Psych Test 1

Myelin Sheath

A ___ ___ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.

Language

A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called ___.

Authoritative Parent

A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n) ___ ___.

Animism

A young child might be heard saying, "That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down." The child's belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as ___.

Superego

According to Freud, the moral element of the personality is called the ___.

From 24 months on

According to John Bowlby, at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

Preoperational

According to Piaget, in the ___ stage, the young child's cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs.

Active (niche-picking) Genotype-Environment

Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sports team in school. Steven loves math and is part of his school's math club. The instances reflect ___ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating.

Normative Age-Graded

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a ___ influence on development.

More likely to be childless

Compared with earlier decades, US adults today are ...

Hypothesis

Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n) ____.

Zygote

During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a ___.

For each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed

Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how ...

Autonomy

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ___ versus shame and doubt.

Self-conscious

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ___ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

Object Permanence

Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her. Heather searches for the teddy bear. This shows that Heather has developed a sense of ___ ___.

Do not change an object's basic properties

In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement...

30 Seconds

In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to ___ if there is no rehearsal of the information.

Securely Attached

In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as ___ ___.

Biological inheritance; environmental experiences

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's ___; nurture to its ___.

Jerome - heteronomous morality; Hani - autonomous morality

Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break on of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get in to "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moreal reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

Deferred Imitation

Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a screaming tantrum to get a toy. The next week at the mall, Mandy begins screaming and crying to get some candy. Mandy is showing ___ ___.

Language Acquisition Device

Noam Chomsky said that children are born into the world with a ___ ___ ___, a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.

Social Referencing

Quimby, age 15 months, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in ___ ___.

Frontal

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the ___ lobe areas of the brain.

Roles

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act and feel are known as gender ___.

Authoritarian Parent

Suzie, 3, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner or her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishments. Suzie's father is most likely a(n) ___ ___.

Perform a cesarean section

Sylvia is almost nine months pregnant and very close to her delivery date. The doctors have found that she has an active case of genital herpes. Which of the following is the best course of action to prevent Sylvia's baby from contracting the disease?

Depth Perception

The "visual cliff" experiment was used to measure ___ ___.

Amnion

The ___ is like a bag or an envelope and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

Prenatal

The ___ period is the time from conception to birth.

Eclectic

The belief that no single theory of development is adequate to explain the rich complexity of life-span development reflects the ___ theoretical orientation.

Top - the head - with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.

The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the ...

24 to 25

The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is ___ weeks pregnant.

Motor Vehicle Accidents

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is ___ ___ ___.

78 years

The life expectancy in the United States is currently

Stranger Anxiety

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves ___ ___.

20/600

The newborn's vision is estimated to be ___ on the Snellen eye examination chart.

Chromosomes

The nucleus of each human cell contains ___, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Have a heterosexual orientation

The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families ...

Mind

The theory of ___ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Psychosocial

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is know as the ___ theory of development.

Social Smiling

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling ___ ___.

Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

Nonnormative Life

When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ___ even can influence a persons development.

Axons

Which of the following are nerve fibers that carry signals away from the cell body?

Fear

Which of the following emotions is expressed by infants in the first six months of life? Shame Fear Jealousy Embarrassment

REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE?

Fathers show more attention to sons than to daughters

Which of the following statements is TRUE about parental influences on children's gender development?

Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the impact of teratogens?

Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman

Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?

Egocentrism

While talking with his grandmother on the phone, 5-year-old Danny suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty bird!" Danny says, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of ___.

Syntax

Zelda, 3, is always asking questions like "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she is yet to learn to apply rules of ___.

The range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can e learned with help from others.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for ...

Temperament

___ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.

Empathy

___ is responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

Plasticity

___ means the capacity for change.

Evolutionary

___ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

Implantation

___ refers to the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall.

Genes

___, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA. They direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.