psych test 3
Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.
Atkinson striffin model
which of the following is the best example of instinct
a baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
in watson and rayners study of little albert the child became frightened of a white rat and similar stimuli because
a loud noise occurred whenever the rat was in his presence
in the initial period of learning ____ describes when a person learns to connect a natural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
acquisition
spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
acquisition should be recovery
if the principle of social learning theory are true then children may model aggressive behavior
after seeing a tv character get rewarded for violence
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.
anterograde
Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.
arousal
which theory suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotions weak memories
arousal theory
_____ involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment
association learning
classical and operant conditioning are forms of ____ learning
associational
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the ____ of behavior influences the strength or likelikhood that behavior will occur
consequences
the formulation of new memories is often called ____ and bringing up old memories cALLED
construction; reconstruction
jena wants to teach her son to say thank you overtime he says thank you she praises him what reinforcement is this
continuous
when a person receives a reinforcer each time he or she displays a behavior it is called ___ reinforcement
continuous
which uses social learning theory
determining how long it will take a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed twitch youtube
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
edward c tolman
whose experiments demonstrate that people can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement
edward c tolman
when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner
egocentric memory
which of the following least describes an element pessary for social learning to occur
emotion
what did john b watson and rayner demonstrate with there studies of alert
emotion can be a conditioned response
Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.
how to use a phone
which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditions stimulus
extinction
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
tim receives 100 dollars for every ten telemarketing calls he makes this is an example of ___
fixed ratio
which of the following is least correct
flashbulb memories are immune to distortion
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.
flashbulb memory
samantha left her phone and find it now
forgetting
which stamens about edward c dolman is least correct
he found that emotions can be a condtied response
which of the following is most true about john b watson
he is considered the founder of behaviorism
which statement about bf skinner is correct
he is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated
what is considered the most true about pavlov
he is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning
observational ( also called social learning ) learning
involves imitation the behaviors of others
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
which of the following is the best example of vicarious punishment
jeoung observes brianna getting spanked for spitting out her carrots because he saw his friend punished he does not spit out his carrots
_____ is known for using little albert in his studies on human emotion
john b watson
which of the following is an example of variable ratio
joy playing scatch off lottery tickets
procedural memory is to ___ as declarative memory is to ___
knowing how ; knowing that
which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning
knowing that a student fears exams the instructor wears a red shirt only on exams to see how long until the red shirt becomes an object of fear
which of the following is the best example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
What is semantic memory?
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate is called ___ learning
latent
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes info
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
tomica watches her older sister do headstands and keeners how from watching
observational
Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through
observing and imitating others
aaron tells a lie and is grounded he does this several times finally learning his behavior is associated with a consequence what kind of learning is this
operant conditioning
which of the following does not belong
operant conditioning
in operant conditioning organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together
operant should be classical
John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?
partial
in Operant conditioning what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior
punishment
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
recognition
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
reflexes
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding
rembering the colors of the acronym roy g biv
which of the following is the best example of is the best example of latent learning
remebering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
the act of getting info out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as
retrieval
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde ; anterograde
which uses operant conditioning
rewarding a child for finishing his food every time until he does it without reward
what is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less person relevance
self relevance effect
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
the input of words and there meaning is known as ___ encoding
semantic
what are the two components of declarative memory
semantic and episodic
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
there are three types of encoding semantic visual and sensory
sensory should be acoustic
researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of
shaping
a memory storage system that contained memory of impressions for around 15- 20 seconds
short term memory
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.
short-term memory itself has different forms
learning differently to various stimuli that are similar is called ___ and ___ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
stimulus discrimination ; habitation
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
stimulus generalization
extinction occurs when
the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
which of the following is the best example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule
winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of when she gets a voicemail
in order to maximize learning a ___ should be presented on an ____ schedule
CS+UCS ; continuous
which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and consequently to anticipate events
classical conditioning
what is the main idea of operant conditioning
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
what is the main idea of social learning theory
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
encoding of sound
acoustic
jen finds it difficult to learn the alphabet until she hears the song then she can this is an example of ___ encoding
acoustic
Karl is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room he repeatedly pairs his entry to his room with a treat for the parrot karl can say that ____ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response for his entry
acquisition
Encoding information occurs through ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding
being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics
which of the following is the best example of stimulus generalization
being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and laughing at other hats
Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.
bias
seven plus or minus two
capacity of short term memory
in social learning theory b f skinner dented three types of models live verbal and symbolic
change skinner to albert bandura
in ____ conditioning the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction for example a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response
classical
for both ____ and ___ type learning a person must be physically present
classical ; operant
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
which of the following is the best example of stimulus discrimination
conditioned to drool when a dog and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell
Explicit is to _________ as implicit is to _________.
declarative ; non declarative
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
the three basic memory process
encoding storage retrieval
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.
explicit memory
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
extinction
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.
implicit
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
What is episodic memory?
information about events we have personally experienced
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
What are innate behaviors?
instincts
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
learning
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
according to albert bandora
learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do
what was the main point of ivan pavlova experiment with dogs
learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned one
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.
long term
in classical conditionioning the association that is learned behavior is between a
natural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
____ reinforcement strengthens behavior when an unpleasant or painful stimulus is removed after the response occurs
negative
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
in operant conditioning ____ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
negative reinforcement
Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.
neutral stimulus
in ___ reinforcement the person the person is not reinforce d every time a desired behavior
partial
Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning?
pavlov
psychologists generally define learning as a relatively____ change in behavior that results from ______
permanent :experience
When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina is demonstrating a
phobia
Engram refers to the ________.
physical trace of memory
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
memory that is resistant to forgetting
procedural
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
suggestibility
which of the following is the best example of a example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule
taking your dog to the park at 4:00 in the afternoon
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
which of the following is the best example of observatinal learning
teaching yourself yoga after watching others do it in the park
reading eyewitness testimony which of the following is least true
the more condiment an eyewitness is the higher accuracy of her statement
which of the following is the best example of a reflex
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
which of the following is an example of visual encoding
thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
latent learning is most associated with the name
tolman
Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.
transience
What is procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
in classical conditioning the ____ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus
unconditioned response
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
in this type of schedule of reinforcement a person receives reinforcement for different time periods and the time periods are not the same
variable interval
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the models behavior
vicarious punishment
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
encoding of images
visual
Thorndike is to ____ as Skinner is to _____
law of effect, operant conditioning
in classical conditioning the initial learning period is known as latent
latent should be acquisition
the text identified ___ as an example of primary reinforcers and ____ as an example of a secondary reinforcer
food and water ; money
in _____ conditioning an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus
higher order
which of the following statements is least true
higher order conditioning works up three levels beyond the original stimulus paring
a public opinion poll was before not a lot thought obama would be elected after a lot did this is an example of ___ bias
hindsight
all are explicitly identified concerns about punisment execpt
it is difficult to administer
identify the major flaw with john b waitrons little albert experiment
it is unethical
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.
latent learning
Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.
what the word chocolate means
which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat behavior
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school
