisions based upon how easily similar instances can be imagined.

base-rate fallacy

using prototypical or stereotypical factors rather than actual numerical information about which category is more numerous

confounding variables

vairables that could differentially effect the DV

flat affect (schizophrenia)

virtually no signs of affective expression

striate cortex

visual cortex.

iconic memory

visual memory, in sensory memory

graded potentials

voltage can vary in intensity. Postsynaptic potentials in dendrites. Not subject to the all or nothing laws.

color perception

waelength of light entering eye. 400-800nm.

avoidance negative reinforcement

warning that an aversive stimulus will soon occur, and the appropriate response avoids the aversive stimulus. For instance, stopping at a stop sign.

Leon Festinger's social comparison theory

we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to other people. 1) people prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means. However, when this is not possible, they compare them to those of other people. 2) the less the similarity of the opinions and abilities between two people the less the tendency to make these comparisons. 3) when a discrepency exists with respect to opinions and abilities, there is a tendency to change one's position so as to move it in line with the group. The need for self-evaluation becomes linked to the need to affiliate

equity theory

we consider ot only our own costs and rewards, but hte costs and rewards of the other person when deciding to interact. We prefer the ratio to be equal.

James-Lang Theory emotions

we recognize emotions based on how our body reacts: we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble

reciprocity hypothesis

we tend to like people who indicate that they like us. we tend to dislike people who tend to dislike us.

symptom substitution

what psychoanalysts believe about CBT. Do not believe that symptom relief is adequate therapy; because the underlying cause is still there, the new symptoms will arise to replace the old ones.

dementia praecox

what schizophrenia used to be called

cerebrospinal fluid

what ventricles and spinal canal filled with.

proactive inhibition (forgetting)

what you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later. When I was learning Danish, sometimes I accidentally spoke French

concurrent validity

when a test is given at the same time as a criterion measure, such as a written driving test and road test

predictive validity

when a test is used to predict future performance, such as future FPA

kinetic depth effect

when an object rather than the perceiver moves, the motion of that object gives us cues about hte relative depth of parts of hte object

clustering

when asked to recall a list of words, people tend to recall words belonging to the same category

all or nothing law

when depolarization reaches the critical threshold, -50mV, neuron is going to fire each adn every time. Voltage always peaks about the same intensity, usually about +35mV, regardless of intensity of stimulation that triggered it

fundamental attribution error

when inferring the causes of others' beahviors, there is a general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational.

motion parallax

when observer moves, objects in a stationary environment appear to move relative to the distance from observer

frustration aggression hypothesis

when people are frustrated, they act aggressively

reactance

when social pressure to behave in a particular way becomes so blatant that the person's sense of freedom is threatened. If you try too hard to persuade someone of something that person will choose to believe the opposite.

apparent motion

when two or more stationary lights flicker in succession, they tend to be perceived as a single moving light

Daryl Bem's self-perception theory

when your attitudes about something are weak or ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself. ("Do you like brown bread?" "I guess I do because I'm always eating it.")

interaction (ANOVA)

whenever the effects of one independent variable are not consistent for all levels of the second independent variables

axon hillock

where action potential originates, small elevation on a neuron where the axon meets the cell body

hindbrain

where brain meets spinal cord. Primary functions balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal processes like sleeping and waking. Manages vital functioning necessary for survival

nodes of Ranvier

where the myelin sheath along the axon gaps (it is not continuous). It is unmyelinated. Depolarization usually occurs heres.

face validity

whether or not the test items appear to measure what they are supposed to measure

similarity

with other people, correlations have been found between affiliation and similarity of intelligence, attitudes, education, height, age, religion, socioeconomic status, drinking habits, and mental health.

postsynaptic membrane

within dendrite, across from terminal buttons

primacy effect

words presented at the beginning of a list are remembered second-best (first best is recency effect, the last things)

recency effect

words presented at the end of teh list are remembered best

neologisms

words that a schizophrenic patient makes up

Kohlberg criticisms

yay Carol Gilligan, love that woman. Males and females adopt different perspectives on moral issues and these differences stem from different ways that boys and girls are raised. Kohlberg's research done solely with boys. Women's morality tends to be concerned with relationships and social responsibilities because of how they are socialized.