PSYCH UNIT 1

In which country is a 20yearold most likely to experience the transitional phase of emerging adulthood?

United States

Freud's phallic stage occurs from ____ years of age.

3 to 6

Among the 400 U.S. topgrossing released films in the four main rating categories between 1990 and 2006, ____ of the characters were male.

73%

Which statement is TRUE regarding the independent variable in an experiment?

It is the variable that the experimenter manipulates.

Causal hypotheses can only be tested when the researcher has the ability to ____ the main variables of the study.

control or manipulate

An individual who is high in introversion might be expected to be ____.

controlled

Stella believes that the events of her life are determined largely by a supreme being. Rotter would say that Stella has a(n) ____.

external locus of control

What statistical method did Cattell use to identify traits?

factor analysis

A child that is not stimulated with a normal environment is likely to show ____.

fewer neural synapses compared to a stimulated child

15 If you are an adolescent who has the ability to contemplate what an ideal world might be like, you are most likely in Piaget's stage of ____.

formal operations

A case study involving a person with 53 different personalities, although valuable in some ways, is unlikely to be ____.

generalizable

Studies of single and married individuals indicate that ____.

husbands typically report higher marital satisfaction than wives

An adolescent who is actively trying out different roles, belief systems, career paths, and hobbies is in the midst of Erikson's ____ stage.

identity

The humanistic view of personality emphasizes ____.

individual choices

Manuel is taking a computer class at school. He really seems to take a great deal of pride in his skills. He works hard at them and believes that he is good at them. Manuel is most likely in Erikson's stage of ____.

industry vs. inferiority

The trait approach to personality assumes that traits are ____.

inherited and remain stable over time

Aggression that is designed to accomplish a goal is called ____ aggression.

instrumental

Most psychologists take an eclectic approach in terms of the perspectives of psychology they use to explain behavior and mental processes. This means that they ____.

integrate several perspectives

A 75-year-old who desires to feel that her life has been complete and without significant regrets is most likely in Erikson's ____ stage.

integrity

The two dimensions of locus of control described in the textbook are ____.

internal and external

Warrick is actively dating in hopes that he can find someone who shares his interests and can connect with him. Warrick is in Erikson's stage of ____.

intimacy versus isolation

Edward Titchener is most associated with ____.

introspection

Yaritza is very shy. She avoids crowds and does not socialize much. According to Eysenck, Yaritza is high in ____.

introversion

Research on formal operational thinking suggests that it ____.

is highly influenced by the surrounding culture

In Eysenck's PEN model, extraversion includes tendencies towards ____.

lack of reflection

The motivation behind the selfserving bias appears to be to ____.

make ourselves feel better

The point of an experiment is to ____.

manipulate one variable to see its effects on another variable

If you wanted to find out if someone was being honest when they took the California Psychological Inventory, you would look at the person's ____.

score on the validity scale

According to Abraham Maslow, if you have had difficulty in achieving a sense of esteem, you will also have difficulty achieving ____.

self-actualization

Tyrell is a gogetter. He sets a goal and then he does everything he can to attain that goal. He believes that his hard work will eventually pay off, such that he will be able to accomplish just about any goal he sets for himself. Tyrell is most likely high in ____.

self-efficacy

As opposed to educational psychologists, school psychologists are more likely to ____.

test and assess student abilities

Which personality assessments would Freud most likely administer to his clients?

the Rorschach Inkblot

Jared and Joshua are both clinical psychologists, but Jared's views have more of a psychoanalytic basis and Joshua's views have more of a trait basis. Which method of personality testing are they most likely to share?

the clinical interview

When compliance occurs as a result of getting a person to agree to a smaller request after having turned down a large request, this is called ____.

the doorintheface technique

When engaging in the attribution process, the actor's focus tends to be on ____.

the environment

The strange situation procedure is used to measure ____.

attachment style

Cognitive dissonance theory most directly explains ____.

attitude change as a result of internal motivation

A proposed form of subtle racism in which European Americans feel aversive emotions around African Americans with consequent discrimination occurring is known as ____.

aversive racism

After pairing the sound of a bell with giving meat powder, Pavlov noticed that his dogs salivated ____.

before he gave the meat powder, when he rang the bell

Discrimination is a ____.

behavioral expression of prejudice

Fran was recently treated very kindly by a man from Cuba. As a result, Fran feels at ease around people from Cuba. Fran's emotional response to Cubans is most likely the result of ____.

classical conditioning

The degree to which members wish to maintain membership in the group is referred to as ____.

cohesiveness

Problematic variables that can lead to alternative explanations for the results of a study are called ____ variables.

confounding

Freud's concept of the ego would be most similar to which Jungian archetype?

the persona

According to Freud, which part of a person's personality is the largest?

unconscious

Freud believed that a person's ____ always influences behavior.

unconscious

By ____ weeks, the fetus can kick, open its mouth, swallow, and turn its head, and its lungs and external sex organs have developed.

14

Dr. Townsend wants to test the hypothesis that being tall for your age predicts that you will be shy. Which of the following types of research would Dr. Townsend be least likely to use?

an experiment

A Freudian slip is ____.

an unconscious id impulse that is expressed before the ego can control it

The male version of "menopause" is termed ____.

andropause

Which individual is most likely to process arguments on the central route of persuasion?

Dave, a sport fisherman, who is listening to a politician argue that a local lake should be drained to make way for new housing.

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was ____.

Mary Calkins

At the time of Kitty Genovese's murder, how did people respond to the witnesses who apparently did nothing?

Others perceived the witnesses as callous and apathetic.

When may research participants withdraw from a study?

Participants may withdraw at any time in a study.

According to dissonance theory, which individual should experience the greatest change in attitude?

a humanitarian who tells a lie to earn $20

Dr. Ali is a psychologist who believes that psychology should not attempt to understand the mind, but rather focus on understanding the observable actions that people and animals engage in. Dr. Ali's point of view is most compatible with the approach to psychology known as ____.

behaviorism

What school of psychology arose in the United States in the 1920s and is associated with the idea that, in order to be a true science, psychology had to move away from the study of the mind?

behaviorism

Research on the imaginary audience and personal fable suggests that they are characteristic of ____.

both adolescents and adults, to some extent

What is a typical characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?

brain abnormalities

In the sensorimotor stage, Piaget believed that the child ____.

cannot think about something unless it is being sensed or acted upon in some way

A difference between a Freudian slip and a defense mechanism is that ____.

defense mechanisms are intentionally implemented by the ego

In Erikson's stages of adult development, if one does not achieve integrity in old age, the result is likely to be ____.

despair

Which area of study is one of the American Psychological Association's foundational areas of contemporary psychology?

developmental and social psychology

Regarding the longterm effects of early and late maturation in puberty, the research studies show that negative effects are generally not significant in the long run except for ____.

earlymaturing females

The concepts of imaginary audience and personal fable provide examples of adolescent ____.

egocentrism

Orly is six years old and loves to run and climb trees, demonstrating his ____.

gross motor skills

Research on stereotype threat suggests that stereotypes ____.

have definite effects on members of stereotyped groups

Newborn infants lack convergence, which means that they ____.

have difficulty focusing both eyes on an object

Humanistic personality theory has been criticized for ____.

having a naïve and optimistic view of behavior

Like Wilhelm Wundt's structuralism, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized ____.

mental processes

You find that you are beginning to like the person sitting next to in your psychology class more and more. What might you experiencing?

mere exposure effect

A persuader who acknowledges the other side of an argument will be perceived as more trustworthy by the audience. This is most directly a(n) ____ variable of persuasion.

message

When your teacher announces that you are going to be discussing the theories and research of Lawrence Kohlberg, you can expect that you will be talking about ____ development.

moral

Freud's psychosexual stages reflect ____.

natural shifts of pleasure from one part of the body to another

Reactivity presents the biggest problem in ____.

naturalistic observations

Instrumental aggression is to ____, as hostile aggression is to ____.

satisfaction of a goal; desire to hurt

Consider an experiment in which participants watch various types of TV programming and are then observed while playing a physical game to determine the number of aggressive acts they commit. In this example, the dependent variable would be the ____.

number of aggressive acts observed

Behaviorism emphasizes the study of ____.

observable actions

A person whose oral needs were not met as a child would develop a(n) ____.

oral fixation

The fundamental attribution error is to ____, as the actorobserver bias is to ____.

others' behavior; our own behavior

If you were a participant in Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience, you would have ____.

played the role of a "teacher" and delivered electric shocks to a "learner"

Abu was attending a concert with friends when a fight broke out in the crowd near the stage. From Abu's perspective, all he could see was a small group of people scuffling while the rest of the crowd calmly watched. Because the majority of the crowd seemed to be calm, Abu decided that the people must be playing around instead of fighting. And consequently, he did not intervene or go for help. Abu's behavior is best described as an example of ____.

pluralistic ignorance

Which perspective emphasizes human strengths and how humans attain happiness

positive psychology

An automobile driver who justifies speeding by saying that it is okay as long you do not have to pay a fine is most likely reasoning at the ____ level of moral development.

preconventional

Dr. Haupt has discovered that often, abusive parents themselves had parents who used harsh physical punishment on them. Having discovered this will most likely allow Dr. Haupt to fulfill which goal of psychology?

predicting behavior

The gray matter growth spurt that begins just prior to adolescence predominates in the ____.

prefrontal cortex

The study of attribution is concerned with the ____.

process of assigning cause to behavior

Jenna goes away to college and meets the man of her dreams in the dorm room right across the hall from her. Which factor explains Jenna's attraction to this man?

proximity

Which individual is not listed in your text as an audience variable affecting one's response to persuasion?

race

The most common motive underlying hate crimes in the U.S. is ____ prejudice.

racial

Stereotype threat is most related to which concept?

self-fulfilling prophecy

The humanistic view of personality assumes that the ultimate goal of individuals is ____.

selfactualization

Which progression represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

When examining nature's contribution to personality, twin studies have ____.

shown more similarities between the personalities of identical twins than between the personalities of fraternal twins

Susanne is a psychologist who studies love and romantic attraction. She is most likely a ____ psychologist.

social

When enthusiastically applauding at the end of a concert, you feel like giving a standing ovation, but you are not sure if you should do so. When you notice that a couple of other people in the crowd begin to stand, you will most likely ____.

stand also

LaDonna is a researcher who studies the behavior of rats. LaDonna ____.

still has to follow the ethical guidelines set forth by the APA and federal government

Wundt attempted to detail the ____.

structure of our mental experiences

Psychologists attempt to understand behavior and mental processes by ____.

using the scientific method

In Jung's theory, persona is to ____, as shadow is to ____.

visible; hidden