Psych test 3 on ch. 7 and 8

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

A reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after a defined number of correct answers.

Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)

A reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses

Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

A reinforcement system that rewards a correct response after an unpredictable amount of time.

Continuous Reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement that rewards every correct response given

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)

A schedule that a rewards a learner only for the first correct response after some defined period of time

Encoding occurs through 2 types of processing

Automatic processing - encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words Effortful processing - encoding of details that takes time and effort

Retrieval Failure

Being unable to retrieve previously stored information/memories

Pavlov was doing experiments on dogs and noticed that they always salivated when they saw the person who fed them, even if he had no food.

Bell = NS Because it caused no response Food = UCS Because salivation is a reflex not a response

a phone number sequence of 4-7-1-1-3-2-4 would be chunked into 471-1324

Chunking

A vending machine

Continuous Reinforcement

Intel employee receives a paycheck every two weeks for their service as an engineer

Fixed Interval

B.F. Skinner put rats in a box with a lever connected to a feeder. It only provided a reinforcement after 60 seconds. The rats quickly learned that it didn't matter how early or often it pushed the lever, it had to wait a set amount of time.As the set amount of time came to an end, the rats became more active in hitting the lever.

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)

employee receives $10 for every 4customers he/she helps at Best Buy

Fixed Ratio

At Safeway, if you use your Club Card to buy 7 Starbucks coffees,you get the 8th one for free

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

Reinforcement Schedules

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

Behavioral Learning

Forms of learning,such as classical and operant conditioning which can be described in terms of stimuli and responses

What is learning

Learning is alasting change inbehavior or mentalprocess as theresult of anexperience

_____________________(punishment or negative reinforcement) increases the odds that the behavior will be repeated, while ________________________(punishment or negative reinforcement) decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again

Negative enforcement punishment

________________________(punishment or negative reinforcement) tells you whatnot to do; ________________________(punishment or reinforcement) tells you what to do

Punishment reinforcement

Chunking

Refers to the strategy of breaking down information into bite-sized pieces, so the brain can more easily digest new information

Ratio schedule

Rewards subjects after a certain number of responses (e.g., 10 responses) to produce the next reinforcer

Interval schedule

Rewards subjects after a certain time interval. This requires a minimum amount of time that must pass between successive reinforced responses (e.g. 5, 10, 15 minutes)

let's suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response to the smell is a unconditioned response, and a the sound of a whistle is the conditioned stimulus

The conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle

Spontaneous Recovery

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

Memory consolidation

Transfer of STM to long-term memory

An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the US? The UR? The CS? The CR?

Unconditioned stimulus= air puff Unconditioned response=blink to the air puff Conditioned stimulus=tone after procedure Conditioned response=blink to the tone

Chemistry class gives pop quizzes,student studies at a slow but steady rate because they can't anticipate the next quiz

Variable Interval

A pop quiz

Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

slot machine at Caesars' Palace pays out after an average number of responses, maybe every 15 minutes

Variable Ratio

Buying lottery tickets

Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)

Recognition

a form of "multiple choice." You identify which stimuli match your stored information.

Relearning

a measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you had studied before, even if you don't recall having seen the information before.

Short-term memory/working memory

a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.

Motivated Forgetting

a theory involving voluntary suppression or unconscious repression of memories that make us feel uncomfortable, or are too traumatic to deal with

Memory

an information processing system like a computer. It is a set of processes used to encode, store and retrieve information over different periods of time

Proactive interference

an old memory is getting in the way of forming a new one, or that the information from the old and the new memories are getting confused

Recall

analogous to "fill-in-the-blank." You retrieve information previously learned and unconsciously stored.

A reinforcer

any event that strengthens a preceding response. Or any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

Example of secondary reinforcer

child engages in a desiredn behavior - that you typically rewarded with food (a treat) and verbal praise. Even if the child is full,you still will be able to provide verbal praise as a secondary reinforcer (which should reinforce the desired behavior) - regardless of satiation.

Many phobias begin after a person has had a negative experience with the fear object. For example, after witnessing a terrible car accident, a person might develop a fear of driving. This is a...

conditioned response

Negative punishment

consists of the removal of something pleasant

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

continuous storage of information

Visual encoding

encoding of images

Acoustic encoding

encoding of sounds

Semantic encoding

encoding of words and their meanings

source amnesia

forgetting where the story came from, and attributing the source to your own experience

Self-reference effect

he tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Anterograde amnesia

inability to remember new information after point of trauma

Episodic

information about events we have personally experienced

B.F. Skinner - Operant Conditioning

is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence (Skinner, 1938).

Semantic

knowledge about words, concepts and language

Forgetting

loss of information from long-term memory

Retrograde amnesia

loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred prior to the trauma

Explicit Memory

memories of facts and events we can consciously remember and recall/declare

Implicit memory

memories that are not part of our consciousness

Retroactive interference

new information has interfered with recalling older information.

Stimulus discrimination

occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not. Stimulus discrimination provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli

Stimulus generalization

occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. The more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur.

Extinction

occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases infrequency and eventually disappears

Encoding failure

occurs when the memory is never stored in our memory in the first place

conditioned stimulus

previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

If we receive a shock that is meant to decrease a certain behavior, then, we are receiving _____________________ (punishment or negative reinforcement), but if we are already receiving a shock and do something to stop that shock, the behavior that stops the shock is considered to be ______________________(punishment or negative reinforcement).

punishment negative reinforcement

Flash bulb memory

record of an atypical and unusual event that has very strong emotional associations

Punishment

refers to a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again. Oran event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

Secondary reinforcers

reienforcers that reinforce a certain behavior via association with a primary reinforcer.For instance, we know that money is valuable because we have learned that it allows us to obtain other desirable objects, including primary reinforcers such as food and shelter. Money thus becomes a secondary reinforcer.Other secondary reinforcers include things like praise,attention, gold stars, good grades and bonuses.

Primary reinforcers

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities. These kinds of reinforcers are not learned. These are what satisfy biological needs. Water,food, sleep, shelter, sex, and touch, among others, are primary reinforcers

Sensory memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes.

Procedural

stores information about how to do things

Positive reinforcement

strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response

Negative reinforcement

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something undesirable or unpleasant

Déjà Vu

the brain mistaking current events for events that occurred in past times Temporal lobe epilepsy-Could be a mini-seizure in the temporal lobe, but one that does not cause any other problems because it stops before it goes too far

Rehearsal

the conscious repetition of information to be remembered

conditioned response

the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus

Amnesia

the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Reinforcement

the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated. In other words, pressing the lever is more likely to occur again because of the stimulus of food

Imagine that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle.While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response

the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned stimulus (US)

unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response

if the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the...

unconditioned response

A feather tickling your nose causes you to sneeze. The feather tickling your nose is the...

unconditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning

we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events

Positive punishment

weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus